LE:NOTRE Institute

Landscape Forum

WATER & BUCHAREST

Dr. Adriana Pienaru

1 : General information

 Romania is an average-size country with an area of 238,391 km2 and a population of about 21.7 million inhabitants, out of which 55.05% are living in urban areas and 44.95% in rural areas.  Population density varies in a range from 31 to 188 inhabitants / km2.  The governance structure in Romania includes two tiers of governments: first tier - 41 plus the capital city, Bucharest, and second tier – 3,003 local governments, out of which 276 are and towns and 2,727 are communes.  As part of the process of accession to the , 8 development regions (NUTS2 level) have been established in Romania. The regions are not territorial administrative units, but statistical planning ones. Each region is composed of the territory of two or more counties, average five counties per region.

2 ROMANIA: General information

Water resources  Romania has all types of water resources (rivers, natural and artificial lakes, and groundwater). The largest resource of water comes from rivers. 97.8% of the Romania’s hydrographical network belongs to the River Basin. The Danube River is a trans-boundary river basin shared by 19 countries.  With an average of only 2,660 m3 water/inhabitant/year, comparatively with the European average of 4,000 m3 water/inhabitant/year, Romania is relatively poor in water sources.

3 water sources.

4 ROMANIA: General information

Water resources  The natural surface water potential of Romania amounts to 127 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM)/year, out of which:  the internal river basins contributing 40 BCM,  the Danube contributing 87 BCM per year.

 The groundwater endowment is estimated at 10 BCM/year.  The utilizable fraction of the total (surface and ground) water resources, as defined by the existing capacity to extract and use water, is 40 BCM/year. In contrast the total water demand stands at approx. 8 BCM.

5 Water resources – cont. The potential and utilizable water resources for Romania, 2010

Category Volume (BCM)

A. Interior River Basins Potential natural resource 40.0 Utilizable resource 13.8 Demand 3.2 B. Danube Potential natural resource 87.0 Utilizable resource 20.0 Demand 3.7 C. Groundwater Potential natural resource 9.6 Utilizable resource 5.4 Demand 0.8 Total Potential resource 136.6 Utilizable resource 39.3 Demand 7.7 (Source: National Report on the State of Environment, National Environmental 6 Protection Agency, 2010)

 The Danube is the second longest river in , with a length of 2,850 km, out of which 1,075 km is in Romania's territory. The average flow of Danube at the point of entry is 175 BCM/year, and Romania is entitled to use half of this quantum under the existing agreements. The Danube supports different water uses including irrigation, fisheries, and hydropower generation. The Danube Delta has a number of environmental conservation areas covered by the EU Habitats Directive.  There are 27 major inland rivers in Romania, belonging to 11 inland river basins. Mures is the longest river in Romania (761 km) and Viseu is the shortest (81 km). The forms the largest river basin, with a surface area of 42,890 km2. Although the Danube theoretically contributes more than the internal rivers to the water resources potential of Romania, the constraints of spatial access and availability mean that the inner rivers are actually the more important water resource provider for Romania.

7 The per-capita water availability for the internal basins is shown in the figure below. The basins of , Arges-Vedea, Buzau-Ialomita, Siret, Prut-Barlad, and Dobrogea- Litoral face significant scarcity, with the last one being the most water-scarce basin in Romania

Volume, Volume, mc /year/inhabitant

(Source: National Water Resources and their Evolution in the Context of Climate Change. National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 2011) 8

- The total water demand in Romania, as measured by the volume of water made available to users, stood at 7.2 BCM in 2012, which was met by abstractions of 3 BCM from inland rivers, 3.5 BCM from the Danube, 0.7 BCM from groundwater, and a small volume (0.01 BCM) from the Black Sea.

- The sector-wise break-up shows that the largest water demand comes from industry (67%), followed by agriculture (18%), and municipal (15%).

- The actual water consumption in 2012 amounted to 6.5 BCM.

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The water demands have steadily decreased in Romania since the 1990s, mainly due to structural changes in the economy:

- Economically unviable irrigation schemes have closed. - Industrial production has reduced, and the remaining industries have significantly reduced water consumption in production processes. - Utilities have reduced losses and introduced tariffs, which have helped reduced water consumption in the domestic sector, even though the provision of water supply and sanitation services has expanded to an increasing fraction of the population.

As a result, total water demand has decreased from approx. 20 BCM in early 1990s to approx. 8 BCM in 2013.

