Notes on the Unique Methods of Nidification of the Australian Mallee

169

REFERENCES

Ashby, E.(1929) Notes on the unique methods of nidification of the Australian mallee-fowl. Auk 47:294-305.

Beadle, N.C.W.(1948) The Vegetation and Pastures of Western New South Wales. Government Printer, Sydney.

Bellchambers, T.P. Notes on the Mallee Fowl Leipoa (1916) ocellata rosinae. SA Ornithol. 2:134-140.

Bennett, K.H.(1883) On the habits of the mallee hen. Proc. Linn. Soc. 8:193-197.

Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.(1984) The Atlas of Australian Birds, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

Bolton, B.L. and Latz, P.K.(1978) The western hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes hirsutus Gould (Macropodiidae) in the Tanami desert. Aust. Wildl. Res. 5:285-293. Booth, D.T.(1985) Ecophysiology of Malleefowl. PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide.

Booth, D.T.(1986) Crop and gizzard contents of two Malleefowl. Emu 86:51-53.

Booth, D.T.(1987) Home range and hatching success of Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Gould (Megapodiidae) in Murray mallee near Renmark, SA. Aust. Wildl. Res. 14:95-104.

Booth, D.T. and Seymour, R.S.(1984) Effect of adding water to Malleefowl mounds during a drought. Emu 84:116-118. Brickhill, J.G. Malleefowl. In Haig, C (ed) Parks (1980) and Wildlife: Endangered Animals in N.S.W. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.

Campbell, A.J.(1884) Mallee hens and their egg mounds. Vic. Nat. 1:124-129. Caughley, G.(1977) Analysis of Vertebrate Populations. 170

Wiley. London.

Chandler, L.G.(1913) Bird-life of Kow plains (Victoria). Emu 13:33-35.

Chandler, L.G.(1934) Notes on the Mallee-fowl. Vic. Nat. 50:199-201.

Cleland, J.B.(1952) The dispersal of plants by birds. SA Ornithol. 20:72-77.

Cullenward, G.B. Fire Management Plan. Mallee (1987) Bushf ire Prevention Scheme. Cobar.

Frith, H.J.(1956) Temperature regulation in the nesting mounds of the Mallee Fowl (Leipoa ocellata) Gould. CSIRO Wildl. Res. 1:79-95.

Frith, H.J.(1957) Experiments on the control of temperature in the mound of the Mallee Fowl (Megapodiidae) CSIRO Wildl. Res. 2:101-110.

Frith, H.J.(1959) Breeding of the Mallee Fowl Leipoa ocellata Gould (Megapodiidae) CSIRO Wildl. Res. 4:31-60.

Frith, H.J.(1962a) Conservation of the Mallee-Fowl. CSIRO Wildl. Res. 7:33-49.

Frith, H.J.(1962b) The Mallee Fowl. Angus and Robertson, Sydney. Frith, H.J.(1982) Pidgeons and doves of Australia. Rigby, Adelaide. Griffiths, F.J. Survey of the Lowan or Malleefowl (1954) in New South Wales. Emu 54:186-189.

Hayden, E. (1971) Vegetation groupings in map Natural Resources of NSW, Vegetation. Department of Decentralisation and Development, N.S.W. Sydney.

Hodgkinson, K.C., Management of Vegetation with fire Harrington, G.N., in Harrington, G.N. et. al. (eds) Griffin, G.F., Management of Australias Rangelands. Noble, J.C. and CSIRO, Melbourne. Young, M.D.(1984). 171

Jones, J.(1963) The Mallee Fowl mound count. Bird Observer 374:3-4, 375:5-7. Lea, A.M. and Gray, J.T.(1935) The food of Australian birds. An analysis of the stomach contents. Emu 34:275-292.

Magnusson, W.E., Caughley, G.J. and Grigg, G.C.(1978) A double-survey estimate of population size from incomplete counts. J. Wildl. Manage. 42(1):174-176.

Noble, J.C.(1984) Mallee in Harrington, G.N. et. al. (eds) Management of Australias Rangelands. CSIRO, Melbourne.

Olsen, S.L.(1980) The significance of the distribution of the Megapodiidae. Emu 80:21-24.

Pizzey, G.(1980) A field guide to the birds of Australia. Collins, Sydney.

Ross, J.A.(1919) Six months record of a pair of mallee-fowls. Emu 18:285-288.

Seymour, R.S. and Ackerman, R.A.(1980) Adaptations to underground nesting in birds and reptiles. Amer. Zool. 20:437-447.

Slatyer, R.0.(1974) Ecological reserves:size, structure and management. In Fenner, F.(ed) A national system of ecological reserves in Australia. Proceedings of a symposium in Canberra, 1974. Australian Academy of Science Report No. 19, Canberra. 172

APPENDIX 3.1

Current records of Malleefowl (1975 - 1986) by grid cell (10 latitude x 10 longtitude) with locality, observer or source and date of observation. (See below for abbreviations)

Cell centre Locality/Property Observer Date

30 35 149 05 Pilliga SF John Ecroyd 1975 59 Wellington St Baradine

30 45 149 15 Pilliga SF FOC record 8.06.75 (Burmah Rd)

30 45 149 45 Pilliga NR FOC record 30.12.77

30 55 149 25 Pilliga NR FOC (AK Morris) 10.01.77 (No. 1 Firebreak) RAOU (AK Morris)

