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In This Edition: Page Page  John Pascoe Fawkner 2  Milo 20  “Wipe Off 5” 4  The Flight Recorder 22  Where Is Duck Ponds? 5  The Periodic Table 24  The National Hotel 6  Station Peak 25  Civilisation Has Improved!... 7  Judy Garland 26  The Delicate Ladybird 8  Recipe—Chicken Stir-fry 28  George Seth Coppin 10  Word Search— Countries 29  The Argyle Diamond Mine 12  Shipwrecked! The Sydney Cove 30  The Sphinx 14  150 Years Ago 31  Grauman’s Chinese Theatre 16  Then… & Now 32  Egyptian Hieroglyphics 18

John Pascoe Fawkner became one of the early found- ing fathers of the city of . He was born on October 20, 1792 in London, the son of John Snr and Hannah Fawkner, a metal refiner. His father was convicted of receiving stolen goods and in 1801 was sentenced to fourteen years transportation. With his mother and younger sister, Elizabeth, John accompa- nied his father to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), arriving in 1803. By 1806 the family held a 50-acre (20 ha) land grant some seven miles (11 km) from Town. John, as a young man worked as a shepherd boy, often living alone for weeks at a time in a sod hut. The family prospered. When Governor Lachlan Macquarie visited the island in 1811, John was granted 50 acres (20 ha) adjoining his father's farm. The year 1814 was a turning point in Fawkner's career. Now 21 years of age, John became a baker in Hobart Town. Among his associates were several convicts and with them he devised a plan to escape Van Diemen's Land—but was caught in the act. The Van Diemen's Land Gazette, (May 21, 1814), listed John Fawkner as aiding and abetting the escape of seven prisoners. Fawkner was tried before three magistrates and sentenced to 500 lashes and three years labour. Fawkner was later sent to Newcastle by Lieutenant- Governor Thomas Davey as one who had been 'committing some atrocious Robberies and Depredations'. After he was freed in 1816 Fawkner returned to Hobart and took up baking again. He also sold liquor (without the benefit of licence) and carried firewood and sawn timber. Although he claimed to have made £1000 within 17 months of his return to Tasmania, he soon began another period of personal and financial difficulty. Throughout his life he went from boom to bust a number of times. Moving north to Launceston he was fined for selling under-weight loaves of bread and using illegal weights. In his middle years he was spoken of as 'half-froth, half-venom', and in many ways was not a very pleasant character. On December 5, 1822 Fawkner married Eliza Cobb. The Melbourne suburbs of Although he claimed in later years that he had Fawkner and Pascoe Vale are chosen his wife from an immigrant ship, Eliza named after this early settler. actually arrived late in 1818, aged 17, as a convict whose crime was stealing a baby. In 1824 he built a two-storied brick house of thirteen rooms at a total cost of £2500 and attempted to open this as an hotel. A licence was refused on the first application, as his wife was still a Crown prisoner, but it was granted a few months later. It was not long before the Cornwall Hotel, as he named his premises, enabled Fawkner to improve his financial position and clear his debts once again. He engaged in a strenuous programme of self-education and to his many activities he added that of 'bush lawyer'

2 appearing in the lower courts for a minimum fee of 6s (about 5c). He also managed a horticultural nursery and conducted a coach service between Launceston and Longford. In 1828 he started the Launceston Advertiser, acting as editor for two years, Fawkner became interested in the reports from the southern coast of the mainland made by sealers, whalers, and bark cutters. In April 1835 he sought a vessel to take an expedition to Western Port. Although a 55-ton schooner was acquired and renamed En- terprise, several contracted voyages had to be completed before it changed hands. The day Rebecca, hired by John Batman, anchored off Indented Head, Fawkner was bound over to appear at the next General Sessions for having assaulted William Bransgrove, and was thus prevented from leaving the colony for two months. The Enterprise left without him. Those on the ship became among the first to settle upon the at the town to be named Melbourne. Fawkner himself landed at Hobson's Bay in October 1835 and at once began to lay the foundations of a fortune that grew to £20,000 in his first four years on the mainland. In January 1838 he added to his trade of hotel-keeping that of newspaper proprietor. His Melbourne Advertiser was handwritten on four pages of foolscap for nine months until a press and type arrived from Tasmania, and it was then printed weekly until suppressed because Fawkner had no licence. In February 1839, with a licence, he began the Port Phillip Patriot and Melbourne Advertiser; this later became a daily, and he ran it in conjunction with a bookselling and stationery business. In 1839 Fawkner also added to his already considerable land holdings a 780-acre (316 ha) property he named ‘Pascoe Vale’. Again Fawkner’s business interests began suffering huge losses. In March 1845 he was declared insolvent. However, within a year he had not only paid his debts in full but had £1000 to his bank credit. As a man of property and influence, Fawkner took an active and leading part in the political and social struggles of the time. From 1851 onward Fawkner held political office for eighteen years, until his death. With advancing years Fawkner's health declined but he continued to attend every govern- ment session, always wearing a velvet smoking cap and wrapped in an old-fashioned cloak. He had grown to be regarded as an institution, and became more conservative in his views. Asthma made his voice weak and husky, and he admitted at the end that age and infirmity weighed heavily upon him, but while there was work to be done, he wanted to share in it. Though cantankerous and dogmatic, he was also considered an honest, selfless patriot. His last words to parliament declared his faith: 'I believe the Colony requires new blood, and that, unless we get more working men here, the work of improvement must stand still, if it does not retrograde'. Fawkner died aged 76, on September 4, 1869 at his home in Smith Street, Collingwood, the grand old man of contemporary Victoria. The Enterprise—Fawkner’s ship 3 One of the biggest killers on our roads is excessive speed. Too many of our drivers, especially young men feel ―they can handle it,‖ and ―speed restrictions are for unskilled drivers—not me.‖ Sadly thousands of drivers have to live with the memory of the fact that their over-confidence has killed another human. The attitude that ―I am invincible,‖ and ―it won’t happen to me‖ has been around for a long time, as the following newspaper excerpt shows. As you read it, ask yourself—‖How long is it going to take me to learn the Speeding Kills!‖

