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Mic 60-2040 UA&Sinu, I'er Lcliioldjjor Mic 60-2040 UA&SINu, i’e r LcliioldJjor ;. T i l i- J'lhlkTIAN VHS&IONL AND TMK ^ -P A N a O J LI ^OUTtt’JRN HIIODITIA, 10HS-1923, The American University, D., 19C0 rUstory, mooerti University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Per Schioldborg Has sing I960 THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONS ANT THE BRITISH EXPANSION IN ------------ SOUTHERN HH0DE5I /, 1~TOH-Ig23----------- b7 , - Pei* Haaalng Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement b for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in H isto ry Signatures of Committee! Chairm an: P fcrvC L d i j t Z & r U r l " ■ Sd*rf &■*»£■ ^ - ^ 4 - l j * , Datei g o , _________ TT June I960 The American University Washington, D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE....................................................................................... ........................................ v i i INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I . SOUTHERN RHODESIA TODAY .................................................................................. I IT . SOUTHERN RHODESIA BEFORE 1888 ..................................................................... 8 Ancient History ............................................................................................... 8 The Shona .......................... 11 The Ndebele ....................................................................... 13 The Coming o f th e M i s s i o n a r i e s ........................................................... 22 The First S e ttle rs ....................................... 2$ Africa and Europe ......................................................................... 28 Enter Cecil John Rhodes ............................................................................. 35 German Aspirations . ......................................................... 38 The Boer Intentions ............................................ LiO New Missionary A ttem pts ................................................................... ...... h2 Summary ............................................ Ii8 I I I . MISSIONARIES AND CONCESSION HUNTERS, 1 0 8 8 - 1 8 9 1 ............................... 50 Bulawayo 1887 ............. 50 The Moffat T reaty .......................................................................................... 5 l The Journey of Bishop G.W.H,Knight-Bruce ........................................ 59 The Rudd Concession ................................................................................. 60 The Bulawayo C onfusion ............................................................................ 72 The Gun Deal ............................................................. 82 i i i CHAPTER RACE London and th e C h a r t e r ................................................................... 87 Bulawayo Again .................................................................................................... 97 Rhodes1 Pioneers ........................... lOli S u m m a ry ........................... I l l IV. INTERNATIONAL COMPLICATIONS.................................................................................llU The Portuguese ...................... llli The Germans ...... 1?3 The Afrikanders ... ........... 126 Summary ..... ................ 132 V. THE WAR AGAINST LOBENGULA, 18?3 ......................................................................... 133 Missionary Advance ..................................................... 133 The M issio n a rie s and th e B r itis h South A fric a Company . 136 The First S ettlers ............................................ lU3 Lobengula and the New S itu a tio n ...................... lixb The Victoria Incident ........................................ 1L6 The Public Excitem ent ...................... 153 Lobengula and the W eir .......................... 156 Jameson, Rhodes and the W a r ..................................................... 158 The Missionaries and the War ................................................. 161 The Victoria Agreement .......................................................... 16? Further Negotiations ........................................ 168 On to Bulawayo ............................................ 170 The End of L o b e n g u la ........................... 17lx The Aftermath ................... ...... ..... 175 iv CHAPTER PAGE Summary . , , ............................ ....................................................... 100 VI. THE REBELLIONS, 1096-1897 ............................................................................... 18? The Jameson Raid ....................................................................... 103 The Ndebele Rebellion * lRl) The Shona Rebellion, the B eginning .................................................... 106 The Indaba in the M atopos ....................... 187 The Shona Rebellion, the C ontinuation ............................................... 109 The End of the R ebellions ........................................................................... 19b The Missionaries and the Rebellions . * 195 The Causes of the R ebellion ................................ 206 No real pacification ............................................................. 2o6 The cattle question . * ........................................................................... 210 Forced labor ................................................................ 211 The African police force ................................ 216 European injustice and pride ........................................................ 217 Other causes .............................................................................. 221 Post Rebellion Development ................................................... 22b Nbw Missionary E ffo rts ..................................................... * ..................... 227 Sum m ary.................................. 229 V II. THE MISSIONARIES AND THE LAND....................................................................... 231 Land Grants to M issions .............................. ........... 232 The Land Commission o f lb9h .................................................... 237 The Land Question, 1096-191U .................................* ............................ 239 The Native Reserves Commission of 191b .......... 2b2 V CHAPTER PAGE Summary .............................................................. ............ 257 V III. THj< EDUCATION UP THE AFRICANS..................................................... 25? The Propress of Education .......................... ........... 259 The Educational Phi 1crophy of the M issionaries ....................... 273 The Attitude of Officials anti Settlers to the Education of the A fricans ............................... * 279 Summary- ................................................. 286 IX. THt BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY, THE SETTLERS AND THE MISSIONARIES................................................................................. 288 The British South Africa Company ..................................................... 289 The Settlers ........................... 293 The M is s io n a r ie s .......................................................................................... 301 Summary .............. 306 X. SOME ASPECTS OF THE GROWTH OF THE CHURCH.................................... 308 The Problem in perspective .................. ........... 308 No Written Language ................................... 311 African Conservatism ............................................................... 311 The Life of the European Settler b .................................................. 3llj Rivalry Between M issions .......................... 317 Obstacles Overcome ....... ...................... ....... 318 The Missionaries and the Lobola Custom ......................................... 321 The Missionaries and Polygam y ........................................................... 323 The Pledging of Girls in M arriage .................................................. 32U The Separatist Movement ............................... 325 v i CHAPTER PACE The Alliance with the S ta te ....................................................... 327 A Sign of Growth ........... ............................................ 329 Summary .................... 329 X I. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................... 331 APPENDIX A. THE RELIGIOUS IDEAS OF CECIL RH O D ES.................................... 3b? APPENDIX B. AFRICAN CHUKCH MEMHKRSHIP STATISTICS.................................... 357 APPENDIX C. STATISTICS, NUMBER OF AFRICAN SCHOOLS...................... 3&0 APPENDIX D. STATISTICS, NUMBER UF AFRICAN STUDENTS................................ 3^1 APPENDIX E. STATISTICS, GOVERNMitffT GRANTS EARNED BY MISSIONS . 362 APPENDIX F . STATISTICS, GROWTH UF THE POPULATION..................................... 363 APPENDIX G. DIVISION OF LAND, 1959 ............................................................ 361* APPhMDIX H. ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. 365 APPENDIX I . MAP OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA ......................................................... 366 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 3b8 PREFACE Among the things the author has learned in the course of the oresent study is that he is indebted to an amazing number of persons and institutions
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