Al-Ursprung Und OB Assoziationen

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Al-Ursprung Und OB Assoziationen Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ extraterrestrische Physik Garching bei Munchen¨ 26Al-Ursprung und OB Assoziationen Stefan Pluschke¨ Vollst¨andiger Abdruck der von der Fakult¨at fur¨ Physik der Technischen Universit¨at Munchen¨ zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ. Prof. Dr. A. J. Buras Prufer:¨ 1. Apl. Prof. Dr. V. Sch¨onfelder 2. Univ. Prof. Dr. F. von Feilitzsch Die Dissertation wurde am 22.03.2001 bei der Technischen Universit¨at Munchen¨ eingereicht und durch die Fakult¨at fur¨ Physik am 03.07.2001 angenommen. 26Al Ursprung und OB Assoziationen Stefan Pluschke¨ 03. Juli 2001 Die Abbildung auf der Titelseite zeigt die Region um das Sternbild Schwan (Cygnus) als Auzug aus dem Atlas Coelestis nach John Flamsteed (1729). Der Schwan ist das auff¨alligste Sommer-Sternbild. Es steigt fur¨ mitteleurop¨aische Verh¨altnisse sehr hoch an den Sudhimmel.¨ Sein Hauptstern Deneb bildet zusammen mit Wega in der Leier und Atair im Adler das sogenannte Sommerdreieck. Mythologie: Der Schwan soll der an den Himmel versetzte Freund Phaidons sein, der als Sohn des Sonnengottes Helios einmal den Sonnenwagen bestieg und ber den Himmel fuhr. Dabei brachen die Pferde aus, es entstand ein gewaltiger Weltenbrand. Zeus soll Phaidon mit einem Blitzstrahl get¨otet und in den Eridanus gesturzt¨ haben. Der Freund Phaidons war uber¨ dieses Ungluck¨ so betrubt,¨ dass ihn die G¨otter zum Trost unter die Sterne aufnahmen. Nach einer anderen griechischen Sage soll sich aber Zeus selbst in diesen Schwan verwandelt haben, um sich auf diesen Wege mit Nemesis oder Leda zu vereinigen. Das Sternbild erscheint als st¨arkste Emissionsstruktur (neben der Region des galaktischen Zen- trums) der galaktischen 1.809 MeV Strahlung des radioaktiven 26Al , mit dessen Beobachtung und Interpretation sich diese Arbeit besch¨aftigt. Die Region beherbergt eine Vielzahl masserei- cher Sterne und Sternkonzentrationen in Form von jungen offnen Sternhaufen und OB Assozia- tionen. ...meiner Freundin Steffi - f¨ur all’ die Geduld und Ausdauer Kurzfassung Das γ-Strahlenteleskop COMPTEL an Bord des NASA Satelliten CGRO erlaubte erstmals die abbildende Beobachtung des Himmels im Lichte niederenergetischer γ-Strahlung im Energiebe- reich zwischen 0.75 und 30 MeV. Im Zuge der neunj¨ahrigen Missionsdauer konnten vollst¨andige Himmelskarten sowohl in kontinuierlichen Energieb¨andern als auch in einzelnen γ-Linien erstellt werden. Ein wesentlicher Meilenstein war die Abbildung der Milchstraße in der 1.809 MeV Lini- en des radioaktiven 26Al . 26Al kann von einer Vielzahl astrophysikalischer Objekte synthetisiert und freigesetzt werden. Modelluntersuchungen der beobachteten 1.809 MeV Intensit¨atsvertei- lung haben bereits fruh¨ gezeigt, daß massereiche Sterne und ihre Kernkollaps-Supernovae die dominanten Quellen fur¨ interstellares 26Al sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das erste Mal die gesamte Missionsdatenbasis der neunj¨ahrigen COMPTEL-Mission, welche Ende Mai 2000 mit Beendigung der CGRO-Mission durch die NASA endete, mit der Zielsetzung der vollst¨andigen Kartierung des Himmels im Licht der 1.809 MeV Strahlung ausgewertet. Damit wird die Kartographie der γ-Linienstrahlung des interstella- ren 26Al fortgefuhrt.¨ Auf Grund der verschlechterten Beobachtungsbedingungen w¨ahrend der sp¨aten Missionsphasen - das Anheben des Satellitenorbits fuhrte¨ zu einem starken Anstieg der Aktivierung der Plattform und ihrer Detektorsysteme durch die intensivere kosmische Teilchen- strahlung - mußte dazu die Behandlung des instrumentellen Hintergrundes verfeinert werden, um die Qualit¨at der rekonstruierten Karten sicher zu stellen sowie m¨oglichst nahe an die Sensi- tivit¨atsgrenze heranzukommen. Die resultierenden Karten erreichen eine Sensitivit¨at zwischen 0.8 und 1.1 · 10−5 ph cm−2 s−1 und verifizieren im wesentlichen die bereits fruher¨ gefundenen Strukturen der galaktischen 1.809 MeV Intensit¨atsverteilung: intensive, diffuse Emission aus dem Bereich der inneren Galaxie, ein intensives Intensit¨atsmaximum in der Cygnus Region so- wie einige lokale Emissionsmaxima niederer Intensit¨at entlang der galaktischen Scheibe. Auf Grund des uberzeugenden¨ Verifikation der ¨alteren Karten k¨onnen die aus diesen Karten gezoge- nen Schlusse¨ bezuglich¨ des 26Al-Ursprungs ebenfalls als verifiziert gelten. Auf Grund ihrer kurzen Lebensdauer finden sich massereiche Sterne fast ausschließlich in Gebie- ten jungerer¨ Sternentstehungsaktivit¨at.IndiesenRegionenlassensichmassereicheSterneoft- mals zu sogenannten OB Assozationen gruppieren. Massereiche Sterne und ihre Supernovae sind aber nicht nur 26Al-Quellen, sondern sie emittieren u.a. eine intensive EUV-Strahlung, welche das umgebende interstellare Medium