WERRIBEE, Monday.—In the police court today, before Mr. D.W. O’Grady, P.M., and Mr. F. Cunningham, J.P., Thomas Peter Manifold, grazier, of Camperdown, was charged with having driven a car in a dangerous manner on the Melbourne- road on March 2. Constable Bently, of the police motor patrol, said: “I travelled behind Manifold’s car on March 2 for a distance of four and a half miles [7km]. Races were being held at Geelong on that day, and traffic on the road was heavy. At one stage my speedometer registered 52 miles an hour [84kmh], then 54 miles an hour [87kmh], and touched 60 miles an hour [97kmh], several cars were passed. When Manifold stopped in response to my order, he said that he might have been doing 50 miles an hour [81kmh].” Manifold, who pleaded not guilty, said: “I was travelling at a thoroughly safe speed. My car, which has a speed of 70 miles an hour [113kmh], is fitted with good brakes on the four wheels. I could have pulled up in two cars’ lengths. My speed on March 2 might have been 50 miles an hour[80kmh], but the maximum could not have been more than 58 miles [93kmh].” Mr. O’Grady said that he was satisfied that defendant was travelling at a dangerous speed. Manifold was fined £10, and his driving licence suspended for three months. The Argus Tuesday, May 3, 1927

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When the area we now know to be Lara was first settled in the 1840’s, it was referred to by many different names, Kennedy’s Creek, Hovell’s Creek, Cheddar, Swindon and Lara Lake. But the most commonly used and preferred name was Duck Ponds due to the Duck Ponds Creek running through the town that was inhabited by a large number of fowl. Notice in the Argus, February 18, 1858 When the railway station opened in 1856 it was known as Ducks Ponds, leading to the Duck Ponds Post Office opening on March 1, 1858. The school which was built in 1855 and known as Station Peak School was also renamed Duck Ponds School in 1862 when the common school system was introduced. In 1872 the Colonial Government decided to change the town’s name to Hovell’s Creek (after the explorer, William Hovell.) The Post Office and Railway Station changed to the new name, but 2 years later Notice in the Argus, March 24, 1875 the town changed name to Lara, for reasons described below.

Newspaper Article from the Argus, March 12, 1874 About two years ago the locality then called Duck Ponds was rechristened Hovell’s Creek, with the view of commemorating a great historical and geo- graphical fact, it being supposed that that place was the last point touched by the exploring expedition with which Captain Hovell was connected. But the change of the name has aggrieved the inhabitants, who are under the impres- sion that the new title will lead strangers to believe that the district is charac- terised by the smallness and meanness of it’s dwellings, and that the locality will thus be depredated in the mind of the general public. A deputation consisting of Mr. McKillop and Mr. James Blair, president and secretary of the Corio Shire, with Mr Spalding, yesterday waited on the Minis- ter of Lands, and asked him to alter the name of the locality back to the origi- nal. If appeared from a letter received from Mr. Hovell in May 1872, that though he appreciated the honour conferred on him, the furthest point reached by the expedition was the Bird Rocks. Mr. Casey said that as the name was not changed by him he could not alter it back to the original, but if the Shire Council would submit three new names to him he would accept one, and have the town and railway station called by it.

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For more than 150 years “The Nash” has provided friendly service, comfortable accommodation and quality entertainment. First mention of a hotel on this site dates back to 1856. With the Ballarat gold rush in full swing, many keen miners travelled through Geelong toward the gold fields. Hotels in the town made a handsome profit from supplying accommodation (and drinks) to travellers who had recently sailed in from all over the world. In 1891 the hotel and adjoining dentistry was sold for £4,700. Carlton United Breweries rebuilt the hotel in 1944.

A Meeting Place The Coroner Sits: In July 1857 a meeting held at “The An inquest was held to-day at the Nash” led to the formation of the National Hotel on the body of a man Geelong Gas Company, which named John Crowley, who expired supplied piped gas to Geelong suddenly on Saturday night in the residents up until 1971. bar of that house...The coroner expressed himself strongly on the apparent neglect exhibited by the Expensive Glassware or Rough people in the house toward the Justice? deceased, and to the fact of the At the City Court on Monday landlord having given him a drink at Cuthbert George Stanley Stewart a time he admitted that he was in a was sentenced to one month impris- partial state of intoxication. The jury onment on a charge of having stolen returned a verdict in accordance a glass, the property of the licensee with the medical and general of the National Hotel. The sentence evidence, that “Deceased died of was suspended on Stewart entering apoplexy (stroke), induced by drink- into a bond of £20 to be of good ing,” but declined to censure the behaviour for 12 months. publican. The deceased had been a (March 1923) hard drinker for some time. (August 1863) Food For Thought An inquest was held to-day at the Sylvester Cullen, licensee of the National Hotel on view of tho body National Hotel, Moorabool street, of a woman named Mary Page, who was fined £10 for having failed to died suddenly on the previous night. have doors leading to a dining-room The deceased had accelerated unlocked during the currency of a death by habits of intemperance, permit. (drunkenness) and a verdict to that (September 1939) effect was returned (October 1863) 6 The National Hotel is situated in the heart of Geelong’s CDB, which offers its patrons excellent food, friendly service, affordable backpacker style accommodation and great live entertainment. The ―Nash‖ offers live music every Thursday-Sunday and DJ’s every weekend.

Civilisation Has Improved! - Or Has It? We are always pleased to hear of improvements that lift the tediousness from our lives– time wasted waiting and travelling, performing monotonous jobs etc. Thus, it was a joy to receive the following announcement back in 1857— THE GEELONG RAILWAY. — Mr. George McLachlan, one of the contractors of this line, whose presence was required at our police court last Monday, informs us that he came from Geelong to Williamstown by railway in the short space of two hours and a-half. It is said that the line between this place and Geelong will be opened for traffic in the course of a fortnight or three weeks. Williamstown Chronicle, May 23, 1857, p.3 Now, 155 years later, it would bring a chuckle to the mouths of those pioneering men to learn that, with the invention of the motor car, and modern rapid transportation systems like the Westgate Freeway (carpark), the travel time between Geelong and Williams- town has been further reduced now to only two hours and twenty-five minutes!

