DOCSLIB.ORG

Black Power in Bermuda

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Black Power in Bermuda Black Power in Bermuda CONTEMPORARY BLACK HISTORY Manning Marable (Columbia University) and Peniel Joseph (Tufts University) Series Editors This series features cutting-edge scholarship in Contemporary Black History, underlining the importance of the study of history as a form of public advocacy and political activism. It focuses on postwar African-American history, from 1945 to the early 1990s, but it also includes international black history, bringing in high-quality interdisciplinary scholarship from around the globe. It is the series editors’ firm belief that outstanding critical research can also be accessible and well written. To this end, books in the series incorporate dif- ferent methodologies that lend themselves to narrative richness, such as oral history and ethnography, and combine disciplines such as African American Studies, Political Science, Sociology, Ethnic and Women’s Studies, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice. Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Biko Lives!: The Contested Legacies of Steve Biko Edited by Andile Mngxitama, Amanda Alexander, and Nigel C. Gibson Anticommunism and the African American Freedom Movement: “Another Side of the Story” By Robbie Lieberman and Clarence Lang Africana Cultures and Policy Studies: Scholarship and the Transformation of Public Policy Edited by Zachery Williams Black Feminist Politics from Kennedy to Clinton By Duchess Harris Mau Mau in Harlem?: The U.S. and the Liberation of Kenya By Gerald Horne Black Power in Bermuda: The Struggle for Decolonization By Quito Swan Neighborhood Rebels: Black Power at the Local Level Edited by Peniel E. Joseph (forthcoming) Black Power Principals By Matthew Whitaker (forthcoming) Black Power in Bermuda The Struggle for Decolonization Quito Swan BLACK POWER IN BERMUDA Copyright © Quito Swan, 2009. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-61906-7 All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-10958-2 ISBN 978-0-230-10218-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230102187 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Swan, Quito. Black power in Bermuda : the struggle for decolonization / Quito Swan. p. cm.—(Contemporary Black history) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “A transnational, Pan-African youth movement, Black power in Bermuda sought freedom for Blacks from the island’s White oligarchy and independence from British colonialism. It was spearheaded by activists such as Pauulu Kamarakafego and the Black Beret Cadre. The Cadre maintained relationships with revolutionary organizations across the African diaspora, such as the Black Panthers. Emerging in the late 1960s, the movement witnessed the assassinations of Bermuda’s British chief of police and governor (1972–1973). Swan carefully details the island’s colonial government’s attempts to destroy the movement through military tactics, extensive propaganda, and the implementation of token social concessions”—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-0-230-10958-2 (hbk) 1. Black power—Bermuda Islands—History—20th century. 2. Blacks—Civil rights—Bermuda Islands—History—20th century. 3. Civil rights movements—Bermuda Islands—History—20th century. 4. Youth movements—Bermuda Islands—History—20th century. 5. Black Beret Cadre (Paget, Bermuda Islands)—History. 6. Political activists—Bermuda Islands—Biography. 7. Bermuda Islands—Race relations—History—20th century. 8. Decolonization—Bermuda Islands—History—20th century. 9. Bermuda Islands—History— Autonomy and independence movements. 10. Bermuda Islands—Politics and government—20th century. I. Title. F1640.B55S93 2010 323.097299—dc22 2009034119 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Pauulu, Habib, Akinwunmi, Ifasadun, Ayah, and the beautyful ones unborn This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures, Maps, and Tables ix Preface xi List of Abbreviations xv Introduction The Truth is an Offense: Black Power in a British Colony 1 1 Negroes Dressed in Insolence: Boycotts, Black Muslims, and Racial Uprisings 11 2 Another Unknown Soldier: Pauulu 35 3 A Bermuda Triangle of Imperialism 53 4 Blueprint for Freedom: Bermuda’s Black Power Conference of 1969 77 5 Wake the Town and Tell the People: The Black Beret Cadre Emerges 95 6 The Empire Strikes Back: The Government’s War against the Berets 113 7 We Don’t Need No Water: The Cadre Burns the Union Jack 137 8 Robin Hood was Black in My Hood: “Erskine” Buck Burrows and the Assassinations (1972–77) 163 Conclusion Babylon Give Them a Ride: Blackness in Contemporary Bermuda 183 Notes 197 Bibliography 225 Index 233 This page intentionally left blank Figures, Maps, and Tables Figures 0.1 Flag of Bermuda xvii 0.2 Black Berets, 1972 (L-R, Dennis