Caldwell Resources http://www.skymap.com/ Marriott’sChris SkyMap http://www.projectpluto.com/ Project ’s Guide 8.0 Planetarium SoftwareforCreatingCustomCharts http://www.space-and-telescope.com/CaldwellObjects.aspx Space andTelescope Caldwell page http://www.astro-tom.com/advanced/caldwell/maps_to_caldwell_objects.htm Images andTelrad Maps for Caldwell Objects http://www.davidpaulgreen.com/tcol.html David Paul Green’s Caldwell Log Object software http://www.richweb.f9.co.uk/astro/caldwell_objects.htm David Richards’ Caldwell page http://www.hawastsoc.org/deepsky/caldwell.html Hawaiian Astronomical Caldwell page Society http://www.utahskies.org/deepsky/caldwell/ Utah page Skies http://ftp.seds.org/Messier/xtra/similar/caldwell.html Students for theExploration andDevelopment Space Caldwell of page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_catalog Wikipedia Caldwell page Caldwell Websites theCaldwell Objects,Observing by David Ratledge, published by Springer in2000. lished by Sky&Telescope/Cambridge University Press in2002. Deep-Sky Companions –TheCaldwell Objects, by Stephen James O’Meara, pub- Caldwell Books 267 Caldwell Resources 268 Caldwell Resources http://personal.inet.fi Iiro Sairanen’s site http://visualdeepsky.webs.com/index.htm Faith Jordan’s site Websites Observers’ Deep SkyVisual http://www.pbase.com/loc46south/profi WinghamGeof http://www.spiegelteam.de/ Volker Wendel Flach-Wilken andBernd theSpiegel of Team http://www.verschatse.cl/ Daniel Verschatse http://www.astro-sharp.com/ Ian Sharp http://www.gordonrogers.co.uk/ Gordon Rogers http://www.manoprietoobservatory.com/ ison r Har Tom http://www.robgendlerastropics.com/ Robert Gendler http://www.astrooptik.com/Bildergalerie/P and http://www.astrooptik.com/ Fuchs,Christian Philipp Keller andtheT1T-Team http://www.allthesky.com/ Sven Kohle andTill Credner http://www.ccdargo.com/ Tom Carrico http://www.capella-observatory.com/ –Dr. Observatory Pöpsel andJosef Stefan Binnewies http://www.noao.edu/outreach/aop/bestof.html Kitt Peak Advanced images Program –Best Observing http://www.caelumobservatory.com/ Adam –Caelum Block Observatory Deep SkyImagers’Websites http://www.starrynightstore.com/ Night Software Starry http://www.bisque.com/Products/TheSky6/ Software Bisque’s TheSky /surf/deepsky/ le olluxGallery/PolluxGallery.htm Barbara Wilson’s site http://home.ix.netcom.com/~bwilson2/barbarasweb/

Visual Observing Equipment Caldwell TeleVue eyepieces and quality refractors Resources http://www.televue.com/engine/page.asp?ID=2 Obsession Dobsonians http://www.obsessiontelescopes.com/ Starmaster Dobsonians http://www.starmastertelescopes.com/ Orion Optics (UK) Dobsonians http://www.orionoptics.co.uk/DOBSONIAN/dobsonianrange.html Visual and imaging deep sky fi lters distributed by OPT https://www.optcorp.com/category.aspx?uid=105-109-156-823

Image Processing Astro-software

IRIS (powerful freeware) http://www.astrosurf.com/buil/us/iris/iris.htm AIP4Win (book and software) http://www.willbell.com/aip/index.htm CCDSoft http://www.bisque.com/help/ccdsoft%20info/CCDSoft_Information_Site.htm MaximDL http://www.cyanogen.com/maxim_main.php ImagesPlus http://www.mlunsold.com/ Registax http://www.astronomie.be/registax/ BlackFrame NR http://www.mediachance.com/digicam/blackframe.htm

High Quality Deep Sky Astrographs and Mounts

RC Optical Systems http://www.rcopticalsystems.com/ Optical Guidance Systems http://www.opticalguidancesystems.com/ Planewave Instruments http://www.planewaveinstruments.com/