30 55 149 55 Keringle RAOU (AK Morris) 2.78

31 05 146 15 Windera M Williams, NPWS 1981

31 15 146 05 Kergunyah BC Keane 1981 Kergunyah, Cobar

31 15 148 55 Warrumbungles NP AK Morris, NPWS 1982

31 35 146 15 Restdown JF Polack 1975-81 Restdown, Cambelego

31 45 148 55 Boorandah Trig. RAOU 1978-81 (ND Anderson)

31 55 146 05 Linera WP Snelson 7.10.82 Linera, Cobar

31 55 146 15 Rosevale Neil Elder 1 981 -82

31 55 148 55 15km E Old RAOU 7.81 Harbour Lagoon (AW Bischoft)

31 55 148 55 Goonoo SF Terry Korn, Dubbo 1981-86

31 55 149 05 Goonoo SF HJ Frith 11.01.82 Skyline Rd, Goonellabah FOC records (4) 1976-80

32 05 144 55 Kulwin EC King 1975-80 Kulwin, Ivanhoe 173

32 05 146 05 Yarroma WJ Dillon 1975-80 Milford St, Nymagee 32 05 146 15 Cobar-Shuttleton Victor Pertzel 1978 Road Hill Plain, Nymagee

32 05 148 45 Goonoo SF FOC records 9.77 No 2 Bore Goonoo SF Terry Korn 1981-86

32 05 148 55 Goonoo SF David M Johnston 25.01.82 Lachlan St, Baradine WG Sweeting 1983 Merryvale, Bugaldie AK Morris 1980

32 15 150 05 Goulburn River NP Frank Povah, John 8.86 Knight. Wollar

32 25 144 45 Berangabah Trevor Turner 1975-82 Berangabah, Ivanhoe

32 25 145 15 West of Karwarn RAOU (NW Schrader) 9.81

32 25 147 25 Kaludah AV Jarvis 1975-80 Kaludah, Albert

32 25 147 55 Warramunga Andrew Rathbone 1975-80 Warramunga, Peak Hill

32 35 145 25 Wynwood Cliff Wright 1975 Wynwood,Mt Hope

32 35 145 25 Yathong NR John Warren, NPWS 11.83 32 35 145 35 Yathong NR RAOU (R Moffatt) 1.81 32 35 146 25 Black Range/ Mrs G. Berry 1975-80 The Pinnacle Wilkerboon, Mt Hope 32 35 147 15 Wilmatha SF T Korn, Dubbo 11.84 32 35 147 25 Emuralley Cyril Ryan 1975-80 Emuralley, Tullamore

Werona/Currawong MH Colville 1975-82 Werona, Tullamore

32 35 147 25 roadsides Mrs PR Bolam 1975-81 Nevada, Tullamore 174

RJ Edwards 1975-80 Lagonda, Tullamore

32 45 141 05 Kimberley HC Bright 1975-80 Kimberley, Broken Hill

32 45 141 35 South Ita RJ Withers 1975-77 South Ita, Broken Hill 32 45 145 15 Coombie RAOU (J Houghton) 8.81

32 45 145 25 Yathong NR Andrew Slee, CSIRO 1.09.82 Plant Industry

32 45 145 55 Bundure D Buchanan 1982 Bundure, Mt Hope

32 45 146 15 Illawong LH Rudolf 1975-80 Norholm, Euabalong

32 45 146 45 Tollingo J Brickhill, NPWS 1978

32 45 148 15 Hervey ranges SL Gallagher 1975-80 Little Acres, Trewilga

32 55 141 15 Nagaella Geoff Rodda 1975-81 Nagaella, Wentworth 32 55 141 35 Woolcunda RA Seekamp 1975-81 Woolcunda, Broken Hill

32 55 145 55 Yara G Pendlebury 1981 Yara, Mt Hope

33 05 141 05 Lochlily MD French 1975-81 Lochlily, Burra, SA

33 05 145 55 Gunagie Joe Brettschneider 1975-80 Roto

33 05 146 15 Round Hill NR FOC (R Moffatt) 1975-76 FOC (N Schrader) 24.09.77 RAOU (N Hermes) 1978-79 J Brickhill, NPWS 1980-84

33 05 146 35 Alawa NK Mills 1975-80 Alawa Condobolin

Moulmain GR Norris 1975-80 Fairview, Burgooney

33 05 146 45 Advene IH Fair 1975-80 Advene, Tullibigeal 175

33 15 141 05 Ennisvale RC Bornholm 1975-81 Ennisvale, Wentworth

33 15 141 35 Springwood RAOU (M Withers) 1977 33 15 145 45 Lysmoyle DN Costello 1975 Lysmoyle, Hillston

33 15 145 55 Merri Merrigal John Costello 1976 Stobhall, Hillston

33 15 146 35 Currebah Kevin Skipworth 1975-81 Currebah, Lake Cargelligo Ooyenwai WJ Gleeson 1975-81 RMB 17 Burgooney roadsides AW Tyack, Tullibigeal 1983 33 25 141 05 Tarawi. John Martin 1975-81 Tarawi, Wentworth

33 25 143 25 Mandleman RAOU (P Maher) 11.01.80

33 25 146 25 Bellview Brian Brooks 1975-80 Box 26 Lake Cargelligo roadside Colin Bell 11.84 Police Stn, Tullibigeal 33 25 146 35 Burgooney RAOU (J Watt) 4.77 33 35 141 55 Garston TE Cullinan 1975-81 Waukeroo, Wentworth

