Unboxing Television in Contemporary Indonesia
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i Unboxing television in contemporary Indonesia i ii Unboxing television in contemporary Indonesia Published in Indonesia in 2015 by Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance Komp. Delta Building Blok A-19, Jl. Suryopranoto No. 1-9, Harmoni, Jakarta Pusat 10160 Indonesia www.cipg.or.id Cover designed by Saifulhaq; all rights reserved. Except where otherwise noted, content on this report is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Some rights reserved. How to cite this report: (Nugroho, Amalia, Nugraha, Siregar, Esti & Putri, 2015) Nugroho, Y., Amalia, D., Nugraha, L.K., Siregar, M. F., Esti, K., Putri, D.A. 2015. Unboxing television in contemporary Indonesia. Jakarta: Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance, University of Manchester, Ford Foundation Indonesia. iii Acknowledgement This report was prepared by a team led by Dwitri Amalia and comprising Leonardus K. Nugraha, M. Fajri Siregar, Klara Esti and Dinita Andriani Putri. Prio Jatmiko Hadiluhung and Feni Apriani helped throughout the ethnography process. The work was carried out under the general direction of Dr. Yanuar Nugroho. The team received guidance from an Advisory Panel consisting of Dr. Bernardus Herry-Priyono and Dr. Benny Hari Juliawan. Kathryn Morrison helped proofread the report. Fariduddin Attar Rifai provided the translations and Mona Luthfina Usmani helped on the layout of the report. Throughout the research, the team was privileged of the huge support and assistance from numerous Indonesian media practitioners, civil society contacts and partners, and individuals who participated in our study through the interview process. We particularly owe our thanks and gratitude to the 12 families where we stayed for our ethnographic journey across Greater Jakarta, West Java and East Nusa Tenggara. We would also like to thank our gatekeepers; Pencerah Nusantara representatives in Karawang and Ende, Gustaff Iskandar and Pitra Moeis of Common Room in Bandung, and Yesaya Hardyanto for their tremendous help in connecting us with the selected families. The team would like to acknowledge the generous support from Probo Susanto, Ria Ernunsari and MD Theresia, for their insights and assistance. Rhino Ariefiansyah and crew (Nosa Normanda, Tito Imanda, Pandu Dwiangga) for working closely with us on the documentary production. Dr. Inaya Rakhmani, Endah Triastuti, Ph.D, Dr. Dave Lumenta and Hikmat Darmawan for their helpful comments and contributions. And to everyone who has helped throughout the course of this research. Thank you. The research was funded by the Ford Foundation Indonesian Office and undertaken by Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance (CIPG), Jakarta. iii v Abbreviations ANDI Agência de Notícias dos Direitos da Infância / The Brazilian National Secretariat of Justice of the Ministry of Justice ANP Aris Nugraha Production ANTV Andalas Televisi BPS Badan Pusat Statistik / Central Bureau of Statistics CMI Consumer Marketing Insight CSO Civil Society Organisation FTV Film Televisi GRP Gross Rating Points ILK Indonesia Lawak Klub JWT J. Walter Thompson KPI Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia / Indonesian Broadcasting Commission MNC TV Media Nusantara Citra Television P3I Perhimpunan Perusahaan Periklanan Indonesia / Indonesian Advertising Agency Association PDAM Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum / Water Utilities PH Production House RCTI Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia SCKK Segelas Cerita Keluarga Kusuma SCTV Surya Citra Televisi Indonesia SES Socioeconomic Status SPS Standar Program Siaran / Broadcasting Programme Standard SWRO Sea Water Reverse Osmosis UNICEF The United Nations Children's Fund Warnet Warung Internet / Internet Cafe vii Glossary Ontological Confidence or trust that the natural and social worlds are as they appear to security be, including the basic existential parameters of self and social identity. Agent A concrete individual, a human being. Structure Rules and resources, recursively implemented in the reproduction of social systems. Structure exists only as memory traces, the organic basis of human knowledgeability, and as instantiated in action. Instead of constraining, structure has the capacity of enabling. (e.g.) Structure enables us in understanding why people should stop when traffic light is showing red or why people should have a driving licence before they drive a car on the street. Our action will not be understood by others unless there is a specific ‘schemata’ that prevails in society. Rules See Structure Resources There are two types of resources: allocative and authoritative resources. Allocative Material resources involved in the generation of power, including the resources natural environment and physical artefacts; allocative resources derive from human dominion over nature. Authoritative Non-material resources involved in the generation of power, deriving from resources the capability of harnessing the activities of human beings; authoritative resources result from the dominion of some actors over others. Duality of Structure as the medium and outcome of the conduct it recursively structure organizes; the structural properties of social systems do not exist outside of action but are chronically implicated in its production and reproduction. Knowledgeable An individual/group of individuals who know what they do and how to do agents it. Reflexive Capacity to think deeply or to take certain practice, action, and experience capacity into account. Practical Practical consciousness refers to stocks of unarticulated knowledge about consciousness social conditions or taken for granted knowledge. (e.g.) Through practical knowledge, we know how to go through daily lives without discursively questioning what to do or the reason behind our actions. Discursive Discursive consciousness denotes the capacity of agents to ‘give reasons’ consciousness (rationalise) their conduct. Here, actors are able to give verbal expressions about social conditions and/or the conditions of their own actions. Practical consciousness is turned into discursive consciousness, if and only if, a moment of rationalisation exists. viii ix Family Tree During our ethnographic studies, we stayed with these 12 families acrosss regions. Due to privacy concerns, all names have been changed throughout the report. x xi xii xiii xiv xv Table of Contents Acknowledgement................................................................................iii Abbreviations.........................................................................................v Glossary ...............................................................................................vii Family Tree...........................................................................................ix Table of Contents................................................................................. xv Figures ...............................................................................................xvii Tables.................................................................................................. xix Executive Summary ............................................................................ xxi 1 Production and consumption of media content: An introduction ...1 Why research the consumption and production pattern? Background and rationale .....................................................................3 Objectives........................................................................................6 Questions and research design.......................................................7 Understanding the interplay between media consumption and production process: A preview .............................................................9 Structure of the report..................................................................10 2 Some theoretical perspectives .......................................................... 13 Structuration: Addressing the debate of dualism .......................15 2.1.1. Duality of structure...............................................................15 2.1.2. Consciousness and reflexivity of agent ................................19 Structuration and the dynamics of content production- consumption ........................................................................................21 2.2.1. Content as rules and resource...............................................21 2.2.2. Consumption and the capacity to act independently..........24 Audience: A locus to understand the reciprocal process ............27 3 Revealing the dynamics of media production and consumption: Methods and data................................................................................. 29 Approach.......................................................................................30 Methods ........................................................................................31 Strategy and data collection instruments ....................................34 3.3.1. Ethnography..........................................................................34 3.3.2. In-depth interviews ..............................................................35 3.3.3. Direct observations ...............................................................36 Data: Profile of subjects and respondents....................................37 Limitation .....................................................................................38 4 The logic of content production process ......................................... 41 Advertiser .....................................................................................44