Burrows, John (Dionne) Bassett, Philip Perinchief, Jennifer Smith, Calvin Shabazz) xviii 0.3 Black Berets with Free Panther Sign (L-R, Jerome Perinchief, Eliyahtsoor Ben Aaharon, Cal Shabazz) xviii 0.4 Pauulu’s brother, Pauula, his grandfather, and friend (courtesy of Rronniba Kamarakafego) xix 0.5 Pauulu Kamarakafego at the University of Columbia, 1954 (courtesy of Rronniba Kamarakafego) xx 0.6 Pauulu Kamarakafego in Liberia, 1960 (courtesy of Rronniba Kamarakafego) xxi C.1 Tea & Crackers 189 Maps 0.1 Bermuda xvi 0.2 Map of Bermuda xvi 0.3 Bermuda and the Americas xvii Tables 1.1 Number of resident Blacks and Whites in Bermuda, 1834–1970 17 4.1 Black Power organizations in Eastern Caribbean, latter half of 1969–70 90 5.1 Political movements/leaders studied by the Cadre 108 C.1 British overseas territories decolonized since 1970 188 C.2 Occupational distribution of employment and average income by race, 2006–2007 191 This page intentionally left blank Preface critical theme afflicting the African Diaspora seems to be the A notion of “invisibility.” In other words, having become conceptually marginalized within their own nation-states, many African-descended populations often only become visible to one another by chance; when such communities actively seek to connect with and draw attention to one another; or when issues affecting them develop into “crises” that threaten the interests of globalization and lead to sound bites about these struggles in the international media. A sample roll call of the latter could read as such: Afro-Colombians facing genocide and forced land removal; Blacks in Martinique and Guadeloupe uprising against socioeconomic oppression and French colonialism; Darfur; the African Muslim com- munity in France; Somalian “pirates”; Afro-Brazilians in urban favelas; the crisis in the Congo; Haiti; and Afro-Venezuelan social movements. The island of Bermuda knows this story all too well. She remains a British colony, and primarily leaps into the minds of the external world through advertisements for tourism or calls by U.S. President Barack Obama to address the island’s status as a U.S. tax haven. This is unsurprising, for even within Bermuda colonial education has historically served to intellectually erase the voice of Black dissent and disconnect the experiences of Blacks in Bermuda from the wider Black world. The has unfortunately resulted in a certain level of historical amnesia among many Bermudians who are astonished to learn that Blacks have historically resisted colonial rule, slav- ery, discrimination, and racism and often contextualized these struggles in a larger phenomenon of global Black self-determination. As would happen across the Diaspora, Bermuda’s establishment has marginalized those who wrote about Black struggle. Hence, the documen- tation of history (through many cultural mediums) has necessarily served as more than an intellectual exercise. As such, Bermuda’s Black historian has often had to live the life of an activist scholar and intellectual maroon. However, the recognition of such writers came from their community; their works were known by those who sought to know and not by those who should know—namely, Black Bermudians who have benefited from xii PREFACE the struggle of their ancestors—simply because it is their birthright. As such, it is important to recognize that the written works of those such as Nellie Musson, Cyril Packwood, Pauulu Kamarakafego, Ira Philip, Eva Hodgson, and Dale Butler—and freedom fighters of Bermuda, the wider African Diaspora, and indigenous world—have laid the foundation via which this story of Black Power in Bermuda could be written. Medaase. Writing this book has been a journey with a number of spiritual, finan- cial, intellectual, and physical crossroads. At each one, however, I have been blessed with inspiration and guidance from a myriad of sources too numerous to mention. To my parents, Sinclair and Lorraine Swan, I cannot ask for any more than the unconditional love and support that you have given. Nique, Tamisheka, and Kashima—the world’s greatest siblings— thanks to you, your
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif 1 Liste Des Indicatifs Téléphoniques Internationaux Par Indicatif
    Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par indicatif 1 Liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux par indicatif Voici la liste des indicatifs téléphoniques internationaux, permettant d'utiliser les services téléphoniques dans un autre pays. La liste correspond à celle établie par l'Union internationale des télécommunications, dans sa recommandation UIT-T E.164. du 1er février 2004. Liste par pays | Liste par indicatifs Le symbole « + » devant les indicatifs symbolise la séquence d’accès vers l’international. Cette séquence change suivant le pays d’appel ou le terminal utilisé. Depuis la majorité des pays (dont la France), « + » doit être remplacé par « 00 » (qui est le préfixe recommandé). Par exemple, pour appeler en Hongrie (dont l’indicatif international est +36) depuis la France, il faut composer un Indicatifs internationaux par zone numéro du type « 0036######### ». En revanche, depuis les États-Unis, le Canada ou un pays de la zone 1 (Amérique du Nord et Caraïbes), « + » doit être composé comme « 011 ». D’autres séquences sont utilisées en Russie et dans les anciens pays de l’URSS, typiquement le « 90 ». Autrefois, la France utilisait à cette fin le « 19 ». Sur certains téléphones mobiles, il est possible d’entrer le symbole « + » directement en maintenant la touche « 0 » pressée plus longtemps au début du numéro à composer. Mais à partir d’un poste fixe, le « + » n'est pas accessible et il faut généralement taper à la main la séquence d’accès (code d’accès vers l'international) selon le pays d’où on appelle. Zone 0 La zone 0 est pour l'instant réservée à une utilisation future non encore établie.
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonization and Violence in Southeast Asia Crises of Identity and Authority
    KARL HACK Decolonization and violence in Southeast Asia Crises of identity and authority How far did Southeast Asia’s experience of colonialism and decolonization contribute to severe postcolonial problems, notably: high levels of violence and endemic crises of authority? There can be no denying that colonialism left plural societies in countries such as Malaysia and Singapore, and that countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines attempted to bolt together very different regions and groups of people. These divisions were to breed violence as far apart as Myanmar and New Guinea, and Aceh and Mindanao. Much of Southeast Asia also experienced an intense period of Japanese era and occupation in the years just before independence. The Japanese conquest of 1941 to 1945 propagandized and mobilized people, promoted quasi- militaristic values, and left in its wake large groups, some with military train- ing or even weapons. In many cases the use of force, or threat of force, also expedited decolonization, further legitimizing the use of violence in resolving disputes over national authority and identity. It is easy to establish that there were traumas and violent experiences in colonialism and in decolonization. But demonstrating how these fed through to the postcolonial period is difficult in the extreme. Was the legacy a region- wide one of visceral divisions that demanded, and still demand, either fissure or authoritarian government? Are the successor states, as governments as varied as Singapore and Myanmar claim, young, fragile creations where authority remains fragile even after five decades or more? This chapter reflects on a number of approaches to explaining the persistence of crises and their links to the colonial and decolonizing eras.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Alignment in Indonesia - Cold War Or Decolonization?
    Non-Alignment in Indonesia - Cold War or Decolonization? This module is designed for students to examine the Non-Aligned Movement in Indonesia to determine how it reflects the historical developments of the Cold War and Decolonization. FOCUS QUESTION: How does the Cold War and Decolonization impact Indonesian international relations in the twentieth century? AP Curriculum Framework Alignment Task: Based on a 60 minute class Unit 8 - Cold War and Decolonization Historical Thinking Skills: Developments and Processes - Explain a historical concept, development, or process. Making Connections - Explain how a historical development or process relates to another historical development or process. Sourcing and Situation - Explain the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience of a source. Topic: 8.2 The Cold War Topic: 8.5 Decolonization After 1900 Thematic Focus: Cultural Developments and Interactions - Thematic Focus: Government - A variety of internal and ​ ​ The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrate how external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of decline. Governments maintain order through a variety of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and administrative institutions, policies, and procedures, and cultural implications. governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways Learning Objective: Explain the causes and effects of the and for different purposes. ​ ideological struggle of the Cold War. Learning Objective: Compare the processes by which peoples ​ Historical Developments KC-6.2.V.B: Groups and individuals, pursued independence after 1900. ​ including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted Historical Developments KC-6.2.II.A - Nationalist leaders and ​ alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy orders.