33 35 143 55 Til Til Mrs RM Connell 1974-75 Til Til, Balranald

33 35 145 45 Mallee Downs FJ Parker 1 981 -82 Mallee Downs, Hillston Dun Doon FS Burgess 1975-80 Dundoon, Hillston Loughnan NR Paul Pickford, 3.82 Hillston Inverness K McMaster 1975-80 Inverness, Hillston

33 35 145 55 Onedin Ian Erskine 1975-81 Onedin, Merriwagga

33 35 146 25 Anderloose HL Wilson 5.82 Anderloose, Naradhan

33 35 146 35 Gubbata P Lord 1975-81 Kilbrogan, Gubbata 33 45 141 45 Watara SJ Watts 1 981 Watara 176

Quambi RAOU (H Holland) 1977-78

33 45 141 55 1975-80 McKinley, Merriwagga

33 45 145 45 Stackpoole SF GW Pfitzner 3.1982 Caromar, Goolgowi

33 45 146 15 Jimberoo SF Bob Chalmers 10.82 Forestry Commission Taronga SW Trembath 1975-82 Taronga, Naradhan

33 45 146 45 Mulyan Cyril Kalms 1975-84 Mulyan, Weethalle roadside HG Loydon 1 981 -82 Roseneath, Weethalle

33 55 142 25 Wamberra E Byrnes 1975-80 Wamberra, Mildura Wamberra W Dornbusch, NPWS 31.03.86

33 55 142 45 Petro JM Doyle 1975-80 Petro, Mildura

33 55 145 55 Stackpoole SF J Rose 9.81 Carlisle, Hillston Darryl Thacker 6.84 Middleton Ave, Griffith

33 55 146 05 Acres Douglas Heath 1981 Acres, Yenda Pulletop NR RAOU (Many observers) 1977-80 FOC records 1979 NPWS 1975-86 Woronora Maurice Pfitzner 1975 Woronora, Rankin Springs

33 55 146 25 Mining Reserve Bill Schmetzer 1975-80 (Taleeban) Wattle Vale, Erigolia

33 55 146 45 Woodlands SR Wood 1975-80 Woodlands, Yalgogrin J Brickhill, NPWS 1982-86

33 55 147 05 Blue Malle SF RAOU (RJ Turner) 8.12.77

roadsides 10km GE Deel 1975-80 W of West Wyalong Glendale, Tallimba AV Koop 1981 Winnora, Girral Richard Kitto 1975-81 East Yalgogrin, Tallimba Tallimbalong Geoff Davis 1975-81 Tallimbalong, West Wyalong 177

34 05 142 25 Mallee Cliffs NP M Pittavino, NPWS 1980-81 34 05 142 35 Mallee Cliffs NP M Pittavino, NPWS 1980-81

34 05 146 25 Culhane R Robertson 1975-80 Wattle Range, Binya roadside, 20km Jim Ellis N Garoolgan 32 Norilla St 1975-79 Griffith 34 05 146 35 Sifton Bush Peter John 3.82 Salisbury Downs Moomboodool Allan Bairds Richard Vickers 1975-79 property Angles, Moomboodool Bobadil RH Woolner 11.80 Bobadil, Barellan 34 05 146 45 Nestorville RG Dunlop 1975-80 Nestorville, Tallimba 34 05 147 05 Buddigower NR J Brickhill, NPWS 1975-85

34 05 147 15 Arcadia Ned Wheatley 1975-85 Arcadia, West Wyalong

34 15 142 25 Mallee Cliffs NP M Pittavino, NPWS 1980-81

34 15 142 35 Mallee Cliffs NP M Pittavino, NPWS 1980-81

34 15 142 55 Gulthul HW Leslie 1975-81 Gulthul, Euston

34 15 147 35 Gloaming Helen Kite 1981 Gloaming, Narraburra

34 25 147 25 Ingalba NR RAOU (M Cochrane) 9.77 Raymond McKelvie 9.82

34 35 142 55 Sunnyside Leo Finch 1975-80 Sunnyside, Balranald

34 35 143 25 Mylatchie RJ Parker 1975-81 Box 117 Balranald 8.77

34 35 147 25 Ingalba NR RAOU (M Cochrane) 1975 HC Coddington Oakleigh, Temora 178

Appendix 3.1 Abbreviations used in table of current records.

FOC = Field Ornithologist Club of New South Wales RAOU = records submitted to RAOU Field Atlas (Blakers et. al. 1984)

NP = National Park

NR = Nature Reserve SF = State Forest

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() to 9 8,s „....gootis Craig\ milers II Yorrarla 111 Bore (MA U 4.„ inri ■Vlarroda Tank II II ir--

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Figure 4.6 Location of areas sampled by aerial survey at Lysmoyle (top) and Nombinnie sites (bottom). Lines hatched approximate transect lines flown. Map from 1:250,000 Topographic Cargelligo SI 55-6 and Nymagee SI 55-2. North is at top of map.

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Figure 4.5 Location of area sampled by aerial survey at Pooncarie site • Lines hatch approximate transect lines flown. Map from 1:250,000 Topographic Pooncarie SI 54-8. North is at the top of map.

48 49 38 39 141uu 5 33 °Of 10 18 1 / brook Damn

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Figure 4.4 Location of areas sampled by aerial survey at Dangalli site (left) and Tarawi site (right). Lines hatched approximate transect lines flown. Map from 1:250,000 Topographic Chowilla SI 54-6 and Anabranch SI 54-7. North is at top of map. Figure 4.3 Location of area sampled by aerial survey at Big Desert site. Lines hatched approximate transect lines flown. Map from 1:250,000 Topographic Ouyen SI 54-15. Figure 4.2 Location of areas sampled by aerial surveys at Wyperfeld (east) (west A) and (west B) sites. Lines hatched approximate transect lines flown. Map from 1:250,000 Topographic Ouyen SI 54-15. North is at top of map.