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About 70% of the water supply for domestic use is sourced from surface waters, compared to 95% dependence on surface waters for industrial supply.

From a quantitative perspective, a majority of the basins have no serious problems in ensuring sufficient volume for water for meeting the domestic and industrial demands. However, the basins with lower endowment of water (Jiu, Arges-Vedea, Buzau-Ialomita, Siret, Prut-Barlad, and Dobrogea-Litoral) face supply reliability challenges during the summer months, especially in dry years.

Out of the 3,399 surface water bodies that are monitored at the national level, 2,008 (59%) met the EU Framework Directive water quality designation of good ecological status/potential in 2009, based on biological, physio-chemical and specific pollutant standards. It is proposed to increase this fraction to 65% by 2015. 11 Water management:

 Romania is one of the few countries that have many decades of experience in managing water resources using an integrated basin- level approach. Each of its 11 internal river basins has a functioning River Basin Water Directorates (abbreviated as ABA), which is charged with water resources management planning and implementation, and operation of large facilities.  All 41 counties of Romania have a dedicated water resources management unit, which reports to the ABA. The ABAs revise the basin water resources management plans every 6 years, which aim to address the emerging issues pertaining to both quantity and quality.  The ABAs are institutionally federated into the “Romanian Waters” National Administration (abbreviated as ANAR), which is responsible for planning and management of water resources at the national level. The Directorate of Water Management in the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change is responsible for water sector policy making. Therefore, the separation of policy, administration, and service provision functions exists in water sector in Romania.

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11 River basins -11 WATER DIRECTORATES

W.D. SOMES-TISA

W.D. SIRET W.D. CRISURI

W.D. PRUT

W.D. MURES

W.D. BANAT

W.D. DOBROGEA-

W.D. IALOMITA-BUZAU LITORAL

W.D. W.D. JIU

W.D. ARGES-VEDEA

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 About 60 years of hydrological data is available on the main rivers of Romania; in case of the Danube River, some records are available for the last 100 years. However not all these data have been fully digitized yet, which limits its ability for use in modeling and water resources planning.

 Romania’s hydro-met network comprises of 882 monitoring stations, out of which about 600 are automated. In addition to this network, the National Meteorological Administration operates 160 stations, 8 radars and 55 agronomic monitoring stations. While the major gaps in the hydro-met network seem to have been addressed through a series of several projects (assisted by the EU), the meteorological network could be strengthened by up-gradation of radar stations, expanding the agronomic station network, adding a new radar station in some localities, and providing more resources for snowpack studies. 14

 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE WATER SECTOR

STAKEHOLDERS ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

(a) Ministries

Ministry of Environment and • Planning of capital investments from EU Cohesion Funds (including investment Climate Changes (MECC) priorities, financing schemes, tariff adjustment procedures) – Sector Operational Programme (SOP) for Environment • Managing Authority of SOP Environment • Managing Authority of the National Fund for Environment – Capital investment funds, allocated on project basis for small scale water and wastewater projects

Ministry of Administration and • Elaboration of primary and secondary legislation for water and wastewater Interior (MAI) services • Coordinates ANRSC and ANAR • Promote decentralization and reform of public administration and public services Ministry of Public Finances • Payment and Certification Authority for SOP Environment (MFP) • Allocation of co-financing funds for capital investment projects from the State Budget • Approval / monitoring of loans with sovereign guarantee (for local councils or operators) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural • Funding of small scale investments in water infrastructure for rural Development (MADR) communities - allocated on a project basis Ministry of Regional Development • Funding of investments in water infrastructure for localities up to 50,000 and Tourism inhabitants – allocated on project basis (MDRT) Ministry of Health (MS) - Division • Monitor water and wastewater quality of Public Health • Apply penalties for non-compliance 15 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE WATER SECTOR – CONT.

(b) Regulatory Boards

National Authority for • Elaboration of the tertiary legislation for water and wastewater Regulation of Public service (Regulation of service, tariffs and tariff setting procedure, Services Performance Indicators, procurement of service providers) (ANRSC) • Water Operators licensing • Monitoring of Performance Indicators reported by Operators

National Agency Romanian • Raw water management Waters (ANAR) • Issue licenses for raw water management • Set and collect the tariff for raw water • Establish the volume of raw water consumed by each operator • Monitor raw water quality

Competition Council • Monitor tariffs and ensure equity

16 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE WATER SECTOR – CONT.

