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Characteristics of Thermal Springs and the Shallow Ground-Water System at Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas

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Characteristics of Thermal Springs and the Shallow Ground-Water System at Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas Characteristics of Thermal Springs and the Shallow Ground-Water System at Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5001 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front Cover: Provided courtesy of the National Park Service, Hot Springs National Park collec- tions. Lithograph published in 1844 by William Clowes and Sons of London. It was used as the frontispiece of English geologist G.W. Featherstonhaugh’s “Excursion through the Slave States, Volume II.” Characteristics of Thermal Springs and the Shallow Ground-Water System at Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas By Daniel S. Yeatts Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5001 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to repro- duce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. iii Contents Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Thermal Springs Development ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Previous Literature ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Description of Study Area....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Methods of Investigation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Thermal and Hydrologic Monitoring.......................................................................................................................................... 7 Hydrogeologic Assessment ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Estimating Cold-Water Recharge Area ................................................................................................................................... 11 Dye Tracing .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Geologic Setting ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Lithology........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Structure....................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Characteristics of Thermal Springs .................................................................................................................................................... 16 Collection System Discharge and Water Temperature......................................................................................................... 16 Discharge.......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Water Temperature ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Thermal Springs Temperature Monitoring.............................................................................................................................. 21 Group 1 Thermal Springs................................................................................................................................................ 22 Group 2 Thermal Springs................................................................................................................................................ 23 Characteristics of the Shallow Ground-Water System ................................................................................................................... 24 Hydrologic Properties of Local Lithologies............................................................................................................................. 26 Principal Conduits and Barriers ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Shallow Aquifers and Cold-Water Recharge ......................................................................................................................... 26 Ground-Water Levels ................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Thermal Springs Hydraulic Connection .................................................................................................................................. 28 Alternative Sources of Cold-Water Recharge ....................................................................................................................... 28 Cold-Water Recharge Area....................................................................................................................................................... 28 Recharge Area Size......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Recharge Area Boundaries ........................................................................................................................................... 29 Dye Tracing ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Summary.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 References .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 34 Figures 1. Map showing location of Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas.......................................................................................... 3 2. Map showing study area and monitoring sites, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas ................................................... 8 3. Map showing location of thermal springs, collection system, and monitoring sites, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 4. Map showing dye release sites and dye recovery points, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas............................... 12 5. Photograph showing collection box 2 with fabricated lid to provide access for dye trace monitoring, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 6. Map showing geology in the vicinity of Hot Springs Mountain, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas...................... 15 iv 7. Graph showing daily and annual average discharge and temperature of the thermal springs at the inflow of the collection system reservoir ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 8. Graph showing thermal springs collection system hourly temperature and discharge response to 3.5 inches of rainfall on February 15-16, 2001 ..............................................................................................................................................
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