269 Astrophysics’ apochromats and mountings http://www.astro-physics.com/ Takahashi http://takahashiamerica.com/catalog/ Paramount ME mounting http://www.bisque.com/Products/Paramount/ Caldwell Resources

CCD Cameras

Santa Barbara Instruments Group (SBIG) http://www.sbig.com/sbwhtmls/online.htm SBIG Users Group http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/SBIG/ Starlight Xpress http://www.starlight-xpress.co.uk/ Apogee http://www.ccd.com/ Atik http://www.atik-instruments.com/

270 Index

A Caldwell 29, 70–71 Caldwell 85, 178–179 Absolute , 265 Caldwell 30, 72–73 Caldwell 86, 180–181 AE Aurigae, 74, 75 Caldwell 31, 74–75 Caldwell 87, 182–183 , 86 Caldwell 32, 76–77 Caldwell 88, 184–185 Aldebaran, 94, 95 Caldwell 33, 78–79 Caldwell 89, 186–187 , 60 Caldwell 34, 80–81 Caldwell 90, 188–189 , 187, 220, 224 Caldwell 35, 82–83 Caldwell 91, 190–191 , 102, 103 Caldwell 36, 84–85 Caldwell 92, 192–193 Arbour, Ron, 65, 263 Caldwell 37, 86–87 Caldwell 93, 194–195 Arp, Halton, 82 Caldwell 38, 88–89 Caldwell 94, 196–197 Caldwell 39, 90–91 Caldwell 95, 198–199 Caldwell 40, 92–93 Caldwell 96, 200–201 B Caldwell 41, 94–95 Caldwell 97, 202–203 Barnard 168, 50 Caldwell 42, 96–97 Caldwell 98, 204–205 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 7 Caldwell 43, 98–99 Caldwell 99, 204–205 Bennett, Jack, 7, 8 Caldwell 44, 100–101 Caldwell 100, 206–207 BF Centauri, 202 Caldwell 45, 102–103 Caldwell 101, 208–209 Binnewies, Stefan, 133, 143, 161, 175 Index Caldwell 46, 104–105 Caldwell 102, 210–211 , 60, 61, 114, 130, 142, 162 Caldwell 47, 106–107 Caldwell 103, 212–213 Blinking Planetary , 43 Caldwell 48, 108–109 Caldwell 104, 214–215 Block, Adam, 83, 99, 147 Caldwell 49, 110–111 Caldwell 105, 216–217 Boles, Tom, 61 Caldwell 50, 110–111 Caldwell 106, 218–219 Bow-Tie nebula, 16 Caldwell 51, 112–113 Caldwell 107, 220–221 Box , 54 Caldwell 52, 114–115 Caldwell 108, 222–223 Bubble nebula, 34, 35 Caldwell 53, 116–117 Caldwell 109, 224–225 Bug nebula, 146, 147, 165 Caldwell 54, 118–119 Caldwell catalog, 1, 6–12, 18, 22, 38, Caldwell 55, 120–121 56, 60, 88, 92, 106, 112, 132, 150, C Caldwell 56, 122–123 162, 186, 202, 208, 210, 212, 224, Caldwell 1, 14–15 Caldwell 57, 124–125 228, 257, 263, Caldwell 2, 16–17 Caldwell 58, 126–127 , 23, 27 Caldwell 3, 18–19 Caldwell 59, 128–129 Canes Venatica, 7, 54, 55, 58, 65, 70, Caldwell 4, 20–21 Caldwell 60, 130–131 82, 88 Caldwell 5, 22–23 Caldwell 61, 130–131 Capella Observatory, 133, 143, 161, 175 Caldwell 6, 24–25 Caldwell 62, 132–133 Cape of Good Hope, 166, 196 Caldwell 7, 26–27 Caldwell 63, 134–135 Carrico, Tom, 17 Caldwell 8, 28–29 Caldwell 64, 136–137 Cat’s Eye nebula Caldwell 9, 30–31 Caldwell 65, 138–139 Cave nebula, 24, 25, 42 Caldwell 10, 32–33 Caldwell 66, 140–141 A, 62, 163, 168, 174, 176, Caldwell 11, 34–35 Caldwell 67, 142–143 184, 191 Caldwell 12, 36–37 Caldwell 68, 144–145 Cepheid variables, 186, 190 Caldwell 13, 38–39 Caldwell 69, 146–147 , 224 Caldwell 14, 40–41 Caldwell 70, 148–149 Clark, Roger N., 233 Caldwell 15, 42–43 Caldwell 71, 150–151 Coalsack, 204, 205 Caldwell 16, 44–45 Caldwell 72, 152–153 Cocoon nebula, 7 Caldwell 17, 46–47 Caldwell 73, 154–155 Collinder, 7, 50, 86, 206, 207 Caldwell 18, 48–49 Caldwell 74, 156–157 Collinder 249, 206, 207 Caldwell 19, 50–51 Caldwell 75, 158–159 Collinder 399, 86 Caldwell 20, 52–53 Caldwell 76, 160–161 Collinder 470, 50 Caldwell 21, 54–55 Caldwell 77, 162–163 , 7, 54, 55, 58, 70, Caldwell 22, 56–57 Caldwell 78, 164–165 82, 88 Caldwell 23, 58–59 Caldwell 79, 166–167 Cones (in retina), 42, 230–231 Caldwell 24, 60–61 Caldwell 80, 168–169 , 54, 64, 70, 76, 82, 84 Caldwell 25, 62–63 Caldwell 81, 170–171 , 10, 125, 144, Caldwell 26, 64–65 Caldwell 82, 172–173 164, 165 Caldwell 27, 66–67 Caldwell 83, 174–175 , 80 Caldwell 28, 68–69 Caldwell 84, 176–177 Credner, Till, 95, 205