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---- — — I -T7-- •:; C.1_ — j- i r--.: 1 , -----,<- i •c ------sr -.. , ___ _.---• I _-7 i Z3Vr 33 __;..-;..=------;at--- ---• ---4,-...--,-,_ ---,—, j --e t ....--- —4— -- ....4 ----.....■,0- --,....,_ ___..-.,-__ 61,../ • -, . L. ...... ■-■1.. —...., -t- -- t...... ---" ,./ ....--...... _ / _....,______;_,-. ..._...... - . _ ...... -,....,-- N 1 ., ..----,/- _ -----._--- _____ ,------•43_7 -..e" ----- ----4------ \ --__N ! 1 ------ .4. -----..4. — _--- --\------7.,- ( \ ■-, ___ ... N:.,. e•,n —_-, ----,.._2:::- "------..-___\ —_---... ------,..,....-.11"- -- Average height al senctudieLJO moues _. / --, — . / ------ "Itt----) i--_, -` -1--s , N------,--1---. -,-,D /i ->, ----._ /___--. -----__---pe cr1=-2\--- If I • 4?- _---- _ -- --:-----<?"\...,- N !---,. z `- 0/d dry Wail ri. --i-jj ---;■....,. ..--..-.=-:_■"I..-==,=-----7---...... ,-Ai. ------ - --- ),.__ -, 1" 7 V/ /--- I -._/ Average heigal .;130n4irmiges iC ,. ---) /--\ I , , \, 7,_.....,___• t / _ -_ • v. _. . / •••1.. ,-;" "-s. -••----•---__ _Z.) 1 .\--,- 11) 1) I), r , --1 1 j.,.._.."-----.- .,-. _ \ ------/ Oldritry la e 1 _3,714,_, • 42 ..> J, 1,, f 6

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1-141071;:4" Mileleuca .-.■•■••••• I !F . • r 44%. •9 2 lake Beam 4 _ Rrr • Ife-4-4" 7.4 Figure 4.1 Location of areas sampled by aerial surveys at Sunset site (top) and Pink Lakes site (bottom). Lines hatched approximate transect lines flown. Map from 1:250,000 Topographic Mildura SI 54-11 and Ouyen SI 54-15. North is at top of map. 185

APPENDIX 5.1 FOOD OF MALLEEFOWL

A. General food recorded for Malleefowl

Fungus Chandler 1913, 1934

Berries Bennett 1883, Campbell 1884, Bellchambers 1916, Frith 1962a

Seeds Bennett 1883, Campbell 1884, Bellchambers 1916, Frith 1962a

Tender Shoots Bennett 1883, Campbell 1884, Chandler 1913, Bellchambers 1916, Lea and Gray 1935, Frith 1962a

Bulbs Bellchambers 1916, J. Benshemesh pers. comm.

Insects Bennett 1883, Campbell 1884, Bellchambers 1916, Leake in Ashby 1929, Chandler 1934, Frith 1962a

Water (dew) Bellchambers 1916 (rainfall pools) Campbell 1884, Frith 1962a

B. Non-food items found in the gut

Sand Booth 1986, this study

Litter Booth 1986, this study

C. Specific food items of Malleefowl

1. Plants

Species Growth Form Food Item Reference

Acacia brachybotrya shrub blossom,seed Frith 1962a Acacia buxifolia shrub blossom,seed Frith 1962a 186

Appendix 5.1 (cont.) Acacia hakeoides shrub blossom,seed Frith 1962a Acacia rigens shrub blossom,seed Bellchambers 1916 Frith 1962a Acacia stenophylla tree seed Bellchambers 1916 Acacia sp. seed Bellchambers 1916 this study Arthropodium strictum herb seed pods, Booth 1986 stems Beyeria opaca shrub bud, blossom Chandler 1913 seed, fruit Frith 1962a Carthamus lanatus herb seed this study Cassia eremophila shrub blossom,seed Frith 1962a Cassytha melantha vine seed, fruit Lea Gray 1935 Booth 1986 Dodonaea bursariifolia shrub seed Booth 1986 Einadia hastata herb seed, fruit this study Enchylaena tomentosa shrub seed Booth 1986 Eriostemon difformis shrub seed Frith 1962a Galium sp. herb seed this study Owenia acidula tree seed Cleland 1952 Pittosporum sp. tree seed Frith 1962a Ranunculus sp. herb seed this study Santalum acuminatum tree seed Cleland 1952 Sclerolina sp. herb green tip Booth 1986 Sida sp. herb seed, fruit this study Solanum sp. herb seed, fruit this study Triticum aestivum herb seed Lea Gray 1935 this study Thysanotus patersonii herb bulb J.Benshemesh (pers.comm.) Zygophyllum sp. herb seed pods Booth 1986

2. Animal Foods

Aranaceae Booth 1986 Blattodae Frith 1962a, Booth 1986 Coleoptera Frith 1962a, Booth 1986 Hemiptera Booth 1986 Hemiptera (Psyllidae) Benshemesh(pers. comm.) Priddel(pers. comm.) Hymenoptera Ross 1919, Frith 1962a, Booth 1986 Odonata Booth 1986 Orthoptera Booth 1986 187

