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Green Mountain Plants and Wildlife

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Green Mountain Plants and Wildlife Ascension Island Code of Conduct Many of our species and habitats are protected by the Wildlife Protection Ordinance and Protected Areas legislation – it is an offence to deliberately harm or remove them without written authorisation. n Only park vehicles in designated areas n Leave gates and property as you find them n Do not create fire hazards n Place all litter in bins provided or take it home n Keep dogs under close control Image Credits Ascension Island Conservation Department; Kevin Schafer; Anselmo Pelembe; Derren Fox; Stewart McPherson; Rich Mooney; Dan Powell. For more information on Ascension’s plants contact: Ascension Island Conservation Department/Tourist Office Green Conservation Centre, Georgetown, Ascension Island, ASCN 1ZZ Tel (+247) 66359 Mountain Email [email protected] Web www.ascension-island.gov.ac Plants and Wildlife Ascension Island Green Mountain Plants and Wildlife Why is Green Mountain green? Hooker’s strategy involved planting trees to increase rainfall, introducing vegetation on steep slopes to Early visitors to Ascension Island at the beginning prevent soil erosion and introducing a wide variety of the 19th century, described it as exceptionally of crops. There was mass planting of organised barren, with very few plants – including the forests, shrublands and pastures on the island, introducing over 220 exotic plant species from mountain that we now know as Green diverse parts of the world. Records show early naval Mountain. Only a handful of plant ships carrying seed and seedlings from botanical species - mostly ferns, mosses and gardens in Europe, South Africa and Argentina. Kew some grasses, most of them endemic Gardens in the UK sent over 330 plant specimens to Ascension – were found on the to Ascension and continue to be closely higher slopes of Green Mountain involved with the conservation work on Green Mountain today. Ultimately only the (around 859m). So how did Green fittest of the introduced species survived, Mountain become the lush, green leaving us today with an eclectic mix of landscape that we see today? plants from all over the world. Prior to human settlement, the native ecosystems on Ascension Charles Darwin visited Ascension were at a relatively early stage of development in 1836 and admired the “active and while many claim Green Mountain to be a industry” on the mountain, where the great ecological terraforming experiment, others marines had established a garden to see it as a man-made biological invasion that has supply vegetables and fruit for the degraded a previously pristine island environment. garrison, but lamented that the Island was “destitute of trees”. It was Sir Most of Ascension’s native and endemic plants are Joseph Hooker, close friend of Charles now being severely outcompeted by those that were Darwin and later Director of the Royal introduced; however, the Ascension Island Conservation Botanical Gardens, Kew, who proposed Department is working to find a balance between the a plan to increase vegetation on the native and endemic flora, the introduced species that are mountain, following a visit in 1843. beneficial and those that are just invasive weeds. The modern flora of Green Mountain can be can be loosely divided into Below 330m Above 660m three zones. A dry zone below 330 m has patches of grass, dry-adapted shrubs, Mexican thorn, or species in these areas. Its Tree tobacco (Nicotiana Coffeebushes (Coffea Four o’clock flower (Mirabilis Cape Gooseberry (Physalis Koster’s Curse (Clidemia Ascension Lily Ginger (Alpinia speciosa) is Mexican thorn, and tree tobacco. mesquite (Prosopis exact date of introduction glauca) was introduced arabica) can be found in jalapa) grows along the side peruviana) – farm records hirta) has distinctive veined (Hippeastrum reginae) has an early introduction that juliflora), is spread is uncertain, though its after the Mexican thorn small numbers around the of the Red Lion. The yellow show this was established in leaves and small white a striking red flower and a has established well and is From 330-630 m, there is more complete coverage including grasses, extensively across the drier presence was recorded in and has also spread rapidly car park below the Red flowers open in the late 1825, providing a supply of flowers followed by round large bulb which helps it to becoming problematic in prickly pear, and trees such as juniper, casuarina and acacia. lowlands of Ascension the 1960s and possibly a in the lowland areas over Lion. These are likely to be afternoon, hence its name, fruit for the garrison. black berries. survive through drought. areas, although it makes and is the dominant plant decade earlier. recent years. recent introductions, when and then produce a strong, Large swathes of the lily grow good wind breaks along Above 660 m, a mist zone is completely vegetated, including areas of Goat Weed (Ageratum Glory-bower, Lady Nugent’s unsuccessful attempts sweet-smelling fragrance conyzoides) has small blue fluffy Rose (Clerodendrum fragrans) around The Pines. Despite many of the mountain paths. dense trees and bushes, interspersed with some grassy slopes. were made to grow coffee throughout the night. flowers and a pungent smell. is a shrub with large dark green its name, it is not endemic It is sometimes called the 330-630m commercially. to the island and is native to Shell Flower because the Raspberry (Rubus rosifolius) Cape Yew (Podcarpus leaves and clusters of faintly Banana trees (Musa sp) were grows in abundance on the fragrant pinkish white flowers. Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru and waxy flowers resemble sea elongate) was introduced Brazil. shells. The stem was used for Yellowboy (Tecoma stans) prevent evaporation of slopes of Green Mountain. introduced in the early days mountain paths. The stems in the first half of the 19th Green Aloe (Furcraea making shelters. Six of Ascension’s seven endemic vascular plant species can be is widespread on the lower moisture. It has spread very The white flowers are of the Garrison and can be are very prickly with bright century. A tall tree, it can gigantean) one of many of the Norfolk Island Pines slopes of Green Mountain, rapidly and in 1974 a moth followed by round green found around the mountain. green leaves; the red fruit has (Araucaria excels) were Walk up to the Dew Pond observed growing in various locations in Green Mountain National grow up to 30m and has rosette plants that grow on growing by the side of the (Cactoblastis cactorum) was fruits which turn yellow On Cronk’s path some less flavour than the ‘English’ brown flaky bark and dark the island. When mature it introduced to provide timber and on the highest peak you Park: Anogramma ascensionis, Asplenium ascensionis, Ptisana road. introduced in an attempt when ripe and are edible. impressive banana trees grow raspberry, but is edible. green slender leaves. produces white flowers on a for sailing ship masts. will find a forest ofbamboo purpurascens, Pteris adscensionis, Sporoboulus caespitosus, and to control the plant’s Attempts were made in around Banana Bridge. stalk of around 8m. (Bambusa sp.). This was planted Stenogrammitis ascensionensis, as well as the majority of endemic expansion, which appears 1900 to remove the shrubs in the late 19th century. Prickly Pear (Opuntia bryophtyes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts). Please refer to the to be having a positive but today guava remains vulgaris) can also be seen effect. one of the most common leaflet ‘Flora of Ascension Island’ for more details. growing by the road. A shrubs on the island. cactus, it was introduced Guava (Psidium guajava) to enrich the soil and is widespread on the lower Birds Invertebrates The red-necked francolin is a compact, grey-brown game bird The male diadem (Hypolimnas misippus) is an easily recognised with a black and white streaked breast, red bill and a partridge-like butterfly with iridescent velvety black wings. There are two white appearance. As the name suggests, there are areas of bare skin on the spots on the forewing and one large one on the hindwing. The throat and around the eyes. Red-necked francolins were introduced Coffee bushes Raspberry Goat Weed Glory-bower Ascension Lily Ginger female is an orange colour with black and white markings with to Ascension in 1851. They feed mainly on seeds, shoots, roots and one blackish spot on the upper side of the forewing as well as a tubers and occasionally insects and other small animals. Their nest is a second shadow. She has two dark spots on the underside. She scraping in the ground which is lined with dry grass, leaves or feathers. can easily be mistaken for the African Monarch. Eggs vary from pinkish buff to light brown, with white speckling. The long-tailed blue (Lampides boeticus) belongs to a group of small, brightly coloured butterflies with blue, coppery or brown The white tern, locally referred to as the ‘fairy tern’ (Gygis alba), is the wings. Although the male is the colour that its name suggests, only seabird on Green Mountain. White terns can often be seen from the female is brown with a fawn grey underside, two white bars the mountain road, as well as along Middleton’s path and around Banana trees Cape Gooseberry and two tiny peacock spots at the back. The male has a violet blue the water catchment area. They have a dove-like appearance and upper side, with two black spots and a small tail at the posterior are white in colour with a finely pointed black bill and rings of black point of the hindwing. As the caterpillar feeds exclusively on feathers around their eyes. A single egg is laid in a hollow, on a bare legumes (the pea family) it could only have bred on the island branch or on a rock ledge which is incubated by both parents.
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