    [Show full text]
  • 32Nd Regional CPA Conference
    THE COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTARY ASSOCIATION CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH VERBATIM REPORT OF THE 32ND REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE CARIBBEAN, THE AMERICAS AND THE ATLANTIC REGION Embracing Change in the Way we do Business: Efficient Government GRAND CAYMAN 24TH – 30TH JUNE 2007 Table of Contents OPENING CEREMONY..................................................................................................................1 PRESENTATION OF FLAGS.........................................................................................................1 PRAYERS................................ ............................................. ................................................................2 WELCOME BY HON. EDNA M. MOYLE, JP, MLA, SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, CPA PRESIDENT (CAYMAN ISLANDS).............................2 REMARKS BY HON. D. KURT TIBBETTS, JP, MLA, LEADER OF GOVERNMENT BUSINESS.............................................................................................................................................3 REMARKS BY HON. W. McKEEVA BUSH, OBE, JP, MLA, LEADER OF THE OPPOSITION......................................................................................................................................5 REMARKS BY HON. DR. WILLIAM F. SHIJA, SECRETARY GENERAL (CPA SECRETARIAT LONDON)............................................................................................................6 OPENING OF CONFERENCE BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR ...............8 VOTE OF THANKS BY MR. ALFONSO WRIGHT, MLA,
    [Show full text]
  • LDC) Category at 40
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Fialho, Djalita Conference Paper Aiming high, falling short: the Least Developed Country (LDC) category at 40 Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011, No. 27 Provided in Cooperation with: Research Committee on Development Economics (AEL), German Economic Association Suggested Citation: Fialho, Djalita (2011) : Aiming high, falling short: the Least Developed Country (LDC) category at 40, Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011, No. 27, ZBW - Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft, Kiel und Hamburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/48354 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen)
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology, Decolonization and the Cold War in Egypt
    [A] Grounding Ideologies: Archaeology, Decolonization and the Cold War in Egypt William Carruthers Discussions of Egypt’s political place in the world tend to come attached to fairly standard narratives. For example, scholars working in the field of international relations have often described the period connected to Egyptian decolonization in terms of a particular chain of events. The story goes that, in the years following the Free Officers’ coup of July 1952, the British occupation of Egypt finally ended, and the United States jostled for influence in the country at the same time as the Cold War grew in resonance. Meanwhile, after Gamal Abdel Nasser had usurped Muhammad Nagib as the Free Officers’ leader in 1954, the coup started to become constructed as a revolution. Eventually—and particularly after the Bandung conference in 1955, the cataclysm of Suez in 1956 and the creation of the United Arab Republic in 1958— Soviet planners moved in, the Egyptian state became massively centralized and Third World and Pan-Arab identities increased in importance. Simultaneously, in addition to histories of his eventual undoing after the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, studies of the increasing consolidation of Nasser’s political power abound.1 However, as Laura Bier has noted, there are alternatives to this (fairly linear) decolonization narrative. Discussing the set of practices that she terms Egyptian state feminism, Bier asserts that ‘what such studies leave out are the countless struggles to define the content and meaning of the [Nasserist] project that occurred in other arenas.’2 This chapter deals with one such arena. Archaeological practice—and the representation of archaeological remains more generally—helped to define Egyptian state projects during the post-1952 period and also forged connections between Egypt and wider political processes: the spread of the Cold War, for example.