(c) Professional Associations

Romanian Water • Information and best practices exchange for the sector Association • Principal link with the water industry network (ARA) • Represents the interest of the water companies in relation with the local and central authorities and regulatory bodies (ANRSC, ANAR) • Involved in the consultation process regarding the legislation for the water sector • Collect performance data for benchmarking purposes; Provide specialized training for practitioners in the sector;

17 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE WATER SECTOR – CONT. (d) Subnational authorities Councils • Planning of investments from own funds at County level – decision and financing scheme Local Councils • Responsible for ensuring the water and wastewater service • Choose the type of service provider • Shareholders in ROCs or direct management of the service in very small localities (manage customers and financial aspects, planning of investments from own funds and / or attracted sources) • Planning of investments from own funds – decision and financing scheme • Establish / approve the Performance Indicators and associated targets included in the Delegation Contract (Governance Model III • Approve / Monitor the Performance Indicators and associated targets included in the Concession Contract (Governance Model IV) • Planning of investments from own funds – decision and financing scheme • Appoint Company Management for public operators; Approve Organizational Chart and staffing level (Governance Model III • Establish the tariff, tariff policy and adjustment strategy - in the Concession Contract (Governance Model IV) • Approve / Monitor the Performance Indicators and associated targets included in the Concession Contract (Governance Model IV) • Might design social protection programs

Intercommunity Development • Approve / Monitor the Delegation Contract, including Performance Indicators and Associations associated targets • Establish the tariff, tariff policy and adjustment strategy (in the Delegation (IDAs) Contract) • Set the level of services for the operating area of ROC (in the Delegation Contract)

18 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE WATER SECTOR – CONT.

(e) Service providers

Regional Operating • Provide and manage the service Companies (ROCs) - 41 • Manage customers (contracts, invoices, arrears, disconnect the supply for non-payers, etc.); • Ensure service standard / quality • Planning of investments from own funds and / or attracted sources – decision and financing scheme; • Decision makers on contracting out different services (e.g. repairs, metering, etc.) Local Public Operators (not • Provide and manage the service included yet in ROCs) -

Private Operators - 2 • Provide and manage the service • Manage customers (contracts, invoices, arrears, disconnect the supply for non-payers, etc.) • Ensure service standard / quality • Tariff levels and adjustment procedures set in the Concession Contract • Planning of investments from own funds and / or attracted sources – decision and financing scheme (Minimal level of investment set in the Concession Contract) • Decision makers on contracting out different services (e.g. repairs, metering, etc.); • Appoint Company Management; Decide on Organizational Chart and staffing level

19 STAKEHOLDERS IN THE WATER SECTOR – CONT.

(f) Consumers • Payment of service

(g) NGOs • Not very active in relation with water and wastewater service

(h) Media • Information distribution (i) Financial Institutions

Potential lenders • Provide loans to operators for co-financing of different investment schemes (j) Investors • Potential interest in privatization of profitable / economically viable operators

20 Status of service organizations in water management:

 Water and wastewater service is defined by the Law 241/2006 as the assembly of activities of public utility performed for the purpose of catchment, treatment, transport, storage and distribution of drinking or industrial water to all users within a locality’s territory, respectively for the collection, transport, treatment, and discharge of the wastewater, rain water and surface water within the urban area of the locality.

21 Regionalization of water and wastewater services

 Goal: 2,600 localities of more than 2,000 inhabitants meet the EU performance targets for the water sector by 2018

 Approach: concentration of the water and wastewater services provided to a group of municipalities within a geographical area defined around a river basin and / or within a county

 Institutional environment: regional provision of water and wastewater services based on three key institutional elements:  The Intercommunity Development Association (IDA) - association of municipalities that represents the interests of its member municipalities regarding the service, focusing especially ont the general strategy, investments and tariff policy  The Regional Operating Company (ROC) - commercial company, owned by all or a part of the IDA member municipalities, to which the management of the service is delegated  The Delegation Contract - delegates the management of the service in IDA area to ROC

22 Water supply and wastewater services in Bucharest

 Apa Nova Bucureşti is a Romanian company of Veolia Group.  The main scope of business of Apa Nova Bucureşti is the water source management, water treatment and supply to consumers, as well as wastewater and storm water discharge from the territory of Bucharest.  Starting November 2000, the company is the water supply and sewerage services concessionaire for 25 years.  The shareholders of the Apa Nova Bucureşti company are, in percents: Municipiul Bucureşti (Bucharest ) holding 16.31% of the company's share capital, Veolia Eau-Compagnie Generale Des Eaux holding 73.69%, and the company employees holding 10% through the ESOP Association.  Data about customers (2013):  2,154 employees  approx. 2,000,000 consumers for water supply and/ or sewerage 23

Water supply and wastewater services in Bucharest – cont.