APPENDIX 5.2

Plants recorded at Yalgogrin site, with observed abundance, seed and fruit sizes. Plants identified in scats and plants where genus only identified in scats marked by asterisk. SEED/FRUIT SPECIES ABUNDANCE LENGTH (mm) Acacia hakeoides uncommon 4 Acacia lineata uncommon 3 Arctotheca calendula uncommon c. 2.5 Atriplex spinibractea rare 3-6 Billardiera versicolor rare 10-14 Callitris endlicheri common 2.5 Callitris glaucophylla common 2.5 Calotis cuneifolia abundant 1.5-2 Carthamus lanatus uncommon 3 Cassinia aculeata uncommon 1 Cassytha melantha common 10 Centaurea melitersis uncommon 1.5 Cheilanthes tenuifolia uncommon - Chenopodium pumilio rare 1.5 Chloris sp. uncommon 1-2 Danthonia caespitosa abundant 1 Daucus glochidiatus uncommon 4 Daviesia ulicifolia rare 5 Dodonaea cuneata common 2 Einadia hastata abundant 3 Eragrostis cilianensis common 0.5 Erodium crinitum abundant 5 Eucalyptus behriana common 0.5-1 Eucalyptus dumosa uncommon 0.5-1 Eucalyptus microcarpa uncommon 0.5-1 Eucalyptus polybractea abundant 0.5-1 Eucalyptus sideroxylon common 0.5-1 Eucalyptus viridis abundant 0.5-1 Exocarpus cupressiformis uncommon 5 Galium sp. uncommon 1-2 Gnaphalium luteo-album uncommon 0.5 Gnaphalium sphaericium uncommon 0.5 Goodenia ovata uncommon 2.5 Helichrysum bracteatum uncommon 1 Helichrysum semipapposum common 1 Helichrysum tuckeri uncommon 0.5 Lepidium dubium uncommon 1.5 Lepidium hyssopifolium uncommon 2.5-3 Melaleuca lanceolata uncommon 0.5-1 Melaleuca uncinata abundant 0.5-1 Myoporum desertii rare 6 Myoporum platycarpum uncommon 6 Olearia decurrens uncommon 2 Olearia floribunda uncommon 1-2 Olearia tenuifolia uncommon 2 Panicum effusum uncommon 1-1.5 188

Appendix 5.2 (cont.)

Plantago turrifera uncommon 3 Platysace lanceolata uncommon 2 Prostanthera aspalathoides uncommon 4 Pultenaea largiflorens rare 3 Ranunculus sp. uncommon 2-5 Rapistrum rugosum uncommon 2 Santalum acuminatum common 15-20 Senecio glossanthus common 1 Sida sp. uncommon 5-10 Solanum simile uncommon 10-15 Spergularia rubra common 4-5 Stipa sp. common 1-1.5 Trifolium arvense common 1-2 Trifolium glomeratum common 1-2 Triticum aestivum abundant 6 Wahlenbergia sp. common fruit 5 seed 0.5-1 Appendix 5.3 Area and number of particles in 0.25g samples of Malleefowl scat. 189

Food Item Triticum Cassytha Einadia Carthamus Acacia Solanum Ranunculus Seed 6 Seed 7 Seed 12 Seed 14 Seed 15 Seed 16 Seed 18 seed seed seed seed seed seed seed ane 1 1.0 2 2 11.5 21 1.8 4 3 2.8 6 9.9 9 4 1.4 2 4.1 4 1.0 1 1.0 1 5 4.6 7 . 6 1.3 1 7 2.5 2 8 9 10 11 12 2.6 3

21.1 38 0 0 22.2 23 1.0 1 1.0 1

13 0.5 1 1.3 1 5.4 6 14 1.7 2 15 0.8 2 13.0 11 16 0.4 1 2.3 2 17 7.6 11 1.2 2 18 4.1 12 2.5 3 19 19.3 31 5.0 8 20 21 71.5 75 10.8 15 22 28.7 32 4.3 6 23 232.5 244 5.7 8 24 109.6 115 6.1 7 25 2.8 3 26 27 2.1 2 47.8 57 28 0.5 1 2.2 3 14.6 19 29 13.7 22 30 0.9 2 3.5 6 0.8 1 31 5.9 14 1.4 2 32 1.9 5 2.0 3 33 0.8 1 34 4.8 12 2.8 5 35 17.5 26 36 6.4 12 10.0 20

473.8 521 21.6 49 0 0 7.1 8 114.1 161 0 0 1.3 1 26.1 26 32.7 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 10.1 23 6.0 6 38 0.5 1 3.0 4 0.9 1 39 14.3 28 10.0 11 40 3.6 4 41 10.1 25 14.6 24 2.3 4 42 2.3 4 5.9 9 0.4 2 43 1.3 1 27.3 27 44 0.9 1 28.7 47 45 19.2 30 4.1 5 46 13.6 13 47 23.2 37 3.8 5 48 40.1 74 49 172.5 281 0.3 1 50 20.8 25 2.3 4 51 15.6 24 0.5 1 52 1.2 1 83.5 136 5.9 7 53 0.3 1 3.2 3 93.3 152 0.8 1 8.1 9 54 23.7 30 3.5 5 55 1.2 1 1.3 1 1.2 1 56 1.9 3 0.5 1 0.4 1 0.6 1 3.3 5 57 1.3 2 58 0.4 1 1.6 2 2.5 3 2.3 3 4.2 7 59 1.3 1 0.6 1 1.3 2 1.3 2 60 0.5 1 0.4 1 3.3 4 2.9 5 61 5.5 9 62 5.5 9 63 124.0 202 4.2 1 4.3 4 64 14.1 23 0.3 1 1.0 1 65 0.6 1 66 0.5 1 60.0 89 2.3 2