ionisiert, und daruberhinaus¨ beeinflußt der mit den starken Massenverlusten verbundene Fluß kinetischer Energie die Struktur des zirkum-stellaren Medi- ums. Es bilden sich große Blasenstrukturen, welche mit heißem Gas niedriger Dichte gefullt¨ sind. Da sich diese Ph¨anomene einzelner massereicher Sterne in OB Assoziationen uberlagern¨ sollten, werden im Zuge dieser Arbeit die integralen Eigenschaften von OB Assoziationen bezuglich¨ der Freisetzung von interstellaren Radionukliden, EUV-Strahlung und kinetischer Energie im Verlauf ihrer Entwicklung im Rahmen einer Populationssynthese untersucht. Da die meisten der genannten Parameter nur durch ihre Wechselwirkung mit dem interstellaren Medium be- obachtet werden k¨onnen, werden daruberhinaus¨ Modelle der Wechselwirkungen erarbeitet und angewandt. Von zentralem Interesse ist dabei das Expansionsverhalten von sogenannten Super- blasen im interstellaren, die aus der Uberlagerung¨ von Windblasen und Supernova-Uberresten¨ hervorgehen. Da 26Al durch Sternwinden bzw. Supernova-Ejekta in das interstellare Medium eingebracht wird, ist eine direkte Verknupfung¨ der Verteilung von 26Al im Medium und der Bildung und Expansion von Blasen im Medium zu erwarten. Die erarbeiteten Modelle werden zun¨achst mit publizierten Modellen verglichen, bevor sie ex- I emplarisch auf sechs OB Assoziationen der Cygnus Region angewandt werden. Bei dieser An- wendung zeigt sich, daß durch Annahme gr¨oßere Assoziationspopulationen ein insgesamt konsi- stentes Bild sowohl der beobachteten 1.809 MeV Intensit¨atsverteilung als auch des beobachteten ionisierten interstellaren Mediums erzielt wird. Die Annahme gr¨oßere Population als den optisch bestimmten Populationsst¨arken stutzt¨ sich dabei auf die starke optische Extinktion durch Mo- lekulwolken¨ und die fur¨ Cygnus OB2 gefundenen Populationsunterschiede zwischen optischen und nahinfrarot Beobachtungen. Aus dem resultierenden Modell folgt ein integraler 1.809 MeV Fluß der Cygnus Region von etwa (8.0 ± 1.5) · 10−5 ph cm−2 s−1, welcher einem beobachteten Gesamtfluß von 8.5 · 10−5 ph cm−2 s−1 gegenubersteht.¨ Daruberhinaus¨ l¨aßt sich mit Hilfe quan- titativer Modellvergleiche mit den γ-Daten auch eine mittlere Dichte des interstellaren Mediums vor der Ausbildung der Superblasen zwischen 10 und 50 cm−3 aus den modellierten 1.809 MeV Intensit¨atsverteilungen ableiten, welcher gut mit Werten aus der Literatur ubereinstimmen.¨ Schließlichwird ein in der Literatur vorgeschlagenes Szenario sogenannter propagierender Stern- entstehung in der Cygnus Region im Rahmen des Modells untersucht, wobei einige Widerspruche¨ aufgedecktwerden. Insbesondere k¨onnen die beobachtete 1.809 MeV Intensit¨atsverteilung und die erforderlichen Energiekriterien nicht ohne weiteres in Einklang gebracht werden. II Abstract The imaging γ-ray telescope COMPTEL aboard NASA’s CGRO satellite opened a new energy window for angular resolved long-duration observations. During nine years COMPTEL observed the low-energy γ-ray sky in the energy regime between 0.75 and 30 MeV and produced all sky maps in continuous energy bands as well as γ-ray lines with angular resolution of few degrees. A major milestone was the publication of the first all sky maps of the interstellar 1.809 MeV emis- sion line attributed to the radioactive decay of 26Al. It was shown in many theoretical studies that 26Al can be synthesized and released by a whole wealth of astronomical objects, massive stars and their subsequent core-collapse supernovae being amongst them. Extensive model fits using a variety of tracer maps in different wavelength bands confirmed massive stars and their supernovae to be the dominant sources of interstellar 26Al as observed by COMPTEL. The preceding studies of COMPTEL 1.8 MeV data had been limited in data to the first five years of the COMPTEL mission. In this thesis I present the first analysis of the complete mis- sion database confirming the previously published COMPTEL maps of the galactic 1.809 MeV emission. Due to a second alteration of the satellite orbit to a higher altitude during the sixth mission year the intensity of high energy particles impacting on the satellite platform increases and causes a dramatic raise of the instrumental background. Therefore the signal to noise ra- tio drops. Nevertheless, a refinement of the instrumental background treatment allowed the restoration of the long-term normalization of the background model and guarantees an appro- priate treatment throughout the whole mission. The complete mission maps reach a sensitivity level between 0.8 and 1.1 · 10−5 ph cm−2 s−1 for the 1.8 MeV line and verify the results gained from earlier imaging analysis of COMPTEL data: an intense, diffuse emission from the inner galactic radian, a peculiar emission feature in the Cygnus region and a low-intensity
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