The Dusk Network Whitepaper
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Introducing Ethereum and Solidity Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners
C. Dannen Introducing Ethereum and Solidity Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners ▶ First book on the market that teaches Ethereum and Solidity for technical thinkers of all types ▶ Written by a technology journalist trained in breaking down technical concepts into easy-to-understand prose ▶ Updates you on the last three years of progress since Bitcoin became popular - a new frontier replete with opportunity for new products and services Learn how to use Solidity and the Ethereum project – second only to Bitcoin in market capitalization. Blockchain protocols are taking the world by storm, and the Ethereum project, with its Turing-complete scripting language Solidity, has rapidly become a front-runner. This book presents the blockchain phenomenon in context; then situates Ethereum in a world pioneered by Bitcoin. 1st ed., XXI, 185 p. 34 illus., 31 illus. in color. A product of Apress See why professionals and non-professionals alike are honing their skills in smart contract patterns and distributed application development. You'll review the fundamentals of programming and networking, alongside its introduction to the new discipline of crypto- Printed book economics. You'll then deploy smart contracts of your own, and learn how they can serve as a back-end for JavaScript and HTML applications on the Web. Softcover ISBN 978-1-4842-2534-9 Many Solidity tutorials out there today have the same flaw: they are written for“advanced” ▶ 44,99 € | £39.99 JavaScript developers who want to transfer their skills to a blockchain environment. ▶ *48,14 € (D) | 49,49 € (A) | CHF 53.50 Introducing Ethereum and Solidity is accessible to technology professionals and enthusiasts of “all levels.” You’ll find exciting sample code that can move forward real world assets in both the academic and the corporate arenas. -
Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder
Insight Consumer and Wealth Management Digital Assets: Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder Parsing the Beauty from the Beast. Investment Strategy Group | June 2021 Sharmin Mossavar-Rahmani Chief Investment Officer Investment Strategy Group Goldman Sachs The co-authors give special thanks to: Farshid Asl Managing Director Matheus Dibo Shahz Khatri Vice President Vice President Brett Nelson Managing Director Michael Murdoch Vice President Jakub Duda Shep Moore-Berg Harm Zebregs Vice President Vice President Vice President Shivani Gupta Analyst Oussama Fatri Yousra Zerouali Vice President Analyst ISG material represents the views of ISG in Consumer and Wealth Management (“CWM”) of GS. It is not financial research or a product of GS Global Investment Research (“GIR”) and may vary significantly from those expressed by individual portfolio management teams within CWM, or other groups at Goldman Sachs. 2021 INSIGHT Dear Clients, There has been enormous change in the world of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology since we first wrote about it in 2017. The number of cryptocurrencies has increased from about 2,000, with a market capitalization of over $200 billion in late 2017, to over 8,000, with a market capitalization of about $1.6 trillion. For context, the market capitalization of global equities is about $110 trillion, that of the S&P 500 stocks is $35 trillion and that of US Treasuries is $22 trillion. Reported trading volume in cryptocurrencies, as represented by the two largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, has increased sixfold, from an estimated $6.8 billion per day in late 2017 to $48.6 billion per day in May 2021.1 This data is based on what is called “clean data” from Coin Metrics; the total reported trading volume is significantly higher, but much of it is artificially inflated.2,3 For context, trading volume on US equity exchanges doubled over the same period. -
Evmpatch: Timely and Automated Patching of Ethereum Smart Contracts
EVMPatch: Timely and Automated Patching of Ethereum Smart Contracts Michael Rodler Wenting Li Ghassan O. Karame University of Duisburg-Essen NEC Laboratories Europe NEC Laboratories Europe Lucas Davi University of Duisburg-Essen Abstract some of these contracts hold, smart contracts have become an appealing target for attacks. Programming errors in smart Recent attacks exploiting errors in smart contract code had contract code can have devastating consequences as an attacker devastating consequences thereby questioning the benefits of can exploit these bugs to steal cryptocurrency or tokens. this technology. It is currently highly challenging to fix er- rors and deploy a patched contract in time. Instant patching is Recently, the blockchain community has witnessed several especially important since smart contracts are always online incidents due smart contract errors [7, 39]. One especially due to the distributed nature of blockchain systems. They also infamous incident is the “TheDAO” reentrancy attack, which manage considerable amounts of assets, which are at risk and resulted in a loss of over 50 million US Dollars worth of often beyond recovery after an attack. Existing solutions to Ether [31]. This led to a highly debated hard-fork of the upgrade smart contracts depend on manual and error-prone pro- Ethereum blockchain. Several proposals demonstrated how to defend against reentrancy vulnerabilities either by means of cesses. This paper presents a framework, called EVMPATCH, to instantly and automatically patch faulty smart contracts. offline analysis at development time or by performing run-time validation [16, 23, 32, 42]. Another infamous incident is the EVMPATCH features a bytecode rewriting engine for the pop- ular Ethereum blockchain, and transparently/automatically parity wallet attack [39]. -