62.0 82 39.5 86 51.6 66 559.2 902 48.9 78 114.2 163 0 0 0.8 1 11.4 17 7.9 10 14.0 16 8.1 10 13.0 21 7.6 7

Total 535.8 603 82.4 173 51.6 66 566.4 910 163.1 239 114.2 163 23.5 24 27.9 28 45.1 63 7.9 10 14.0 16 8.1 10 13.1 21 7.6 7

Appendix 5.3 (cont.) 190

oo• Item Seed Einadia Sida Fibres Petal Leaf Unknown Unknown Arthropod Sand Opaque Total no. (other) fruit fruit plant 1 plants particles particles

sample 1.5 2.0 2 1.4 2 8.1 10 1.5 2 6.7 7 28 2 1.0 1 0.8 1 1.6 2 1.5 2 20.8 12 50 3 2.0 2 9.0 23 4.5 6 4.7 7 0.6 1 54 4 0.3 1 5.7 57 3.8 2 3.2 2 1.8 3 73 5 2.4 8 1.8 2 0.5 1 5.6 8 26 6 0.5 1 7.6 4 2.6 3 1.0 1 2.1 2 12 7 4.3 30 27.4 40 8.8 12 84 8 0.9 5 19.0 30 6.7 7 4.0 6 0.6 1 9.7 13 62 9 3.1 12 22.1 33 8.0 10 1.8 2 11.4 12 69 10 4.3 27 48.8 86 9.9 3 4.6 6 1.0 1 7.1 5 128 11 0.3 1 14.0 22 13.9 5 0.8 1 11.9 7 10.8 8 44 12 8.0 40 3.46 1.5 2 3.0 3 54

3.0 3 0.3 1 41.3 214 3.8 2 5.0 4 142.0 226 41.5 24 53.6 71 19.3 16 69.2 60 684

13 1.7 3 11.2 14 0.3 1 5.1 6 32 14 1.1 1 1.4 7 11.9 26 1.0 2 1.0 1 39 15 1.7 7 31.5 45 1.4 2 2.4 3 70 16 1.1 1 0.6 5 16.1 24 4.9 5 38 17 1.2 1 0.2 1 7.8 10 0.5 1 2.3 5 12.8 16 2.3 2 49 18 1.0 7 16.2 22 8.3 14 16.9 10 1.4 2 70 19 9.6 15 5.7 2 4.2 4 60 20 7.6 10 4.1 6 16 21 26.8 34 2.4 1 8.4 10 12.8 9 144 22 2.1 3 0.8 2 5.8 8 7.6 10 61 23 3.1 6 15.3 21 1.0 1 280 24 0.3 1 5.4 5 12.5 15 1.1 1 144 25 13.8 19 8.8 10 32 26 1.9 2 23.2 14 2.3 4 20 27 0.5 1 12.1 16 0.5 1 77 28 1.2 2 19.2 32 1.4 2 59 29 4.0 5 12.1 7 2.2 3 37 30 0.3 1 1.5 4 2.1 1 0.8 1 16 31 1.1 2 0.7 1 19 32 2.9 2 9.7 15 25 33 1.3 2 4.1 6 3.4 2 0.3 1 13 34 0.6 2 0.4 1 20 35 7.1 6 11.3 14 1.9 1 3.2 4 51 36 2.1 4 36

4.1 4 0 0 0 0 6.9 31 0 0 50.8 66 73.3 113 4.0 56 183.1 239 48.4 27 54.0 61 1408

37 2.5 4 0.3 2 1.1 2 30.4 38 75 38 0.3 1 11.4 14 0.8 2 23 39 2.8 8 12.9 19 1.1 2 68 40 1.1 2 2.7 3 9 41 0.8 2 37.3 29 12.3 17 0.5 •1 102 42 5.5 11 3.3 6 32 43 3.5 3 4.5 6 37 44 28.5 10 4.6 6 1.2 1 65 45 24.2 37 17.6 27 99 46 0.2 1 4.3 7 21 47 6.5 8 14.1 31 14.2 19 100 48 14.4 12 11.9 17 105 49 8.3 10 292 50 0.5 1 12.2 14 44 51 1.5 4 2.5 5 34 52 2.2 2 146 53 0.3 1 6.8 8 1.2 2 177 54 0.6 1 4.3 6 42 55 3.3 2 12.3 18 23 56 2.4 21 1.4 2 10.4 19 53 57 0.7 3 1.6 3 8 58 1.3 4 2.1 2 7.3 12 34 59 0.6 4 0.9 1 2.5 1 7.7 15 27 60 0.3 2 1.0 1 9.7 16 30 61 0.1 1 7.3 11 21 62 0.4 1 5.3 8 18 63 2.6 2 1.5 1 210 64 9.1 15 40 65 0.3 1 1.8 6 16.4 42 50 66 2.0 3 6.2 13 13.0 17 1.0 2 127

0 0 2.5 4 33.5 50 6.0 38 0 0 4.8 6 0 0 126.5 140 269.1 402 7.6 8 2.4 5 2112

Total 7.1 7 2.5 4 33.5 50 54.2 283 3.8 2 60.6 76 215.3 339 208.0 220 505.8 712 75.3 51 125.6 126 4204

Appendix 7.1 Example of a field record sheet for habitat estimates.