Data on the installations

Number of water treatment plants in operation 3

Number of wastewater treatment plants in operation 1

Number of pumping stations in operation 7

Number of repumping stations in operation 32 Number of house water supply plants in 114 operation Length of the water supply network (km) without 2,525 km water connections Length of the sewerage system (km) without 2,250 km sewerage connections

24 25 River

Colentina River is a river in the south of Region, which belongs to the Argeş Hydrographic Basin.

Colentina Valley has a length of lungime de 98 km, out of which 34.7 km are on the administrative territory of Bucharest Municipality.

Bucharest is crossed by 2 main rivers: Colentina and Dâmboviţa, and the 2 rivers are splitting the city in few areas, taking the shape of plateaus with meanders and terraces.

Being 2 rivers with completely different characteristics, Dâmboviţa and Colentina rivers have been treated different. The Dâmboviţa River,which was transporting hill and mountain coarse alluvium, has been channelled. Colentina River, one the other hand, being a typical plain river, with a low slope, offered the possibility to form large lakes for low height dams.

26 Colentina River – cont.

Therefore, several dams have been constructed, and between and localities, a number of 17 lakes, have been created, from up steams to down streams, as a chain of lakes, in order to supply water for several uses – industrial water, irrigations, pisciculture, leisure purposes. The chaine of lakes on the River Colentina was built starting the year 1936, by striking the course of the water and boosting the riverbed.

The dams are made of homogeneous soil, with the up stream parament of concrete slabs, and the down stream parament is overgrown with grass.

Because the River Colentina did not have enough flow to recharge these big lakes, additional water was brought from Ialomiţa (chanel Bâlciureşti- Colacu) and from the small river Ilfov (chanel Bolovani).

27 Starting from Buftea locality down streams, the lakes are: - Buftea (188 ha), - Flămânzeni (30 ha), - Buciumeni (40 ha), - Mogoşoaia (66 ha), - (35 ha), - Străuleşti (33 ha), - Griviţa (53 ha), - Băneasa (36 ha), - Herăstrău (77 ha), - (70 ha), - Tei (80 ha), - Plumbuita (55 ha), - Fundeni (88 ha), - Dobroeşti, (93 ha) - Pantelimon I (120 ha), - Pantelimon II (260 ha) and - Cernica (341 ha).

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11 of these lakes (Stăuleşti, Griviţa, Băneasa, Herăstrău, Floreasca, Tei, Plumbuita, Fundeni, Dobroeşti, Pantelimon I and Pantelimon II) are located on the administrative territory of Bucharest Municipality, the rest are in .

9 of the lakes (and 9 dams) are under the administration of the public institution Bucharest Lakes, Parks and Leisure Admnistration, under the authority of Bucharest Municipality, respectively: Mogosoaia, Straulesti, Grivita, Baneasa, Herastrau, Floreasca, Tei, Pantelimon II, and Cernica.

The lakes: Plumbuita, Fundeni, Dobroiesti and Pantelimon I are under the management of Sistemul de Gospodarire a Apelor Ilfov- Bucuresti, a sub-branch of the Arges-Vedea Water Directorate, of ANAR.

29 Works (some examples):

 Buftea Dam (8 m height) – artificial lake

H I S T O  Herăstrău Lake - 1935 R Y

Before dam After dam  Deviation channel and water intake from Ialomiţa River

H I S Water intake Bilciureşti dam T O  Barajul Herăstrau

R Y

Herăstrău dam -1936 2010  Lakes Floreasca and Tei

H I S T Floreasca Lake – before works Floreasca lake up streams - 1936 O R Y

Tei Lake – after works Floreasca Lake down streams the dam - 2010 ACTUAL PROBLEMS

 Decrease of the lakes waterbed sections

 Banks erosion

 Slopes erosion

Increase of the vegetation in different sections of the lakes Ageing of concrete works 36 37 For the rehabilitation of the Colentina chain of lakes, proposed works: - access roads - parkway, riding areas, etc. - rehabilitation of banks - rehabilitation of slopes - trees, green areas around the lakes, as a green resource for the city - connection with the big parks in the neighboring areas

38 39 40 41 Thank you for your attention!!!

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