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Coccinellidae is a family of beetles, known variously as ladybirds or ladybugs. Scientists increasingly prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles as these insects are not true bugs. Lesser-used names include God’s cow, ladycock, lady cow, and lady fly. The name “ladybird” originated in Britain where the insects became known as “Our Lady’s bird” or the “lady beetle.” Mary (Our Lady– Mother of Jesus) was often depicted wearing a red cloak in early paint- ings and the seven spots were said to symbolize her seven joys and seven sorrows.” Most ladybirds have oval, dome-shaped bodies with six short legs. Depending on the species, they can have spots, stripes, or no markings at all. Seven-spotted ladybirds are red or In the animated film A Bug’s orange with three spots on each side and Life, Francis the Ladybug one in the middle. They have a black head (voiced by Dennis Leary) is an with white patches on either side. aggressive Ladybug and the Ladybirds are colourful for a reason. Their clown in P.T. Flea’s circus. markings tell predators: “Eat something The contrast between him else! I taste terrible.” This phenomenon is being a male and a ‘lady’bug called aposematism and works because is a recurring joke in the film. predators learn by experience to associate certain prey types with a bad taste. Birds are the ladybirds’ main predators, but they also can fall victim to frogs, wasps, spiders and dragonflies. When threatened, the bugs will secrete an oily, foul-tasting fluid from joints in their legs. Mechanical stimulation causes “reflex bleeding” in both

8 larval and adult lady beetles, in which an alkaloid toxin is exuded through the joints of the exoskeleton, deterring feeding. It is thought that certain species of ladybirds lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg lying. Ladybirds are generally considered beneficial to gardeners, as they typically eat aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, and mites throughout the winter, and they often are among the first insects to appear in the spring. Predatory ladybugs are usually found on plants where aphids or scale insects are, and they lay their eggs near their prey, to increase the likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. Ladybirds also require a source of pollen for food and are attracted to specific types of plants. The most popular ones are any type of mustard plant, as well as other early blooming nectar and pollen sources, like buckwheat, coriander, red or crimson clover, and legumes like vetches. Other popular aphid food sources include bronze fennel, dill, coriander, caraway, angelica, tansy, yarrow, of the wild carrot family, Apiaceae. Other plants that also attract ladybugs include coreopsis, cosmos, dandelions and scented geraniums. Many cultures consider ladybirds lucky and have nursery rhymes or local names for the insects that reflect this. In many countries, including Russia, Turkey and Italy, the sight of a ladybug is either a call to make a wish or a sign that a wish will soon be granted.

The ladybird was immortalized in the still-popular children’s nursery rhyme: Ladybird, Ladybird:

Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home Your house is on fire and your children are gone All except one, and that’s Little Anne For she has crept under the warming pan.

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Considered to be the father of Australian Theatre, Coppin also obtained distinction in Freemasonry, was a noted philanthropist, and achieved some important goals in Parliament. He was prominent in establishing the Victorian Humane Society and the St. John Ambulance in Melbourne, and the Old Colonists’ Association which he founded in 1869. Coppin Street, Richmond was named for him, as is “Coppin Hall.” Coppin was born in Sussex England on April 8, 1819, the son of George and Elizabeth Coppin. His father abandoned George Selth Coppin his formal education in the medical profession, choosing a C. 1890 life as an itinerant entertainer. It was in this environment State Library of South Australia that George Jr. grew up. Having a solemn, and tubby appearance, he had a flair for comic acting. At nineteen he branched out on his own in London and afterwards worked in Belfast, Glasgow and Dublin. In 1842, after tossing a coin to choose between America and Australia, Coppin left England and arrived in Sydney on March 18, 1843. In the years that followed he proved to be a versatile and colourful personality as a theatrical entrepre- neur, actor, business executive, public benefactor, Freemason and politician. He left Sydney for Hobart in January 1845, where he managed the Royal Victoria Theatre for a few months. In June his company of actors went to Melbourne, opening at Queen’s Theatre Royal playing “School for Scandal.” The following year he went to and converted the Billiard Room of the Temple Tavern into the Queen’s Theatre seating 700 people. In all, Coppin built six theatres. Sadly, his first wife Maria died on August 10, 1848 aged 38. Then, in the second half of 1851 the unforeseen exodus to the Victorian goldfields and the collapse of his copper mining speculations left Coppin unable to meet his commitments. Insolvent, he left for the goldfields himself in December but lasted only two days on the diggings—he had already gauged a means of certain fortune in entertain- ing miners on the spree in Geelong. By 1853 he had repaid all his debts. This was George Coppin’s Link With Freemasonry the first of three occasions where Coppin was an active Freemason from his Coppin was declared bankrupt, but stay in Adelaide until his over time, he always repaid his death. He took part in the creditors in full. formation of the Grand After visiting England he returned to Lodge of Victoria in 1883. Melbourne in 1854 and opened the The Coppin Masonic Queen’s Theatre. Coppin and his Lodge in East Brunswick partners jointly owned the Olympic bears his name. Theatre, the Theatre Royal, the 10 Cremorne Gardens Amusement Park, Astley’s Amphitheatre (later the “Princess”) and four hotels. His second marriage was to Harriet Hillsden and he had 3 children to her. She died in 1859, a week after giving birth to their third child. Later in 1861, aged 42, he married 20-year-old Lucy Hillsden, Harriet’s daughter by an earlier marriage, with whom he had seven children. Coppin was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1874 and performed notably as a politician. For example, he established post office savings banks. He was opposed to the payment of members of Parliament, and when the act passed to pay them, he gave his salary to charities. Coppin retired from theatrical management on June 28, 1882, but remained a member of the Legislative Assembly until losing his seat in 1889. He died at his home in Pine Grove, Richmond in March 1906 and was survived by his wife Lucy and children from his last two marriages.

Sorrento Sorrento was the location of the first white settlement in Victoria when Lieutenant Murray entered Port Phillip Bay on Febru- ary 15, 1802 and took possession of Victo- ria for the British Crown, the first time the full Union flag was hoisted in Australia. Coppin came to Sorrento in the 1870’s. His activities there included founding the Ocean Amphitheatre Company and estab- lishing the Mechanics Institute. He built a Gordon House family home “The Anchorage” in Sorrento. In 1884 Coppin formed an unusual The most exciting era in Sorrento was partnership with Rev. , when the pier was opened in 1870 and Minister of Scots Church. Together they George Coppin established the Sorrento launched a company with £10 shares to Steam Navigation Company bringing out build flats for workmen’s families. The the first of a series of pleasure ships. On result was Gordon House in Little January 24, 1885 in the new Mechanic’s Bourke Street near Spring Street. The Hall, at a concert sponsored by Coppin, flats succeeded for a time, but when Nellie Melba made her first adult appear- they became unpopular were ance singing two solos and a duet. The converted into rooms for single men. coastal park from Sorrento to Cape At the opening in 1884 Coppin planted Schanck was inspired by him and the track a tree fern in the courtyard which is still along the top of the cliffs is named flourishing and has grown two storeys Coppin’s Track. As a result of this activity, high. The buildings have been classified he is known as “the Father of Sorrento”. by the National Trust.

