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3806236933 Lp.Pdf Leroi_Lagune.indd 2 15.08.17 13:53 Armand Marie Leroi DIE LAGUNE oder wie Aristoteles die Naturwissenschaften erfand Aus dem Englischen von Susanne Schmidt-Wussow und Manfred Roth Leroi_Lagune.indd 3 15.08.17 13:53 Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung des Wilhelm-Weischädel-Fonds der WBG. Die Originalausgabe erschien 2014 unter dem Titel The Lagoon: How Aristotele Invented Science bei Bloomsbury Publishing, London Copyright © Armand Marie Leroi, 2014 Copyright der Übersetzung © 2017 by WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), Darmstadt Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme. Der Theiss Verlag ist ein Imprint der WBG. © 2017 by WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), Darmstadt Die Herausgabe des Werkes wurde durch die Vereinsmitglieder der WBG ermöglicht. Satz: TypoGraphik Anette Klinge, Gelnhausen Einbandabbildung: © Oktopus: H. Fischer, Fische und Seepferdchen: K. Gesner Einbandgestaltung: Jutta Schneider, Frankfurt a. M. Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und alterungsbeständigem Papier Printed in Germany Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: www.wbg-wissenverbindet.de ISBN 978-3-8062-3584-5 Elektronisch sind folgende Ausgaben erhältlich eBook (PDF): 978-3-8062-3693-4 eBook (ePub): 978-3-8062-3694-1 Leroi_Lagune.indd 4 15.08.17 13:53 DIE LAGUNE Leroi_Lagune.indd 5 15.08.17 13:53 Leroi_Lagune.indd 6 15.08.17 13:53 Leroi_Lagune.indd 7 15.08.17 13:53 Für meine Eltern Antoine Marie Leroi (1925–2013) und Johanna Christina Joubert-Leroi Leroi_Lagune.indd 8 15.08.17 13:53 INHALT Bei Erato 11 Die Insel 23 Die bekannte Welt 49 Die Anatomien 71 Naturen 89 Das Schnarchen des Delfins 109 Die Instrumente 137 Die Vogelwinde 149 Die Seele des Tintenfisches 169 Schaum 197 Das Tal der Schafe 223 Rezept für eine Auster 243 Feigen, Honig, Fisch 257 Der Steinwald 289 Kosmos 327 Die Meerenge von Pyrrha 369 Glossar 411 Anhänge 425 Anmerkungen 438 Bibliografie 494 Aristoteles Illustrieren 508 Danksagung 511 Register 513 Leroi_Lagune.indd 9 22.08.17 12:57 Leroi_Lagune.indd 10 15.08.17 13:53 BEI Erato Leroi_Lagune.indd 11 15.08.17 13:53 kēryx – Atlantische Tritonschnecke – Charonia variegata Leroi_Lagune.indd 12 15.08.17 13:53 BEI ERATO 13 I n der Altstadt von Athen gibt es einen Buchladen. Es ist der reizendste, den ich kenne. Er liegt in einer Gasse nahe der Agora, neben einem Ge- Ischäft, das Kanarienvögel und Wachteln in Käfigen verkauft, die an der Fassade festgebunden sind. Breite Jalousielamellen lassen Lichtstrahlen he- rein, die auf japanische Holzblockdrucke auf einer Staffelei fallen. Im Halb- dunkel dahinter Kisten voller Lithografien und stapelweise topografische Karten. Terrakottakacheln und Gipsbüsten antiker Philosophen und Drama- tiker dienen als Buchstützen. Es duftet nach warmem, altem Papier und tür- kischem Tabak. Die Stille wird nur vom gedämpften Trillern der Singvögel nebenan unterbrochen. Ich war schon so oft hier und es ändert sich hier so wenig, dass ich mich kaum daran erinnern kann, wann genau ich zum ersten Mal George Papa- datos’ Buchladen betrat. Aber ich weiß noch, dass es im letzten Frühling der Drachme war, als Griechenland noch arm und billig war und man in Ellinikon landete, wo die klackernden Flugtafeln Istanbul, Damaskus, Beirut und Belgrad anzeigten und man sich immer noch fühlte, als sei man in den Osten gereist. George – strähniges graues Haar, mit dem Schmerbauch eines Büchermenschen – saß an seinem Schreibtisch und las ein altes französisches politisches Traktat. Vor vielen Jahren, erzählte er mir, hatte er in Toronto gelehrt, »aber in Griechenland gab es noch Poeten«. Er kehrte zurück und nannte sein Geschäft nach der lyrischen Muse. Ich überflog die Regale und sah Andrew Langs Odyssey und drei Bände von Jowetts Plato. Bücher, die einem Engländer gehört haben könnten, einem Lehrer vielleicht, der seinen Ruhestand in Athen verbrachte, von seiner Pen- sion lebte und dort mit einem Sinnspruch von Kallimachos auf den Lippen starb. Wer immer er war, er hatte außerdem eine Reihe in sattem Blau hin- terlassen, die kompletten Works of Aristotle Translated into English, herausgege- ben von J. S. Smith und W. D. Ross und zwischen 1910 und 1952 veröffent- licht. Für die alten Philosophen hatte ich mich nie besonders interessiert, ich bin schließlich Wissenschaftler. Aber ich hatte Zeit und wollte die Ruhe des Ladens nicht so schnell wieder verlassen. Außerdem war mir der Titel des vierten Bandes der Reihe ins Auge gefallen: Historia animalium*. Ich öffnete ihn und las etwas über Muschelschalen. Leroi_Lagune.indd 13 22.08.17 12:57 14 DIE LAGUNE