271 , 66, 67 Hubble’s , 104, 105, NGC 300, 26, 123, 148–149, 152 , 196, 202, 204 144, 242 NGC 362, 214–215, 218 , 7, 11, 36, 42, 43, 50, 56, 66, , 10, 64, 94, 95, 190, 256 NGC 457, 38 78, 80, 196 NGC 559, 28, 29 I NGC 663, 32 D IC 342, 22, 23 NGC 752, 68, 69 Dark nebulae, 9, 204 IC 405, 74, 75 NGC 869, 40 , 42, 44, 50, 52, 106, 122, IC 1613, 112, 113, 124 NGC 884, 40 Digitized Sky Survey, 29, 45, 63, 87, IC 2391, 10, 178, 179 NGC 891, 58–59, 64, 68, 88, 116, 162, 93, 103, 113, 119, 127, 137, 141, IC 2488, 188 240, 251, 255 151, 155, 159, 165, 171, 173, 179, IC 2602, 10, 210, 211 NGC 1097, 7, 142–143, 263 185, 187, 191, 195, 199, 201, 203, IC 2944, 206 NGC 1261, 182–183 205, 211, 221 IC 2948, 206, 207 NGC 1275, 60–61, 82 , 6, 13, 28, 40, 41, 190 IC 4651, 170 NGC 1851, 154–155 Drawing deep sky objects, 238–240 IC 4812, 144, 145 NGC 2070, 212 Dunlop, James, 7 IC 5070, 52 NGC 2237, 110 Dwarf , 46, 48, 54, 112, Intergalactic Tramp Globular, 62 NGC 2238, 110 124, 168 NGC 2244, 110 NGC 2246, 110 J NGC 2261, 104–105 E Cluster, 196 NGC 2360, 119, 126–127 Electric Arc Galaxy, 98 NGC 2362, 136–137 , 90, 91 K NGC 2392, 90–91 Espin, Thomas E., 50 Keller, Philipp, 109 NGC 2403, 26–27, 263, 265 E.T. Cluster, 38 NGC 2419, 62–63, 168 , 26, 190, 192, 193, 202, L NGC 2477, 150–151 210, 265 NGC 2506, 118–119 Evans, Rev. Robert, 142, 162 Lacaille, Abbé Nicolas Louis de, 7, 132, 150, 178, 212 NGC 2516, 200–201 Eyes and dark adaption, 2, 52, NGC 2775, 108–109 Index 230–232, 236, 241, 243 , 43, 44, 50, 56 Lambda Centauri, 206 NGC 2867, 188–189 (LMC), NGC 3115, 116–117 F 212, 213 NGC 3132, 156–157 False Comet Cluster, 160 Leo, 88, 92, 93, 108, 109, 116, 128 NGC 3195, 217, 224–225 Fienberg, Richard Tresch, vii Light pollution11, 18, 20, 22, 26, 230, NGC 3201, 166–167 Filamentary nebula, 78 232, 233, 236, 237, 248, 252, 260 NGC 3242, 117, 128–129, 245 Flach-Wilken, Bernd, 145 , 10, 212 NGC 3372, 192 Flaming nebula, 