11 The Argyle Diamond Mine is located in the East Kimberley region in the remote north of Western Australia. Argyle is the largest diamond producer in the world by volume, although due to the low proportion of gem-quality diamonds, is not the leader by value. It is the only known significant source of pink diamonds, producing over 90% of the world's supply. It additionally provides a large proportion of other naturally coloured diamonds, including champagne, cognac and rare blue diamonds. Argyle is currently transitioning from an open pit mine to an underground mine. The Argyle mine is owned by the Rio Tinto Group, a diversified mining company which also owns the Diavik Diamond Mine in Canada and the Murowa Diamond Mine in Zimbabwe. History Small quantities of alluvially deposited diamonds have been known in Australia since the late 19th century, first found by prospectors searching for gold. However, no source volcanic pipe deposit was apparent. A systematic search of Western Australia for the source of these diamonds began in 1969. Tanganyika Holdings had employed Maureen Muggeridge and formed a joint venture called Ashton Joint Venture, after minerals which indicated the presence of diamonds were found in 1976. In 1979, Muggeridge discovered diamond samples in the floodplain of a small creek that flowed in Lake Argyle. She soon traced the source of the diamonds to the headwaters of Smoke Creek. On October 2, 1979, the Argyle pipe was discovered. Over the following three years, the deposit was assessed for economic viability, and in 1983 the decision was made to commence mining operations. Alluvial mining operations commenced immediately, while the open pit mine was con- structed over a period of 18 months at a cost of A$450 million. The mine was commissioned in December 1985.

Argyle Geology Diamond Diamonds are found within the intact core of a volcanic Mine pipe, as well as within some of the marginal breccia facies and maar facies. The Argyle pipe diamonds are predominantly eclogitic, meaning that the carbon is of organic origin.

12 In addition to the pipe itself, there are a number of semi-permanent streams that have eroded away portions of the pipe and created significant alluvial deposits of diamonds. These deposits are also actively mined. Production The Argyle diamond mine has an average annual production of 35 million carats (7,000 kg), or about one third of global production of natural diamonds. Of this quantity only 5% is considered gem-quality, with the rest being either near-gem quality or industrial grade; this is somewhat below world averages of about 20% of mined diamonds qualifying as gem-grade. Since operations began in 1983, Argyle's open pit mine has produced over 750,000,000 carats (150,000 kg) of rough diamonds. Most of Argyle's gem quality production is in brown diamonds. These diamonds are usually difficult to sell, although Rio Tinto has seen some success in a decade- long marketing campaign to promote brown diamonds as champagne and cognac toned. In contrast, the company has had no Endurance : A diamond is problems selling diamonds in pink, purple and red approximately 140% harder tones, which are very rare and in high demand, than the next hardest sub- therefore commanding premium prices. The pink stance known to man. It is diamonds are processed and sold as polished the only substance whose diamonds by a specialised team based in Perth to beauty is unaffected by age. customers world wide. A diamond can be worn 24 The mine has ore processing and diamond sorting hours a day, seven days a facilities on site. Once diamonds are removed from week, for decades upon dec- the ore and acid washed, they are sorted and shipped ades before being passed to Perth for further sorting and sale. A significant down in the very same quantity of diamonds are cut in India, where low costs condition as the day it was of labour allow small diamonds to be cut for a profit; purchased. this is especially relevant to the Argyle mine, which on average produces smaller rough diamonds than other mines do. The next time you see a diamond, reflect on the fact that it has spent hundreds of thousands of years sitting in the ground, perhaps in the Argyle region, before being polished and presented to glisten brightly before your eyes. 13 Built, owned and operated by the Ramia Family for the past 40 years, the Sphinx has been through many changes. It was previously known as the Golf View Hotel-Motel until, in 1998 a major reconstruc- tion turned it into the Sphinx Entertainment Centre. The 2 Thompson Road, North Geelong icon is a popular tourist destination and entertainment venue. One customer offered these comments: “It's exterior is actually a pretty decent rendition of the real thing! We have gone there a few times for lunch and they do a pretty good job. It's generally a set menu, with options to choose from for entree, main and dessert. The place has a good atmosphere and the servers were amiable. Plenty of parking in the dedicated carpark.”

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Ray Ramia is well-known around Geelong as the owner of the iconic northern suburbs landmark, the Sphinx Hotel. But what is less well -known about Ray is that Geelong became his home almost by accident. Ray’s father died when he was only 7, and his mother when he was 19. At 21 years of age Ray arrived in Geelong in 1947, on what he thought would be a short visit to his grandmother, who Ray and Elaine Ramia was in poor health. His intention was to return with her to Lebanon where her family could care for her. But his grandmother had other ideas. When she refused to leave Australia Ray decided to stay and look after her. In 1948 at the age of 22, Ray established his first business in Autumn Street as a tailor. As the business prospered he eventually employed 16 tailors and seamstresses. By 1954 Ray moved back to Lebanon to marry Elaine and start a family. Eventually they had four children—George born 1957, Paul 1960, Marlene 1962 and Julie 1964. In 1971 in an attempt to diversify his business interest, Ray built and operated the Golf View Hotel. In 1997 together with his son George he began a major rebuilding, reconstruction and renaming of the Golf View Hotel. They added a 15 -metre-high replica of the world famous Egyptian Sphinx monument and renamed the complex after it—the Sphinx Entertainment Centre of Geelong. Ray Ramia also owned Ramia’s Exclusive Menswear, in Little Malop Street, and a building company founded in 1975 to follow his passion in building houses. His company built many of the houses in the Bell Post Hill area. He had a passion for farms too and owned a farm in Lara, visiting it many times during the 1980’s, feeding his sheep and cattle. In 2005 Ray was seriously injured in a car accident which curtailed his involvement in the family business. How- ever, he is still well-known around Geelong and admired for his life, built on the ethics of strong family values and hard work. George worked for his father as a teenager and with a degree in business from Deakin University took over management in the entertainment side at the age of 21. Over the years he has started and operated many other entertainment venues in Geelong . Current manager, George Ramia 15