PROGRAM Yelja.er, [ ROUTINE /Vest- 5- !MIT 13 /l/gt STATE- C •~- p MENT N 0 = ZERO 1 = OM: 2= 1 V./ 0 NO. 0 z ALFliA 0 I . Al PHA I t :. At furl 2 - N $ t4 bir-ecil: 4,mA g 4- E- , s I W t 14,,t4-1-,- -Ciac_40,-s 1 .1.11111 ill /, • ,?1:!1_? 1 11 b l 1" l" C)P • P1. 1 1; 1 1 lI" . 1-51.,q,,1- t e l . ° 1 , "H 31,,15-11,!1P,,•A?1)1"1,, 41•4141- . , I i •1 . 1, ?i 1 •1 , 1- 1 "1,"1.M".•1,1,..1.!1-.1-11"

0 5 7 LA0 _.J01 11 g l 161 1 8 1 141 P2., 61 171 1 / 1. 1 61 . 157 .3, _ 1/1_181 .1 71_157 Z. .1 I. i ,4-7., ,c - 0 Vet h- 1 C.r( 1441/4E-(2-S•111111111 5;_ialo _ pia. 21 .is, i 5,-.11 6, igi it, ill ,e, 7, AA. I- i5:7..A 7,1 i k i i4. ---i 1 „.....v.,-, a , stiwp, , ,1,-,..1.,,, 5-, iao _ P31 11 Ili al ST I / I 1, ral I t I ial 1 61 57 ,g7 1/ L a • 1 -7 71 i 1.( 1 CariATel- 1 ori ill1/44-Itc.4-51 1 10 7 il I An I ?51 AID ._P1i--1 11 ,/ 1 I It 1 li 1 I, 11 1 1 1 1 1 1.1 / 1 1 /1. LA / 1. l i t I f , 1 f t it _1 1_1 1"7 I Cov44-/A-looixeighe s - 4-, T.1 cal ,00d i i i i i i i 1 i IA. Pr5, II I II I l l I F l 11 1 I F I 1 1 1 i f I I F 1 1.1 1 1 P4 : if, if! , .1_1... I I 1 Coot- Miluvidgm02_, 1 1-,04.4) I :Si_ A 0 . p1 61 ga4 PII. i-i. r2, ... Fal • fa, I/ i 1 / 1 1 1..1 / Lai 1 f; I i i /1..1 1 1 i 41--, Cbiete".,. , p ,(i , 42-44,-,siiilit

_1171 I • PII Fli 1-31 Pi at. :/ 1 1 (C■ 1 i 1 1 i 1 II i / 1 ;(31, ii, 1 I I i i 1 1 1 1 T7 1 COI Vili`i 10f1 t -54-er---111,1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 51 .15) .0,g, , ili ,ct-, if, I, 5- ,5--- F2, 6 .61 41 pz, .5-7 :6, 17, 7 I 1 1 1 . --7. , C_%2(Azt d,i , , iil 8-e, t.--7- , I i 1 I 1 1111111 .5-7. iall Plc, „57 i5: 057 57p2, 1-, ,57, i6.- 5 !-5-: r57. :57 ;57:- 57 i i i57-7-,2-4, E. ,.I,. , cat.11Q , A I ialo ,1 x), 6, ,6, g), ,6 1 ;37 1" 61 1 6 6, , ,6, ,6, ,6 : 6, 1.. , i`777 ,ne e-- , siv\.c..2- oti9A/1•cAd +17i 57 ao itill 111111. 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 .1 _A. 1 I 1 I. 1 I td-rr Ut1s.1-a v‘ esz.....- 4-0 i e-41,e...._ „ ,

5, 1a0 1( a, 07 , 11 ill 1 1111 1 1_111.11_1.11 1 1. I_ t 1".71---. t`5 tn. ce_ 14-o A Q-o 1-e54-1 irf• 9 U I A _t_it 11111111 111 1_411 I I I 1 .1.1_1_4.1. . _1_1. 1 1 1.1 1 1111..1.111 Iliii1.11

1...1. 1 1 1 ,4134,J, ,=,cle.s... i11111 111111.111 ..1111111 11111111 .11111111 I.

I___L_ I I WO!, 1 1 1 ill111 1. 1 1 1..1 .1 1 .1_1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1_1.111111 1_1111111

L. 1 1 I tO vriciRerr- I iitt. 11111111 1 1.1. 111.11.1 1111111. 11111111 1.1111111 1

1 1 _1_ 1 1 1 1 11111111 1111111 1111_1.11.11 1111111 1 )111111 11111i 1 1 Appendix 7.2 Habitat scores at nests

HABITAT FACTORS

H1 Tree cover H7 Grass cover H2 Tall shrub cover H8 Litter cover H3 Low shrub cover H9 Edge H4 Tall food-shrub cover H10 Time since disturbance H5 Low food-shrub cover H11 Distance to paddock edge H6 Herb cover H12 Distance to nearest neighbour

NEST LOCATIONS

NEST PREFIX Y = Yalgogrin A = Arcadia B Buddigower P Pulletop L Loughnan M = Mulyan EGGS

Number of eggs laid shown by number (0) = nest attended but no eggs laid (-) nest unused during the breeding season 192