74, 75 NGC 3532, 190–191 Fornax, 7, 142, 143 NGC 3626, 92–93 M Fuchs, Christian, 109 NGC 3766, 92–93 Marth, Albert, 7, 144 NGC 4038, 115, 130–131, 263 Melotte 25, 94 NGC 4039, 130–131 G Melotte 101, 210 NGC 4236, 18–19 Ganglion cells, 231 Melotte 111, 84, 88 NGC 4244, 58, 64–65 , 62, 63, 90, 106, 123, 167 Messier, Charles, 7, 76 NGC 4372, 216, 222–223 Gemini North Telescope, 106 Messier objects, 7, 8, 40, 132 NGC 4449, 54–55, 64 Gendler, Robert, 13, 27, 33, 39, 41, 69, Milkweed seed galaxy, 132 NGC 4559, 84–85 71, 131, 149, 153, 169, 209, 219, 262 , 7, 9, 10, 14, 26, 36, 40, 44, NGC 4565, 58, 88–89, 98 Ghost’s Goblet, 28 46, 51, 52, 58, 62, 68, 74, 82, 100, NGC 4609, 196, 204–205 Ghost of , 128, 245 106, 114, 126, 130, 142, 150, 158, NGC 4631, 58, 76–77, 88 Ghost of Uranus, 128 162, 170, 192, 194, 198, 212, 214, NGC 4656, 76 Globular clusters, ages of, 11 218, 222, 255, 257–259, 265 NGC 4697, 114–115 Moore, Patrick, 1–8, 18, 228, 260 NGC 4755, 196–197, 204 H Moore, Stewart, 14, 78, 239, 241, 245 NGC 4833 216, 217, 222 Haase, Flynn vii NGC 4889, 82–83 Harrison, Tom, 19, 75, 125, 135, 139 N NGC 4945, 174–175 , 6, 7, 10, 128, 134, Nagler eyepiece, 235 NGC 5005, 70–71 135, 156 Network nebula, 78 NGC 5128, 162–163 Herschel, Caroline, 7 NGC 40, 16–17 NGC 5139, 168, 218, 257, 259 Herschel, John, 154, 166, 184, 196 NGC 55, 26, 123, 138, 148, 152–153 NGC 5248, 102–103 Herschel, William, 7, 42, 56, 64, 196 NGC 104, 214, 218, 259 NGC 5286, 176–177 Hockey Stick galaxy, 76 NGC 147, 46–48 NGC 5694, 140–141 Horologium, 182, 183 NGC 185, 48–49 NGC 5823, 184–185 Horseshoe cluster, 32, 38 NGC 188, 14–15 NGC 6025, 186, 198–199 (HST), 24, NGC 246, 122–123 NGC 6087, 186–187 25, 34, 42, 43, 57, 61, 80, 91, 105, NGC 247, 26, 122–123, 132–133, NGC 6101, 220–221 121, 129, 131, 146, 147, 156, 157, 138, 148 NGC 6124, 158–159 180, 188, 189, 192, 193, 225, 265 NGC 253, 7, 26, 123, 132, 138–139, 152 NGC 6193, 172–173