Located in Los Angeles, California, Grauman’s Chinese Theatre features regularly in news broad- casts, as famous people imprint their hands and feet in the concrete forecourt, ensuring their name remains famous alongside notable characters of previous generations. The grand opening of Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood was The forecourt and entrance to Grauman’s Theatre described as the most spectacular theatre opening in motion picture history. Thousands of people lined Hollywood Boulevard trying to catch a glimpse of the movie stars and other celebrities as they arrived for the opening. After having previously built the Million Dollar Theatre and the lavish Egyptian Theatre, Sid Grauman still had one theatre in mind, his dream theatre. With the help of real estate mogul Charles Toberman, he was able to procure a long term lease on a property at 6925 Hollywood Boulevard and began developing plans for the Chinese Theatre with architect Raymond Kennedy. Construction began in January 1926. Authorisation had to be obtained from the U.S. Government to import temple bells, pagodas, stone Heaven Dogs and other Chinese artefacts. Poet and film director Moon Quon came from China, and under his super- vision Chinese artisans created many pieces of statuary in the work area that eventually became the Forecourt of the Stars. Protected by its 12 metre high curved walls and copper topped turrets, the theatre’s legendary forecourt serves as an oasis to the stars of yesterday and today. Three metre tall lotus shaped fountains and intricate artistry flank the footprints of some of Hollywood’s most elite.

America’s fondness for religion was much more evident 85 years ago. The film premiered on the grand opening night was Cecil B DeMille’s The King of Kings (which told the story of Jesus). It was preceded by Glories of the Scriptures, a live prologue devised by Sid Grauman. A Wurlitzer organ and 65 piece orchestra provided music for the prologue.

16 The theatre rises 27 metres high and two gigantic coral red columns topped by wrought iron masks hold aloft the bronze roof. Between the columns is a 9 metre high dragon carved from stone. Guarding the entrance to the theatre are the two original giant Heaven Dogs that were imported from China. Built at a cost of $2 million, the Chinese Theatre was officially opened on Inside the magnificent theatre May 18, 1927. Grauman never owned the theatre outright, but held a one third interest with his partners, Howard Schenck, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks. Grauman sold his share to Fox West Coast Theatres in 1929 but remained the Managing Director of the theatre until his death in 1950. The Chinese Theatre was declared a historic cultural landmark in 1968, and there has always been a restoration program in process to maintain the theatre’s beauty. Following the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake, geological experts were brought in to inspect the theatre and advise the owners with regards to protecting and strengthen- ing the entire structure. Recently, the theatre has undergone a major renovation. Timed to coincide with the opening of Jennifer Aniston adds her the Chinese 6 theatre, it was designed to rejuve- hand-prints to the nate and enhance the Chinese Theatre. Addition- Grauman’s forecourt ally, several earthquake retrofits were required to cement on July 7, 2011. protect the structure and ensure its permanence. As well as over 250 hand and feet prints imbedded in the concrete of the theatre’s forecourt, there are also some variations on this honored tradition. Imprints of the eye glasses of Harold Lloyd, the cigar of Groucho Marx, the magic wands of Harry Potter characters Harry, Ron and Hermione, the facial profile of John Barrymore (reflecting his nickname ―The Great Profile‖), the legs of Betty Grable, the fist of John Wayne, the knees of Al Jolson, the ice skating blades of Sonja Henie, and the noses of Jimmy Durante and Bob Hope.

17 The last hieroglyphic inscription from ancient times was written on a wall in the Temple of Philae, dedicated to Isis, near Aswan in southern Egypt. It was written in 394 CE- more than 1600 years ago. From that time onward the Egyptian language became lost, except in the form of Coptic. Coptic was the language used by early Christians in Egypt, which had many spoken words similar to ancient Egyptian. But hieroglyphic writing became indecipherable for over 1400 years. Scholars in the middle ages tried to work out what the hieroglyphs meant. The Egyptians were thought of as very clever people, who had magic and all sorts of mystical, mysterious knowledge. But just about all the guesses these medieval scholars made were wrong. What they needed was a key - some sort of dictionary of ancient Egyptian

The Rosetta Stone In 1799, at a town called Rosetta, in the Nile Delta, one of Napoleon's soldiers found a big chunk of black stone covered in writing, called a stele. It became known as the Rosetta stone, and it turned out to be a very special chunk of granite. It is now located in the British Museum. If you look carefully, you can see there are three layers on the stone—the same message written in three differ- ent languages. The top is hieroglyphic. The middle is demotic, a more recent form of Egyptian . No one knew how to read either of these. But the bottom layer was ancient Greek. And lots of people knew how to read ancient Greek!

18 hieroglyphic writing. The ideal thing would be to have some hieroglyphs already translated into a language they knew. And that was exactly what was found in 1799—in the form of the Rosetta Stone. So how did the Rosetta Stone help? Scholars were able to read the Greek inscription. They found out that it was all about King Ptolemy V, who ruled Egypt in 196 BCE at the time the stone was engraved. It said how great and generous Ptolemy was, and instructed every temple in the land to put up a statue of him, as well as a copy of the message on the Rosetta Stone. Scholars soon realised that the three layers of writing were all saying the same thing! So now they knew what the hieroglyphic message was saying - but not which hieroglyphs meant which words. That was where the clever part came in. There was a lot more hard work to go before Egyptian hieroglyphs could be translated properly, but this was the beginning. Thanks to scholars like Champollion, eventually hieroglyphic writing was understood—but the Rosetta Stone was the key to unlocking its secrets. Jean-Francois Champollion was a very clever Frenchman. As a teenager he learned not only Latin and Greek, but Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Aramaic, and Coptic. He first saw a copy of the Rosetta Stone when he was 12, and he became fascinated with it. By age 32 he had unravelled many of its mysteries. Jean-Francois Champollion One scholar had already worked out where it said Ptolemy's name in the demotic inscription. Champollion now saw that Ptolemy's name was written in the cartouches—the oval shapes. The pictures on the left show one of these cartouches, and how the name was PTOLEMAIOS written in Greek. 19