Ferner zeigen auch die Schalen selbst mancherlei Unterschiede. Die einen ha- ben glatte Schalen, wie die Scheidenmuscheln, Miesmuscheln und die unter dem Namen Galakes bekannten Muscheln, andere haben raue Schalen, wie die Limnostrea, die Steckmuscheln, einige Herzmuschelarten und die Trompeten- schnecken. Von den Letzteren haben manche gerippte Schalen, wie die Kamm- muscheln und eine Herzmuschelart, andere ungerippte, wie die Steckmuscheln und eine Venusmuschelart. Das Schneckenhaus, für mich immer die Schale, hatte im Sonnenlicht auf der Fensterbank eines Badezimmerfensters gelegen, begraben in Sediment- schichten des Rasiertalkums meines Vaters, scheinbar für alle Zeiten. Meine Eltern mussten es irgendwo an der italienischen Küste aufgesammelt haben, jedoch konnte sich niemand erinnern, ob es in Venedig, Neapel, Sorrento oder Capri gewesen war. Ein Sommersouvenir also aus der Zeit, als sie noch jung und frisch verheiratet waren; doch mein Begehren, dem solche Assozia- tionen gleichgültig waren, galt dem Objekt selbst: den schokoladenbraunen Flammen ihrer spiraligen Windungen, dem tiefen Orange ihrer Öffnung, der Milchigkeit ihres unerreichbaren Inneren. Ich kann sie so genau beschreiben, weil ich sie heute noch vor mir habe, obwohl es so viele Jahre her ist. Ein perfektes Exemplar einer Charonia varie- gata (Lamarck), wie sie in minoischen Fresken und in Sandro Botticellis Venus und Mars auftaucht. Die Trompete ägäischer Fischer, wettergegerbte Schalen mit einem Loch in der Spitze, sind heute noch an den Ständen von Monasti- raki zu finden. Aristoteles kannte sie alskeryx , was so viel heißt wie »Herold«. Es war die erste von vielen: Muschelschalen und Schneckenhäuser, offen- sichtlich unendlich vielfältig und doch einer tiefen formalen Ordnung von Formen und Farben und Strukturen gehorchend, die sich in Schuhkartons endlos neu sortieren ließen, bis mein Vater schließlich einsah, dass die Beses- senheit mich nicht verlassen würde, und eine Vitrine bauen ließ, in dem alle Platz fanden. Eine Schublade für die glänzenden Kaurischnecken, eine für die aufregend giftigen Kegelschnecken, eine für die filigranen Murex, andere für die Olivenschnecken, die Marginella, die Wellhornschnecken, Konchas, Tonnenschnecken, Strandschnecken, Kahnschnecken, Turbanschnecken und Napfschnecken, mehrere für die Muscheln und zwei, mein ganzer Stolz, für die afrikanischen Landschnecken, riesige Kreaturen, die einer gemeinen Gartenschnecke kaum mehr ähnelten als ein Elefant einem Kaninchen. Die reinste Freude! Der heroische Beitrag meiner Mutter bestand darin, den * Der traditionelle lateinische Titel. Auf Griechisch: Historiai peri ton zoon, auf Deutsch: Aristoteles Thierkunde (1868) bzw. Tierkunde (1957). Leroi_Lagune.indd 14 15.08.17 13:53 BEI Erato 15 Katalog mit der Schreibmaschine zu tippen – ich war Aronnax, sie mein Conseil, eine Expertin für die lateinische Hierarchie der Weichtier-Taxono- mie, wenn auch ihr Wissen vollkommen theoretisch blieb, da sie kaum eine Art von der anderen zu unterscheiden wusste. In der Überzeugung, dass mein Beitrag zur Wissenschaft in umfassenden Weichtier-Monografien bestehen würde, die für die nächsten hundert Jahre (mindestens) der Weisheit letzter Schluss auf dem Gebiet der Achatinidae der afrikanischen Wälder sein würde oder vielleicht auch – da meine Auf- merksamkeit sich gern ablenken ließ – auf dem Gebiet der Buccindae des Nordpazifiks, ging ich mit achtzehn fort, um in einer Forschungsstation am Rand eines kleinen kanadischen Meeresarms Meeresbiologie zu studieren. Dort zeigte mir ein Meeresökologe, ein Furcht einflößender, Blaubart-ähn- licher Kerl, dessen ungestüme Ungeduld nur durch seine ebenso große Freundlichkeit in Schach gehalten wurde, wie man mit einer nadelspitz gefeilten Pinzette die reispapierartigen Gewebeschichten einer Schnecke voneinander löst und damit die strenge funktionelle Logik enthüllt, die darin verborgen liegt. Ein anderer, ein professoraler Cowboy-Ästhet – die Kombi- nation erscheint unvereinbar, und doch war er wie aus einem Guss –, lehrte mich, richtig über die Evolution nachzudenken, und das heißt, über fast alles. Ich hörte eine Legende sprechen, einen Wissenschaftler, der Laotses hagere Wangen und seinen dünnen Bart hatte, von Kindheit an blind war und einen Teil der empirischen Welt entdeckt hatte, der erforscht werden konnte, ohne ihn zu sehen – die Form der Muschelschalen und Schneckenhäuser natürlich – und ihre Geschichten nur über die Berührung zu erzählen wusste. Es gab auch ein Mädchen dort. Es hatte windgerötete Haut und schwarzes Haar und konnte ein Festrumpfschlauchboot mit zwei 60-PS-Johnson-Außenbor- dern durch
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