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonization in the British Empire at the End of the Second World War, Britain Still Controlled the Largest Empire in World History
    Decolonization in the British Empire At the end of the Second World War, Britain still controlled the largest empire in world history. Thanks largely to the empire, Britain raised enough supplies to sustain its war effort and took its place at the top table of the victorious powers alongside the United States and the Soviet Union. It was, however, a Pyrrhic victory; the war drained Britain’s finances and significantly lowered its prestige in the colonies. Less than two decades later, the British had given up almost all of their empire. This reading examines the period from 1945 to 1963, when the British surrendered almost all of their overseas colonies. There will be special focus on India, Kenya, Malaya (Malaysia), and Egypt. Finally, we will examine the legacy of empire for today’s Britain. The Effects of the Second World War The experience of the Second World War was not the sole reason that Britain eventually lost its colonies, but without the war the decolonization process doubtless would have taken longer. It is worth noting, however, that the origins of nationalist and anticolonial revolt across the British Empire were often rooted in the early twentieth century. After the First World War, British imperialists still preached about the superiority of Western (especially British) civilization, but their arguments often fell on deaf ears. Many subject peoples, especially Indians, had fought on the Western Front in the First World War. They saw that the British were no more immune to machine guns than any other group of people. They also observed Britain’s weakened state after the First World War and during the economic crisis of the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • KS3 Mary Prince Learning
    KS3 Learning Activities Mary Prince Lesson Objective In this activity pack, feelings may arise. Please do take time out if you feel overwhelmed by the topic and discussions around it. In this lesson pack, you will be given insight into the life Inand this history lesson ofpack, Mary you Prince, will bea formerlygiven insight enslaved into womanthe bornlife and in the history 18th century. of Mary Prince, a formerly enslaved woman born in the 18th century. We hope you that once the teaching of this pack drawsWe tohope a close, you youthat gainonce some the teachingunderstanding of this about pack whatdraws it was to likea close,for enslaved you gain people some at understandingthis time, and the aboutimportance what it ofwas commemorating like for enslaved thepeople lives at andthis historytime, of and formerly importance enslaved of people.commemorating the lives and history of formerly enslaved people. About Mary Prince Mary Prince was born to an enslaved family in Bermuda in 1788, and sold away from her family at the age of ten, enduring extreme hardship. In 1828, she was brought from Antigua to England. Slavery was still legal in the British colonies, but not in Britain itself. Once she was free from enslavement, Prince became the first woman to publish an enslavement narrative in England. Her biography was called: The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave. Flag of Bermuda This was the first text of a Black women biographically detailing her experience as an enslaved person. It had a huge impact when published. Head over to this link to learn about Mary Prince! Greenland Canada USA Bermuda The Caribbean Mexico Antigua and Barbuda Activities Research Task! 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonization, Development, and Denial Natsu Taylor Saito
    Florida A & M University Law Review Volume 6 Number 1 Social Justice, Development & Equality: Article 1 Comparative Perspectives on Modern Praxis Fall 2010 Decolonization, Development, and Denial Natsu Taylor Saito Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.law.famu.edu/famulawreview Recommended Citation Natsu T. Saito, Decolonization, Development, and Denial, 6 Fla. A&M U. L. Rev. (2010). Available at: http://commons.law.famu.edu/famulawreview/vol6/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida A & M University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DECOLONIZATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND DENIAL Natsu Taylor Saito* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 R 11. THE TRANSITION FROM DECOLONIZATION TO DEVELOPMENT ............................................. 6 R A. Inherently Contradictory:Decolonizing Under Colonial Rules ............................................ 8 R B. The Influence of InternationalFinancial Institutions . 12 R C. "Good Governance" and "FailedStates" ............... 17 R III. DEVELOPMENT AS A COLONIAL CONSTRUCT ................ 21 R A. "Guardianship"as a Justificationfor Colonial Appropriation.................................... 22 R B. Self-Determination and the League of Nation's Mandate System ................................. 25 R C. The Persistence of the Development Model ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonization of Policy Process and Not the Policy of Decolonization Politik Süreci Sömürgecilikten Kurtarmak