Milo is a chocolate and malt powder which is mixed with hot or cold water or milk to produce a beverage. It is also delicious sprinkled on ice-cream. Milo is available as a premixed beverage in some countries, and has been subsequently developed into a snack bar and breakfast cereal. It is marketed and sold in many countries around the world. Its composition and taste differ in some countries. Produced by Nestle, Milo was originally developed by industrial chemist and inventor Thomas Mayne in Sydney, Australia in 1934. The new product was launched at the Sydney Royal Ester Show. Milo began production at a factory located in Smithtown, near Kempsey on the North Coast of New South Wales. The name was derived from the famous Greek wrestler Milo of Croton (Milon), after his legendary strength (see opposite page). Milo is manufactured by evaporating the water If a tin of Milo is not closed content from a thick syrup at reduced pressure. properly it will absorb water The thick syrup is obtained from malted wheat or from the air and become barley. Condensed milk and cocoa solids are added damp and form clumps. In a to give it a milk and chocolate content and it is very humid environment it often fortified with vitamins and minerals. Before can revert to its original syrup the evaporation process it looks somewhat like form. very thick, light coloured coffee. Milo contains 1,760 kj (421 calories) in every 100g of the powder, mostly from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can be used for energy by the body, which is the basis of Milo being marketed as an energy drink. The high calorie content means Milo can be useful for preventing weight loss.

Milo contains some theobromine, an alkaloid similar to caffeine which is present in the cocoa used in the product. Thus, like chocolate, it can become mildly addictive if consumed in quanti- ties of more than 15 heaped teaspoons per day.

Milo—in 1940’s...... and today 20 Milo was a six time Olympic victor. He won the boys' Milo of Croton by Joseph-Benoît Suvée– 18th century painting wrestling, and thereafter five men's wrestling titles between 536 and 520 BC. He also won seven crowns at the Pythian Games at Delphi, ten at the Isthmian Games, and nine at the Nemean Games. Milo's career at the top level of competition spanned about 24 years. In addition to his athletic victories, Milo is credited with leading his fellow citizens to military triumph over neighbouring Sybaris in 510 BC. Among other tales, he was said to have carried a bull on his shoulders and to have burst a band about his brow by simply inflating the veins of his temples. Banana Smoothie with MILO Try this delicious Banana Smoothie with MILO! Ingredients: 1 cup reduced fat milk 1 banana, roughly chopped 3 heaped teaspoons of MILO 1 scoop ice cream Directions: 1. Place all ingredients in a blender or shaker Blend or shake until smooth and thick

Muesli with MILO Perfect for a healthy snack! Ingredients: 3 heaped teaspoons of MILO 1/2 cup rolled oats 1/4 cup shredded coconut, toasted 1/4 cup chopped dried apricots 1/4 cup sultanas Directions: 1. Combine all ingredients in a large bowl 2. Mix well Serve in a bowl with reduced fat milk

21 A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of an aircraft accident or incident. For this reason, flight recorders are required to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident. They are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400g and temperatures of over 1,000°C. There are two common types of flight recorder—the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR). In some cases, the two recorders may be combined in a single unit. In order to aid recovery of the recorder from an aircraft accident site they are required to be coloured bright yellow or orange with reflective surfaces. All are lettered "FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN" on one side in English and the same in French on the other side. To assist recovery from submerged sites they must be equipped with an underwater locator beacon which is automatically activated in the event of an accident. History One of the earliest proven attempts to record flight data was made in 1939 by François Hussenot and Paul Beaudouin in France. They were essentially photograph-based flight recorders since the record was made on a scrolling photographic film. The latent image was made by a thin ray of light deviated by a mirror tilted according to the magnitude of the data to record (altitude, speed, etc). The modern black box flight data recorder was invented by the Australian inventor David Warren. Dr Warren was born in 1925 at a mission station on remote Groote Eylandt in far northern Australia, the first European child born on the island in the Gulf of Carpentaria. As a boy, he was schooled in the country's south, attending Launceston

22 Grammar in Tasmania and Trinity Grammar in Sydney. As a young man he developed a love of radio electronics and, later, chemistry. In 1934, his father was killed in one of Australia's first air disasters, the loss of the de Havilland 86 Miss Hobart in Bass Strait. His last gift to David was a crystal radio set, according to a biography on the website of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). Dr Warren was the principal research scientist at DSTO's Aeronautical Research Laboratories in Melbourne from 1952 to 1983. He was involved in investigating the crash in 1953 of the world's first commercial jet airliner, the Comet, as it was en route to Australia. The challenge of determining the causes of the accident led him to the idea of a recording device that could withstand a crash where there were no survivors and no witnesses. However, there was little interest in his argument for a flight data recorder. Dr Warren persisted, and in 1956 he designed and built the world's first prototype flight data recorder, which became known as the "black box". Why is the “Black Box” Warren could not get his invention developed coloured orange? in Australia, The RAAF weren't interested and the Federation of Australian Airline Pilots David Warren's original declared that "no plane would take off in invention was housed in Australia with Big Brother listening". As a result black bakelite so the British the invention was championed by the British dubbed it the 'Black Box'. and manufactured in America. It took five years Nowadays, aircraft Black before the value and practicality of the flight Boxes are made in bright data recorder concept was realised. orange to make them easy The modern-day equivalent of Dr Warren's to detect after a crash. device, installed in passenger airlines around the world, is a testament to his pioneering work. Black Boxes have expanded from their original home on aircrafts and are now fitted on many millions of vehicles worldwide. In 2002, Dr Warren was awarded the Order of Australia - among the nation's highest civilian honours - for his service to the aviation industry. In 2008, Australian flag carrier Qantas named an Airbus A380 aircraft after Dr Warren for his pioneering work. David Warren died in Melbourne in 2010, aged 85. He was survived by his wife Ruth, four children and seven grandchildren.

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The history of the periodic table reflects centuries of growth in the understanding of chemical properties. The table itself is a visual representation of the periodic law which states that certain properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number. The table arranges elements into vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) to display these commonalities. People have known about some chemical elements like gold, silver and copper from antiquity, as these can all be discovered in nature in native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools. However, the notion that there were a limited Dmitri Mendeleev number of elements from which everything was composed originated with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. About 330 BCE Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more of four "roots," but later renamed elements by Plato. The four elements were earth, water, air and fire. While the concept of an element was thus introduced, Aristotle's and Plato's ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter. Written in 1789, Lavoisier's Elementary Treatise of Chemistry is considered to be the first modern chemical textbook. It contained a list of elements, or substances that could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc, and sulfur. It also forms the basis for the modern list of elements. However, as Lavoisier's descriptions only classified elements as metals and non-metals, it fell short of a complete analysis. In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. He found that some elements formed groups of three with related properties. He termed these groups "triads". The publication of the first actual periodic table was by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. While Mendeleev built upon earlier discoveries by such scientists as Lavoisier and Cannizzaro, the Russian scientist is generally given sole credit for development of the actual periodic table itself. No modern chemistry class is conducted without this helpful tool.