ARK Whitepaper
ARK Whitepaper A Platform for Consumer Adoption v.1.0.3 The ARK Crew ARK Whitepaper v.1.0.3 Table Of Contents Overview………………………………………………………………...……………………………….……………….………………………………………………………….….3 Purpose of this Whitepaper………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….……….3 Why?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………….…………..4 ARK…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…………………………………………………………………..5 ARK IS………………………………………………………………………………………………....……………….………………………………………………………………..5 ARK: Technical Details……………………………………….…….…..…………………………...……………….………………...…………………………...6 - Delegated Proof of Stake…………………………….……………...………………………….……………………………………….………...…...6 - Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) Wallets (BIP32)…………………………………………………….....…………………..…..8 - Fees……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…...………………………………..……...8 - ARK Delegates and Delegate Voting.…………………………………………………………………………………...………………….9 - Bridged Blockchains (SmartBridges)....................………………………………………………………………….………...…….10 - POST ARK-TEC Token Distribution …………………..…………………………………….………………….………..……..…..……….11 - Testnet Release……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….………...….....12 And Beyond?…………………………………………………………………….………...……………………………………….………………………...……….…12 Addendum 1: ARK IS…(Cont.)...……..……..…………....…..………...………………………………………...………………………......……12 -
Formal Specification and Verification of Solidity Contracts with Events
Formal Specification and Verification of Solidity Contracts with Events Ákos Hajdu Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary [email protected] Dejan Jovanović SRI International, New York City, NY, USA [email protected] Gabriela Ciocarlie SRI International, New York City, NY, USA [email protected] Abstract Events in the Solidity language provide a means of communication between the on-chain services of decentralized applications and the users of those services. Events are commonly used as an abstraction of contract execution that is relevant from the users’ perspective. Users must, therefore, be able to understand the meaning and trust the validity of the emitted events. This paper presents a source-level approach for the formal specification and verification of Solidity contracts with the primary focus on events. Our approach allows the specification of events in terms of the on-chain data that they track, and the predicates that define the correspondence between the blockchain state and the abstract view provided by the events. The approach is implemented in solc-verify, a modular verifier for Solidity, and we demonstrate its applicability with various examples. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Software and its engineering → Formal methods Keywords and phrases Smart contracts, Solidity, events, specification, verification Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/OASIcs.FMBC.2020.2 Category Short Paper Related Version Preprint is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.10382. Supplementary Material https://github.com/SRI-CSL/solidity 1 Introduction Ethereum is a public, blockchain-based computing platform that provides a single-world- computer abstraction for developing decentralized applications [17]. The core of such applications are programs – termed smart contracts [15] – deployed on the blockchain. -
Metamask Pre-Assignment
MMS 562F: Tech Driven Transformation MetaMask Pre-Assignment Campbell R. Harvey Duke University and NBER February 2021 Setup • Metamask is a cryptocurrency wallet that is used to interface with the Ethereum-based Apps • We will be setting up this Wallet on your mobile device (iOS or Android only) – If you are unable to use a mobile device, the end of this deck has a web browser tutorial (Page 19) – If you already have MetaMask on your browser, the end of this deck has a tutorial to link your Web Account to the Mobile App (Page 25) Campbell R. Harvey 2021 2 Setup • Download the Metamask app from the App Store or Google Play Store • Click Get Started • Click Create a new wallet • Create a new account by typing in a password of your choosing and pressing “Create” • Go through the prompts to secure your wallet • Store Secret Backup Phrase in a secure location, ideally paper or a password manager – not on your phone or computer. • Type in secret backup phrase Campbell R. Harvey 2021 3 1 Using MetaMask 1. Network • This determines which Ethereum Network you are using. Click on this to see all network options in a 2 dropdown. For this class we will only discuss or use the Main Ethereum Network and the Ropsten Test Network. 3 Campbell R. Harvey 2021 4 1 Using MetaMask 1. Network • The Ethereum Mainnet is where live ether (ETH) with real value exists and is 2 used for payment and applications. I will refer to this as the “main network” or the “mainnet” 3 Campbell R. -
State of the Art: the Monero Cryptocurrency Mining Malware Detection Using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms
International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering State of the art: The monero cryptocurrency mining malware detection using supervised machine learning algorithms Wilfridus Bambang Triadi Handaya1*, Mohd Najwadi Yusoff 2, Aman Jantan2 1 Department of Informatics, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2 School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia ABSTRACT Today’s evolving information technology trend is fuelling increasingly various cybercrime. Various cybercrime types, such as malware attacks and data breach activities, organizations, and countries, occur every day. Malware is one of the biggest cyber threats on the Internet today. Every year, the number of data breaches continues to increase. Mining is a complete cryptocurrency network’s computing process to verify transaction records, called blockchains, and receive digital coins in return. This mining process requires severe hardware and significant CPU resources to create cryptocurrencies. A statistic published by Statista in mid-2020 about the most detected crypto-mining malware types influencing corporate networks global from January to June 2020, it can be seen that cryptocurrency mining activity leading to the pool of Monero amounts to 46% derived from the use of XMRig. Malware detection is like an endless war between malware authors and malware prevention vendors. This trend change also makes the procedures and forms of analysis must adapt. From previously done manually with various tools for static analysis, to be OPEN ACCESS subsequently replaced with automatic analysis through the application of machine learning algorithms. Received: October 9, 2020 Revised: December 20, 2020 Keywords: Malware detection, XMRig, Monero, Cryptocurrencies, Mining. Accepted: January 6, 2021 Corresponding Author: Wilfridus Bambang Triadi Handaya 1. -
Coinbase Explores Crypto ETF (9/6) Coinbase Spoke to Asset Manager Blackrock About Creating a Crypto ETF, Business Insider Reports
Crypto Week in Review (9/1-9/7) Goldman Sachs CFO Denies Crypto Strategy Shift (9/6) GS CFO Marty Chavez addressed claims from an unsubstantiated report earlier this week that the firm may be delaying previous plans to open a crypto trading desk, calling the report “fake news”. Coinbase Explores Crypto ETF (9/6) Coinbase spoke to asset manager BlackRock about creating a crypto ETF, Business Insider reports. While the current status of the discussions is unclear, BlackRock is said to have “no interest in being a crypto fund issuer,” and SEC approval in the near term remains uncertain. Looking ahead, the Wednesday confirmation of Trump nominee Elad Roisman has the potential to tip the scales towards a more favorable cryptoasset approach. Twitter CEO Comments on Blockchain (9/5) Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, speaking in a congressional hearing, indicated that blockchain technology could prove useful for “distributed trust and distributed enforcement.” The platform, given its struggles with how best to address fraud, harassment, and other misuse, could be a prime testing ground for decentralized identity solutions. Ripio Facilitates Peer-to-Peer Loans (9/5) Ripio began to facilitate blockchain powered peer-to-peer loans, available to wallet users in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil. The loans, which utilize the Ripple Credit Network (RCN) token, are funded in RCN and dispensed to users in fiat through a network of local partners. Since all details of the loan and payments are recorded on the Ethereum blockchain, the solution could contribute to wider access to credit for the unbanked. IBM’s Payment Protocol Out of Beta (9/4) Blockchain World Wire, a global blockchain based payments network by IBM, is out of beta, CoinDesk reports. -
A Survey on Volatility Fluctuations in the Decentralized Cryptocurrency Financial Assets
Journal of Risk and Financial Management Review A Survey on Volatility Fluctuations in the Decentralized Cryptocurrency Financial Assets Nikolaos A. Kyriazis Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, 38333 Volos, Greece; [email protected] Abstract: This study is an integrated survey of GARCH methodologies applications on 67 empirical papers that focus on cryptocurrencies. More sophisticated GARCH models are found to better explain the fluctuations in the volatility of cryptocurrencies. The main characteristics and the optimal approaches for modeling returns and volatility of cryptocurrencies are under scrutiny. Moreover, emphasis is placed on interconnectedness and hedging and/or diversifying abilities, measurement of profit-making and risk, efficiency and herding behavior. This leads to fruitful results and sheds light on a broad spectrum of aspects. In-depth analysis is provided of the speculative character of digital currencies and the possibility of improvement of the risk–return trade-off in investors’ portfolios. Overall, it is found that the inclusion of Bitcoin in portfolios with conventional assets could significantly improve the risk–return trade-off of investors’ decisions. Results on whether Bitcoin resembles gold are split. The same is true about whether Bitcoins volatility presents larger reactions to positive or negative shocks. Cryptocurrency markets are found not to be efficient. This study provides a roadmap for researchers and investors as well as authorities. Keywords: decentralized cryptocurrency; Bitcoin; survey; volatility modelling Citation: Kyriazis, Nikolaos A. 2021. A Survey on Volatility Fluctuations in the Decentralized Cryptocurrency Financial Assets. Journal of Risk and 1. Introduction Financial Management 14: 293. The continuing evolution of cryptocurrency markets and exchanges during the last few https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm years has aroused sparkling interest amid academic researchers, monetary policymakers, 14070293 regulators, investors and the financial press. -