    Research Note Decolonization of Policy Process and not the Policy of Decolonization Politik Süreci Sömürgecilikten Kurtarmak Samuel O. Okafor University of Nigeria, Nigeria Abstract Colonialism and neo-colonialism as socioeconomic and political realities among the third world nations were designed to operate through the logic of socioeconomic thinking and activities of the indigenous people. Ignorance of this has made the colonized vulnerable to the complex and fluid networks of colonialism, and neo- colonialism programs as designed by the colonialists and neo-colonialists. Most of these nations have put forward policy of decolonization without thinking about decolonization of their domestic and international policy postures. By so doing, most of these nations have become more vulnerable to their former colonialists as well as the entrant neo-colonialists. Nigeria, as one of the nations operating in the raiders of their former colonial masters and the entrant neo-colonialists, has been subjected to perpetual dependency and failure due to the ignorance of the fluid structure and networks of neo-colonialism. The fact, as this paper specifically aims to prove, is that there is no way socioeconomic logical framework on the platform of imperialism paradigm will produce genuine and sustainable development. As such, the paper modelled the colonialists’ socioeconomic policy logical framework, neo-colonialists’ socioeconomic policy logical framework, and the decolonization of socioeconomic policy logical framework in Nigeria for sustainable development. Keywords: Colonialism, neo-colonialism, socioeconomic logical framework, policy of decolonization, decolonization of policy process. Öz Üçüncü dünya ülkelerinde sosyoekonomik ve politik bir gerçeklik olarak kolonileşme ve neo-kolonileşmenin “sosyoekonomik mantıksal çerçeve yaklaşımıyla” ve yerli halkın eylemleri sayesinde etkin olması planlanmıştır.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: General 19 December 2018
    United Nations A/RES/73/109 General Assembly Distr.: General 19 December 2018 Seventy-third session Agenda item 63 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 7 December 2018 [on the report of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) (A/73/532)] 73/109. Question of Anguilla The General Assembly, Having considered the question of Anguilla and examined the relevant chapter of the report of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples for 2018,1 Taking note of the working paper prepared by the Secretariat on Anguilla 2 and other relevant information, Recognizing that all available options for self-determination of the Territory are valid as long as they are in accordance with the freely expressed wishes of the people of Anguilla and in conformity with the clearly defined principles contained in General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, 1541 (XV) of 15 December 1960 and other resolutions of the Assembly, Expressing concern that 58 years after the adoption of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 3 there still remain 17 Non-Self-Governing Territories, including Anguilla, Conscious of the importance of continuing the effective implementation of the Declaration, taking into account the target set by the United Nations to eradicate colonialism by 2020 and the plans of action for the Second 4 and Third International Decades for the Eradication of Colonialism, __________________ 1 Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-third Session, Supplement No.
    [Show full text]
  • LGBTQA by Mrfanrainbow Contents
    LGBTQA By Mrfanrainbow Contents 1 History 1 1.1 LGBT history ............................................. 1 1.1.1 Ancient history ........................................ 1 1.1.2 The Middle Ages ....................................... 5 1.1.3 The Renaissance ....................................... 6 1.1.4 Europe ............................................ 7 1.1.5 United States of America ................................... 8 1.1.6 Historical study of homosexuality ............................... 14 1.1.7 See also ............................................ 14 1.1.8 Notes ............................................. 15 1.1.9 References .......................................... 17 1.1.10 Further reading ........................................ 18 1.1.11 External links ......................................... 18 1.2 LGBT community ........................................... 18 1.2.1 Symbols ............................................ 19 1.2.2 Human and legal rights .................................... 19 1.2.3 Media ............................................. 20 1.2.4 Buying power ......................................... 20 1.2.5 Health ............................................. 22 1.2.6 LGBT multiculturalism .................................... 22 1.2.7 See also ............................................ 24 1.2.8 References .......................................... 24 1.2.9 Further reading ........................................ 25 2 Your Sexuality 26 2.1 Coming out .............................................. 26 2.1.1
    [Show full text]