24 Station Peak (now known as Flinders Peak) is a conspicuous triangular peak on the west end of the You Yangs. Explorer Matthew Flinders was likely the first European to visit the area. As he explored Australia’s southern coast in his ship Investigator, he entered Port Phillip heads and sailed around into Corio Bay. A landing party came ashore to gather fresh water and inspect the surrounding district, including the You Yangs (The word is based on an Aboriginal description, meaning “Big mountain in the middle of a plain”). It was Flinders who named the highest point Station Peak when, on May 1, 1802, he and three of his men climbed to the 300m high summit. The name was changed in 1912 to Flinders Peak in his honour, as described by a reporter for The Argus newspaper below. “Last week I had some references to the voyages and discoveries of Flinders, and the memorial plate which was to be erected on the You Yangs. On Friday the school children of Geelong made a fine muster at the ceremony. It was announced Matthew Flinders that the name of the mount will be changed from (State Library of Victoria) Station Peak to Flinders Peak. Some people think that, in as much as the name Station peak was given to it by Flinders, it should not be disturbed. If any other name than Flinders Peak were proposed for it I would hold the same opinion. But it seems to me that all possible objection disappears when the indefinite name which Flinders gave and which few people know is to be changed to Flinders’ own name. He was too modest a man to give it that name himself, but Flinders Peak it is and always will be.” The Argus, Tuesday April 23, 1912 p.9 25 Born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10, 1922 in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, Garland was the youngest child of Francis “Frank” Gumm and Ethel Milne. Her parents were performers who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theatre that featured vaudeville acts. Named after both her parents, “Baby” (as she was called by her parents and sisters) shared her family’s flair for song and dance. Her first appear- ance came at the age of two-and-a-half when she joined her two older sisters, Mary Jane “Suzy” Gumm and Dorothy Virginia “Jimmie” Gumm, on stage at her father’s movie theatre during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of “Jingle Bells.” Accompanied by their mother on piano, The Gumm Sisters performed there for the next few years. The family relocated to Lancaster, California in June 1926. Frank purchased and operated another theatre in Lancaster, and Ethel, acting as their manager, began working to get her daughters into motion pictures. In 1928, The Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school—the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe. It was through the Meglin Kiddies that they made their film debut, in a 1929 short subject called The Big Revue. This was followed by appearances in two shorts the following year, A Holiday in Storyland (featuring Garland’s first on-screen solo) and The wedding of Jack and Jill. Their final on-screen appearance together came in 1935, in another short film- La Fiesta de Santa Barbara. By late 1934 the Gumm Sisters had changed their name to the Garland Sisters. Frances changed her name to “Judy” soon after, inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song. In 1935, Garland was signed to a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Initially, the studio did not know what to do with her. At age 13 she was older than the traditional child stars but too young for adult roles. Her physical appearance also created a dilemma for MGM. At only 151cm, her “cute” or “girl next door” looks did not exemplify the more glamorous persona required of leading ladies of the time. She was self-conscious and anxious about her appearance. She went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner, Lana Turner, and Elizabeth Taylor, all 26 real beauties. Judy was the big money-maker at the time, but she felt the ugly duckling. Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B. Mayer, who referred to her as his “little hunchback.” During her early years at the studio, she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes. She was made to wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized disks to reshape her nose. In 1938, aged 16, she was cast as Dorothy in the Wizard of Oz. In this film, she sang her most famous song, Over the Rainbow. She was initially outfitted in a blond wig for the part, but the director decided against it shortly into filming. Her breasts were bound with tape and she was made to wear a special corset to flatten out her curves and make her appear younger; her blue dress was also chosen for its blurring effect on her figure. With a final cost of more than $2 million, The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success. One of Garland’s other successful films for MGM was Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), in which she introduced three standards: The Trolley Song, The Boy Next Door, and Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas. Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct the film. After some initial conflict between them, Garland and Minnelli entered a relationship. They were married June 15, 1945, and on March 12, 1946, daughter Liza was born. In 1951, they divorced. On June 22 1969, Garland was found dead in the bathroom of her rented house in Chelsea, London. At the subsequent inquest, coroner Gavin Thursdon stated that the cause of death was “an incautious self-over dosage” of barbitu- rates; her blood contained the equivalent of ten 97mg Seconal capsules. Her death certificate stated that her death had been “accidental.” Even so, a British specialist who had attended her said she had been living on borrowed time due to cirrhosis of the liver. She had turned 47 just 12 days prior to her death. Her wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger said at her funeral, “She just plain wore out.” Judy Garland’s legacy as a performer and a personality has endured long after her death. The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time. She was also posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. These include Over the Rainbow, perhaps her most endearing song.

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Ingredients: 2/3 cup raw, unsalted cashew nuts 500g chicken breast fillet, trimmed 2 garlic cloves, crushed 1 tbs salt- reduced tamari or salt reduced soy 1 tbs honey olive oil cooking spray 150g baby spinach leaves or 1 bunch Asian greens, leaves separated and stems thinly sliced 2 carrots, peeled, cut into short thin sticks 1 red capsicum, cut into thin strips 100g sugar snap peas, topped 100g snow peas, topped Steamed rice, to serve

Method: 1. Preheat oven 180°C fan forced. Place cashews onto a tray and cook in the oven for 5-8 minutes or until light golden and toasted.

2. Cut the chicken thinly across the grain and place into a bowl. Add the, garlic, tamari or soy and honey and mix until well combined. Cover and refrigerate 10 minutes if time permits.

3. Heat wok over high heat until hot, then spray the hot wok lightly with oil. Add one-third of the chicken and stir-fry 1-2 minutes until sealed, re- move chicken to a clean plate. Repeat in two batches using remaining chicken.

4. Spray the wok lightly with oil and add the Asian green stems (if using), carrot and capsicum. Stir-fry for 1 minute. Add the sugar snap peas and snow peas and return all the chicken plus any juices from the plate. Stir- fry until chicken is warmed through. Remove from the heat, stir through the roasted cashews and serve with rice.

