THÈSE Pour Le DIPLÔME D'état DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Par

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THÈSE Pour Le DIPLÔME D'état DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Par UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES FACULTÉ DE PHARMACIE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ANNEE 2012 N° 048 THÈSE pour le DIPLÔME D'ÉTAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE par Élodie BOSSIS ------------------------------ Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 10 SEPTEMBRE 2012 PRISE EN CHARGE DES ACOUPHENES, QUEL ROLE POUR LE PHARMACIEN D'OFFICINE? Président : M. Christos ROUSSAKIS, Professeur de biologie cellulaire et de génétique moléculaire Membres du jury : Mme Pascale ROUSSEAU, Maître de Conférences associé à mi-temps. Service de pharmacologie et pharmacocinétique Mme Sophie TOUFFLIN-RIOLI, Pharmacien TABLE DES MATIERES PAGE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 5 CHAPITRE I : LE SON ET L’AUDITION ................................................................ 6 CHAPITRE II : PHYSIOPATHOLOGIE ................................................................ 15 2.1 Les acouphènes objectifs ....................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Origine vasculaire ....................................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Origine mécanique ...................................................................................... 16 2.2 Les acouphènes subjectifs ..................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Traumatisme sonore ................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Barotraumatisme ........................................................................................ 17 2.2.3 Ototoxicité médicamenteuse ....................................................................... 18 2.2.4 Maladie de Ménière .................................................................................... 21 2.2.5 Neurinome ................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Mécanismes périphériques ..................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Choc excitotoxique ..................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Presbyacousie et privation d’entrée sensorielle .......................................... 23 2.4 Mécanismes centraux de l’acouphène ................................................... 24 2.4.1 Plasticité neuronale ..................................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Modification de la carte tonotopique ............................................................ 25 2.4.3 Hyperactivité ............................................................................................... 26 2.4.4 Synchronie neuronale ................................................................................. 28 2.4.5 Activité oscillatoire cérébrale ...................................................................... 30 2.5 Réseau global incluant des régions non auditives ............................... 31 2.5.1 Voie extra-lemniscale .................................................................................. 31 2.5.2 Réseau de perception ................................................................................. 33 2.5.3 Réseau de détresse .................................................................................... 34 CHAPITRE III : PRISE EN CHARGE ................................................................... 38 3.1 Les traitements médicamenteux ........................................................... 39 3.1.1 Médicaments utilisés aujourd’hui ................................................................. 39 a) Tanakan* et Vastarel* .................................................................................... 39 b) Les corticoïdes ................................................................................................ 40 c) Les anticonvulsivants ...................................................................................... 40 d) La lidocaïne .................................................................................................... 42 e) Les antidépresseurs ........................................................................................ 43 3.1.2 Médicaments de demain ............................................................................. 44 a) Molécules modifiant l’hyperexcitabilité neuronale ....................................... 45 b) Le misoprostol ................................................................................................ 49 c) La mélatonine ................................................................................................. 50 d) Le D-JNKI-1 ...................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Les techniques de stimulation électrique............................................. 52 51 3.2.1 La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne .................................................. 52 3.2.2 L’implant extradural ..................................................................................... 54 3.2.3 La stimulation électrique transcrânienne directe ......................................... 55 3.2.4 L’implant cochléaire .................................................................................... 56 3.3 Les techniques d’habituation ................................................................ 59 3.3.1 La thérapie cognitive et comportementale (TCC) ........................................ 62 3.3.2 L’hypnothérapie ........................................................................................... 64 3.3.3 La réalité virtuelle ........................................................................................ 65 3.3.4 Les thérapies sonores ................................................................................. 67 3.4 La gestion de la composante somato-sensorielle de l’acouphène .... 72 3.4.1 Relâchement des tensions musculaires ...................................................... 72 3.4.2 Thérapies manuelles ................................................................................... 73 3.4.3 Désactivation des points gâchettes ............................................................. 73 3.4.4 Neurostimulation cutanée ............................................................................ 73 CHAPITRE III : PISTES D’ACTION POUR LE PHARMACIEN D’OFFICINE ...... 75 4.1 Premiers réflexes du pharmacien face au patient acouphénique ......... 75 4.2 Les mesures de prévention ................................................................... 77 4.2.1 La prévention de l’exposition sonore .......................................................... 77 4.2.2 L’exploration des déficiences auditives ....................................................... 78 4.2.3 Les médicaments ototoxiques ..................................................................... 79 4.2.4 L’alimentation .............................................................................................. 79 4.2.5 Les voyages en avion et la plongée sous-marine ........................................ 80 4.3 Conseils du pharmacien à un patient acouphénique ............................. 81 4.3.1 L’importance du sommeil ........................................................................... 81 4.3.2 Traiter l’anxiété et la dépression ................................................................. 82 4.3.3 Soulager les acouphènes par homéopathie ............................................... 83 4.3.4 Lutter contre les carences en minéraux ....................................................... 85 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 87 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ................................................................................................. 88 Liste des figures .......................................................................................................... 102 Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................... 103 Liste des abréviations ................................................................................................. 104 ANNEXES .......................................................................................................... 106 Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) .................................................................................................... 106 Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ) ........................................................................................... 107 Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire (TRQ) ............................................................................................ 108 Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ) ............................................................................................................. 109 INTRODUCTION Un acouphène est une sensation auditive perçue par un patient sans qu’il y ait de source extérieure provoquant une stimulation sonore. Il ne s’agit pas d’hallucinations auditives. Le patient est conscient que le son qu’il perçoit provient de son organisme et n’a pas de sens. [1] Sa perception diffère selon les patients. Ils le décrivent comme un sifflement, un bourdonnement, un tintement, un claquement, un chuintement. Il peut être permanent ou intermittent, unilatéral ou bilatéral, pulsatile ou non. Les sons perçus peuvent être aigus ou graves et de différentes intensités. Leur retentissement est très variable
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