272 NGC 6231, 160–161 Peach, Damian, 3, 5 Southern Cross, 163, 190, 196, NGC 6302, 146–147 , 56, 57, 72–73, 96, 98, 100, 197, 205 NGC 6352, 170–171 113, 255 Southern , 148 NGC 6397, 180–181, 194 , 52, 53 Southern , 210 NGC 6541, 164–165 Phi Cas cluster, 38–39 Southern , 156, 166 NGC 6543, 24–25, 239 Pincushion cluster, 190 Space Telescope Science Institute NGC 6729, 10, 144–145 Planetary nebulae, 9–12, 16, 24, 42, (STScI), 131 NGC 6744, 194, 208–209 56, 90, 120, 128, 134, 188, 237, 243, Spindle galaxy, 116 NGC 6752, 194–195, 208 260–262 Starfi sh Globular, 194 NGC 6826, 42–43 Pleiades, 40, 94, 178, 190, 210 Stephan’s Quintet, 72 NGC 6885, 86–87 Pöpsel, Josef, 133, 143, 161, 175 NGC 6888, 66–67 T NGC 6934, 97, 106–107, 244 Q , 212–213 NGC 6946, 7, 36–37, 263 Quasars, 82 cluster, 136 NGC 6960, 78, 80, 81 Taurus, 74, 94, 95 NGC 6992, 78–80, 241 Corona Australis, 10, 125, 144, NGC 6995, 78–80, 241 R 164–165 NGC 7000, 52 Coronae Australis, 118, 126, 136 Theta Carinae cluster, 10, 210 NGC 7006, 96–97, 106, 257 , 144 Trapezium, 74 NGC 7009, 120 Rattail galaxy, 130 Tweezers galaxy, 174 NGC 7023, 20–21 Refl ection nebula, 20 NGC 7243, 44–45 Retina, 42, 52, 64, 228, 230–231, 234, NGC 7293, 7, 10, 134 239, 243 U NGC 7331, 72–73 Ring nebula, 16, 156, 166, 236 Ultrahigh contrast (UHC) fi lter, NGC 7479, 100–102 Ringtail galaxy, 130 12, 16, 24, 30, 34, 42, 50, 52, 56, NGC 7635, 7, 34 Rods (in retina), 64 66, 74, 78, 90, 110, 120, 128, 134, NGC 7662, 56 Rogers, Gordon, 21, 23, 55, 77, 85, 89, 146, 156, 188, 192, 212, 224, 237, NGC 7814, 98–99 101, 262 238, 241 North American nebula, 11, 52–53 , 50, 104, 110–111, 118 Index V O S Variable nebulae, 20, 104 O’Meara, Stephen J., 8, 30, 122, 134, , 120–121, 128 , 78, 80–81, 241 216, 234 Scarecrow galaxy, 112 Verschatse, Daniel, 114, 115, 117, , 62, 162, 168, 170, , 7, 123, 138–139, 148, 152 163, 177, 181, 183, 206, 207, 215, 174, 176, 194, 218, 220, 257, 259 , 116–117 217, 223, 257–258 cluster, 10, 178 Sharp, Ian, 31, 35, 51, 53, 67, 79, 81, Virgo cluster, 102 Oxygen III (OIII) fi lter, 12, 24, 34, 111, 241, 260 42, 52, 56, 66, 67, 78, 90, 110, 120, Sharpless 2-155, 30 W Silver Coin galaxy, 138 122, 128, 134, 146, 156, 188, 224, Watson, John, vii Silver Needle galaxy, 64 237–239, 241, 261, 262 Wendel, Volker, 145 , 54, 214, 215, Wingham, Geof, 167, 193, 197, 213 258, 259 P Wolf, Max, 7, 112 cluster, 186 Pac-Man nebula, 122 Wolf-Rayet , 66 Southern , 200 , 187, 194, 208 Wolkowicki, Jenny, vii

273