28 Word Search– Countries T T I R I Q O W R D S R I L A N K A R L B N B P B Z I M B A B W E B U R U N D I A O N G T Y T U N I S I A U S T R I A N E P L M A D A G A S C A R L T M P T A C D D E I N N T A I E E C N A R F I N A C A I N N V I T O S N R R D N A L R E Z T I W S M Z I G N S O I O B L L A K G A T I R N A P A J E U D K P K I I M O R E N W H F L D U T P R N O I M H A I B A R A I D U A S N N A C I A Y L A T I P D O I F H A Y H I A I N A Y E M I N U A L K V C G C S C T D L C A M E Y T O N O I H I K N H I C E U I O A C B M I I A C S T L B P I A A D S O B P N N O V D R I R R O E I L P N K D G S U A A E D Y I X A O B L S E S O I A I A E C I D D I E E E N Q G K U T O N S N A N N R B A E A M L I T I E E D R G A T O E O D R M N W E E T A U N I T E D S T A T E S A I O A S A N I M Y T A M O A P I N E W Z E A L A N D L A A I N A M O R R P D L I S R A O L S Y C H I L C I S A A Y B I L I A P S C U B I AFGHANISTAN COLOMBIA MADAGASCAR SOUTH AFRICA ARGENTINA CUBA MALAYSIA SOUTH KOREA AUSTRALIA EGYPT MEXICO SPAIN AUSTRIA FRANCE NEPAL SRI LANKA BELGIUM GERMANY NEW ZEALAND SUDAN BOLIVIA HAITI NIGER SWEDEN BRAZIL INDIA NORTH KOREA SWITZERLAND BURUNDI INDONESIA PAKISTAN THAILAND CAMBODIA IRAQ PHILIPPINES TUNISIA CAMEROON ISRAEL POLAND UNITED KINGDOM CANADA ITALY ROMANIA UNITED STATES CHAD JAPAN RUSSIA VIETNAM CHILE KENYA SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN CHINA LIBYA SERBIA ZIMBABWE 29

The Sydney Cove One of the earliest documented shipwrecks in Bass Strait No.1 was that of the Sydney Cove. Originally built in India and named the Begum Shaw, the ship was sold to new owners who intended to profit from trading with the new settlement of New South Wales. The ship was renamed Sydney Cove, after its new destination. After leaving India filled with various provisions on November 10, 1796, Captain Hamilton’s path took him across the Indian Ocean and around the southern tip of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)*. During December 1796 and January 1797 heavy seas had caused the ship to start leaking, and pumps had to be manned around the clock to keep the boat afloat. By February 9, 1797 as they headed north past Tasmania, the captain had no choice but to beach his ship on Preservation Island, as the pumps could no longer keep pace with the water pouring in! Sydney lay 740km away, and rescue seemed very unlikely. So, on February 28, two officers and fifteen of the crew, twelve of whom were Lascars (native Indian workers), set out for Sydney in the ship’s long boat. The weather proved to be against them, and near Cape Howe they were driven ashore. The launch capsized in the surf and was rendered irreparable, but all hands reached shore alive. After resting, they started the trek overland to Sydney. Between April 20-22 friendly aboriginals resupplied their dwindling food stores, and guided them safely through some of the roughest terrain on the southern NSW coast. However, when they departed, the sailors soon found themselves in real strife from lack of food and water. By May 15, 1797 only two white sailors and one Lascar remained alive to be picked up by a fishing party near Botany Bay and taken to Sydney. They quickly alerted the authorities to their crew members stranded back on Preservation Island. Of the remainder of the crew at the wreck, twenty five were rescued in July by the schooner Francis, and several others by the Eliza. Sadly the Eliza was never heard from again, becoming another victim of the treacherous waters in Bass Strait. Preservation Island

*The shorter route through Bass Strait was discovered a year later by Matthew Flinders.

30 Geelong– 150 years ago this month “A most melancholy instance of the effects of intemperance was manifested at an inquest held yesterday, on view of the body of Mr. George Elliott, late landlord of the Help-me-through-the-World Inn, on the Portarlington road. The deceased, it seems, has been for a length of time known as an habitual drunkard. Some time ago he lost his wife and infant child, she and it having been thrown out of the cart, and killed, through the drunkenness of the driver... He had a large family of nine children. On Monday last, in attempting to reach home, he fell or jumped into an adjoining waterhole, and although he was extricated before he was drowned, he died in about an hour after- wards. A verdict of “Accidental death” was returned... but he leaves his family all but, if not quite, destitute.” (The Argus Thursday, May 22, 1862 p.3) Since the earliest days of European exploration and settlement in Australia, shipwrecks have occurred on a frequent basis. Poor mapping, violent seas, limited sailing ability, or simply bad luck, all contributed to the growing list of scuttled ships. Over 1,000 wrecks have been documented in Victorian waters, dating back before the first settlers arrived in Port Phillip Bay. By far, the worst area for shipwrecks is in Bass Strait along Victoria’s West Coast. Surprisingly, in contrast to wrecks in the Americas and Europe, only a few hundred people actually lost their lives in all these Victorian wrecks. Over the next few months, we will feature some of the more famous wrecks, examining why they occurred, how it impacted on early Victorian settlers, and what we can learn from them today. Let’s start with possibly the earliest documented Bass Strait shipwreck, that of the Sydney Cove:

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000

31 1925

Courtesy: Geelong Heritage Centre Picture Library

Melbourne Road– North Geelong. Looking north. It is 1925 and the Ford factory is under construction. Workers can be seen heading home after a days work. Back then, the suburbs of Norlane and Corio did not exist. Apart from a few farmers, the next town to the north was Duck Ponds (Lara). Thus, all the construction workers for Ford lived in Geelong West, Rippleside or other more southern suburbs. A single-lane dusty road heaved under the bustling commuters. Today, Melbourne Road is a multi-lane highway, carrying all forms of trucking and thousands of cars to and from the city each day. In the top picture power transmission lines can be seen alongside the road, connecting the Ford factory with the Geelong A Power Station in Brougham St in the city. Power supply was a nagging issue for Ford, placing pressure on the Geelong A Power Station until the second, and much larger Geelong B Power Station (the largest ever built in Victoria outside the Latrobe Valley) was opened in 1954. By the 1960’s Geelong was connected to the state-wide power grid. Thus, by 1970 both power stations were decommissioned.

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