APPENDIX 7.2 Habitat scores at active and unused nests

Line Nest eggs H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 1 Y1 19 6.8 3.4 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 5.1 2 0.1 2.05 3.93 2 Y3 21 4.1 3.1 2.7 1.6 1.4 1.8 3.1 3.2 5 0.8 0.34 7.18 3 Y5 20 5.3 4.7 3.5 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.9 4.9 1 0.3 0.34 3.07 4 Y7 15 3.9 2.0 2.3 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.9 12 0.6 0.85 7.52 5 Y8 15 2.1 2.3 4.4 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 2.8 5 1.6 3.42 1.60 6 Y9 15 3.6 2.7 3.5 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.5 3.4 4 1.0 2.05 1.36 7 Y10 19 5.6 5.0 2.9 1.3 1.4 2.5 3.2 4.2 1 0.2 0.68 7.01 8 Y12 10 6.4 5.8 3.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.2 4.1 0 0 3.07 3.59 9 Y13 19 6.3 5.4 2.8 1.1 1.1 1.9 1.9 4.0 1 0.1 2.34 3.59 10 Y14 10 5.3 4.3 3.3 1.1 1.0 1.9 1.3 3.8 2 0.4 5.14 1.53 11 Y16 15 4.8 3.5 4.3 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.4 3.9 6 1.0 1.70 2.05 12 Y17 12 3.8 3.9 4.4 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.5 3.8 5 0.9 2.56 2.05 13 Y20 23 5.4 4.3 2.5 1.2 1.0 2.1 1.8 4.1 4 0.3 1.53 3.07 14 Y21 14 3.6 2.9 4.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.9 3.7 5 1.2 2.02 2.39 15 Al 33 5.0 3.6 3.4 2.5 1.9 3.6 3.4 3.7 5 0.6 3.50 8.00 16 A2 29 4.4 4.4 4.9 1.1 1.3 2.2 1.8 3.2 5 1.2 3.00 8.00 17 B1 15 6.7 5.7 2.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 4.8 0 0 4.50 8.00 18 B2 14 5.9 6.0 2.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 4.1 10 0.2 1.70 8.00 19 B4 15 4.5 6.5 2.6 2.4 1.8 4.0 1.8 3.5 2 0 7.00 8.00 20 P2 28 7.3 3.4 2.0 1.1 1.8 2.6 3.0 4.3 0 0 4.20 6.00 21 P5 18 6.8 3.9 2.9 4.0 4.3 3.1 3.1 4.1 0 0 4.00 6.00 22 L2 25 6.3 3.8 3.1 1.9 2.6 2.7 4.1 4.1 0 0 3.80 10.0 23 L3 18 6.6 4.9 3.7 1.1 1.6 2.8 2.9 4.1 0 0 3.90 10.0 24 Y6 5 2.3 2.5 3.1 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.9 3.1 4 1.2 0.34 5.09 25 Y19 4 5.5 4.3 2.9 1.1 1.4 2.4 1.6 3.9 5 0.6 2.55 4.10 26 M1 6 4.1 4.1 3.1 2.8 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.5 13 0.3 0.50 4.00 27 M2 5 6.1 4.2 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.6 4.5 0 0 1.80 4.00 28 Y4 0 4.6 3.3 3.9 1.9 2.6 2.0 2.2 4.4 13 1.2 1.36 2.74 29 Y18 0 3.4 4.4 5.0 1.1 1.2 2.3 1.6 3.8 10 1.2 2.21 4.10 30 Y2 0 4.5 4.3 3.1 1.8 1.8 2.5 2.5 4.3 8 1.0 1.70 2.74 31 Y15 0 3.3 5.3 4.8 1.0 1.0 2.3 1.6 5.8 9 1.1 4.42 1.53 32 Yll - 6.9 4.2 3.1 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 4.3 0 0 2.55 3.06 33 Y33 - 3.0 3.4 4.2 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.1 3.0 10 1.2 3.57 4.25 34 Y34 - 2.3 2.5 3.8 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.1 3.0 2 1.3 2.72 2.72 35 Y35 - 2.5 1.9 3.7 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.8 3.8 3 1.1 5.10 4.93 36 Y36 - 2.4 2.4 4.1 1.1 1.0 1.9 1.9 2.9 5 1.5 4.25 3.06 37 Y37 - 6.3 1.3 1.0 2.3 2.4 3.9 2.2 4.0 4 0 1.53 4.42 38 Y38 - 4.3 5.1 4.9 3.1 3.1 1.8 1.6 3.5 7 1.2 3.23 1.87 39 Y46 - 7.3 3.4 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.6 3.6 0 0 4.08 2.64 40 Y47 - 1.8 3.3 5.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 2.9 2 1.6 4.76 1.70 41 Y48 - 3.8 6.5 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.9 2.1 3.6 2 0.3 0.51 2.72 42 M39 - 6.1 5.2 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.6 0 0 5.20 4.00 43 M40 - 6.8 4.1 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.6 2.4 4.0 0 0 1.60 3.00 44 P1 - 6.4 3.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.3 4.2 1 0.3 0.90 3.50 45 P4 - 7.3 2.4 1.6 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.2 3.8 0 0.2 1.10 5.50 46 LI - 7.3 4.9 2.9 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.6 0 0 0 3.80 47 B3 - 5.1 8.1 3.4 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.1 4.1 0 0 7.00 7.50 48 B5 6.3 2.8 2.1 5.3 3.9 4.6 2.7 3.9 11 0 7.00 2.50