Txspector: Uncovering Attacks in Ethereum from Transactions
TXSPECTOR: Uncovering Attacks in Ethereum from Transactions Mengya Zhang, Xiaokuan Zhang, Yinqian Zhang, and Zhiqiang Lin, The Ohio State University https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/zhang-mengya This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. August 12–14, 2020 978-1-939133-17-5 Open access to the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. TXSPECTOR: Uncovering Attacks in Ethereum from Transactions Mengya Zhang∗, Xiaokuan Zhang∗, Yinqian Zhang, Zhiqiang Lin The Ohio State University Abstract However, greater usability also comes with greater risks. The invention of Ethereum smart contract has enabled the Two features have made smart contracts more vulnerable blockchain users to customize computing logic in transactions. to software attacks than traditional software programs. (i) However, similar to traditional computer programs, smart con- Smart contracts are immutable once deployed. This feature tracts have vulnerabilities, which can be exploited to cause is required by any immutable distributed ledgers. As a result, financial loss of contract owners. While there are many soft- vulnerabilities in smart contracts cannot be easily fixed as they ware tools for detecting vulnerabilities in the smart contract cannot be patched. (ii) Ethereum is driven by cryptocurrency; bytecode, few have focused on transactions. In this paper, many popular smart contracts also involve transfers of cryp- we propose TXSPECTOR, a generic, logic-driven framework tocurrency. Therefore, exploitation of smart contracts often to investigate Ethereum transactions for attack detection. At leads to huge financial losses. For instance, in the notorious a high level, TXSPECTOR replays history transactions and DAO attack, the attacker utilized the re-entrancy vulnerability records EVM bytecode-level traces, and then encodes the in The DAO contract and stole more than $50 million [27,42]. -
Exploring the Interconnectedness of Cryptocurrencies Using Correlation Networks
Exploring the Interconnectedness of Cryptocurrencies using Correlation Networks Andrew Burnie UCL Computer Science Doctoral Student at The Alan Turing Institute [email protected] Conference Paper presented at The Cryptocurrency Research Conference 2018, 24 May 2018, Anglia Ruskin University Lord Ashcroft International Business School Centre for Financial Research, Cambridge, UK. Abstract Correlation networks were used to detect characteristics which, although fixed over time, have an important influence on the evolution of prices over time. Potentially important features were identified using the websites and whitepapers of cryptocurrencies with the largest userbases. These were assessed using two datasets to enhance robustness: one with fourteen cryptocurrencies beginning from 9 November 2017, and a subset with nine cryptocurrencies starting 9 September 2016, both ending 6 March 2018. Separately analysing the subset of cryptocurrencies raised the number of data points from 115 to 537, and improved robustness to changes in relationships over time. Excluding USD Tether, the results showed a positive association between different cryptocurrencies that was statistically significant. Robust, strong positive associations were observed for six cryptocurrencies where one was a fork of the other; Bitcoin / Bitcoin Cash was an exception. There was evidence for the existence of a group of cryptocurrencies particularly associated with Cardano, and a separate group correlated with Ethereum. The data was not consistent with a token’s functionality or creation mechanism being the dominant determinants of the evolution of prices over time but did suggest that factors other than speculation contributed to the price. Keywords: Correlation Networks; Interconnectedness; Contagion; Speculation 1 1. Introduction The year 2017 saw the start of a rapid diversification in cryptocurrencies. -
A Comparison of Monero and Zcash
A Comparison of Monero and Zcash H˚avard Anda Estensen [email protected] June 13, 2018 Abstract There is a lot of excitement (and hype) around blockchain. Since most of the blockchains rely on a public ledger, transactions are pseudonymous and fully traceable. This paper will examine and compare how two popular cryp- tocurrencies, Monero and Zcash achieve privacy by obfuscating transactions. 1 Introduction Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC) is revolutionizing the way digital payments are done. The systems are designed to work without an intermediary, directly between users. This is done by recording transactions on a public distributed ledger - a blockchain. Users that provide CPU power to the network are called miners and are rewarded with the network currency. But transactions are not as private as a lot of people think. Web merchants routinely leak data about purchases[1] and once one purchase is compromised the all purchases linked to an account is compromised since all transactions are recorded on the blockchain. In this paper, BTC will be used as a baseline comparison against Monero and Zcash. This makes a good comparison as both Monero and Zcash are hard forks of Bitcoin. 2 Why Privacy Is Important To understand why BTC doesn't provide desired privacy properties it is necessary to take a step back to look at how the core technology works. 2.1 Blockchain A blockchain is an append-only list of blocks that are linked and secured with cryptography[2]. Each block contains transaction data, a timestamp and the crypto- graphic hash of the previous block.