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The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey The Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes: The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Schindler, Jan-Torge Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 12:41:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/630168 THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES: THE EXTREMELY LUMINOUS QUASAR SURVEY by Jan-Torge Schindler Copyright c Jan-Torge Schindler 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dis­ sertation prepared by Jan-Torge Schindler, titled The Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes: The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey and recom­ mend that it be accepte as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: July 26th 2018 Date: July 26th 2018 ate: July 26th 2018 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: July 26th 2018 DissertationDirector: Prof. Xiaohui Fan 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Jan-Torge Schindler 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I enrolled in physics at the Christian-Albrechts-Universit¨atzu Kiel in 2008, I would have never anticipated to become an astronomer. I was instead interested in questions pertaining to quantum mechanics and grand unified theory. It was the professor of the beginners' course \Mathematical Methods for Physicists", Wolfgang Duschl, who kindled my excitement for astrophysics, which led me where I am today. He played an instrumental role during my undergraduate and graduate careers as my Bachelor's and Master's thesis supervisor. It was his suggestion to consider Steward Observatory for my year abroad, which inadvertently led me to become a graduate student in Arizona. I would like to thank him for all of his advice over the last ten years as a mentor and a good friend. During my year abroad, I took up an interesting theory project in the field of stellar evolution with David Arnett and Betsy Green. However, Betsy made sure that I would still learn the traditional astronomer's tools of the trade by taking me on many observing runs that year. The long, exciting science discussions between the three of us were often a source of inspiration for me and shaped my conception of scientific discourse. I want to thank you both for accompanying and guiding me during my first shaky steps as a scientist. And soon enough I will make sure to follow Dave's recommendation to go to the beach, relax and enjoy the ocean, for only a free mind can unravel nature's mysteries. As the year abroad ended, I went back to Kiel to finish my Master's degree in collaboration with Xiaohui Fan. This was the beginning of a journey that finds its conclusion in Steward Observatory and with the work at hand. The last five years have been the defining period of my adult life and I am deeply grateful to my current supervisor Xiaohui Fan, who has guided me along the path to become a fully fledged astronomer. He not only encouraged me to develop my own ideas and solutions but also allowed me to fail with them. Not many advisors would have taken that risk nor given me that chance and I am thankful that he did. Failure is the greatest teacher, after all. During these years, he also imparted his joy for the night sky and the excitement of observational discovery to me, which I hope to pass along to future generations. My colleagues and peers at Steward Observatory provided a wonderfully vibrant scientific environment, within which it was a pleasure to pursue this daring endeavor. Ian McGreer answered many practical questions and was an invaluable resource to navigate the field of quasars. Yun-Hsin Huang supported me as my co-observer during many VATT runs and also taught me how to cook Asian food. Feige Wang, Jinyi Yang, Anna Patej and Minghao Yue helped me all in meaningful ways. I also want to thank my dissertation committee members, Stephanie Juneau, Daniel 5 Stark, Richard Green and George Rieke for their counsel and criticism. This thesis would not have been possible without the data acquired at the VATT and MMT telescopes nor without the support of the Steward Observatory staff. I am grateful for the professional support of Richard Boyle, Paul Gabor, Cris Corbally, Gary Gray, Chris Johnson, Michael Franz, Kenneth Duffek, Scott Swindell, Taras Golota, Joannah Hinz and Grant Williams. Michelle Cournoyer, Diana Sigala and Miranda Cox patiently guided me through the many necessary academic forms and reimbursement requests. Paul Hart always made sure that my computer would be up and running. My friends throughout graduate school have made Tucson feel like home to me. Jan Rydzak, Debbie Schmidt and Andri Taruna were among the first I met and adventurous road trips formed an everlasting bond - Let's stay Fabulous forever. I also treasure the deep evening discussions about life, the Universe and everything with my long term house-mate Nicolas Garavito. When I needed practical advice or a short diversion from work, my office mates and friends in Steward Observatory were always there for me: Brian Svoboda, Junhan Kim, Rachel Smullen, Adam Sutherland, Ragadeepika Pucha, Decker French and Justin Spilker. Thank you for the help with Python, the strolls to my favorite coffee shop or the insightful non- astronomical discussions. My family has given me this chance to chase my dreams. Thank you for sup- porting me throughout this endeavor and giving me a home, I could always return to during these years abroad. Of the many friends left at home in Germany, I want to single out my best friend, Milka. Our friendship knows no distance. Finally, I want to thank my love, Eva Miteva, who is able to brighten even the darkest days. 6 DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Wolfgang & Monika and Sigrid & Martin, and to the one person who holds my heart, to Eva. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . 11 LIST OF TABLES . 13 ABSTRACT . 15 CHAPTER 1 Introduction . 17 1.1 Quasars and the Evolution of Supermassive BHs . 18 1.2 Quasar and Galaxy Co-evolution . 21 1.3 Main results of the thesis . 24 CHAPTER 2 The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey (ELQS) in the SDSS footprint I. Infrared Based Candidate Selection . 26 2.1 Introduction . 26 2.2 Photometry . 29 2.2.1 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) . 29 2.2.2 The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) . 30 2.2.3 The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) . 30 2.3 Bright High-z Quasars Missed By SDSS . 31 2.3.1 Notes on the Brightest, Missed High Redshift Quasars in the SDSS Spring Sky Footprint . 35 2.4 Bright Quasar selection based on near-infrared photometry . 37 2.4.1 The JKW2 Color Cut . 37 2.4.2 Photometric completeness of 2MASS and WISE . 42 2.4.3 Galaxy Rejection using the Petrosian Radius . 42 2.5 Photometric Redshift Estimation and Quasar-Star Classification . 45 2.5.1 Training Sets . 46 2.5.2 Introduction to Random Forest Methods . 48 2.5.3 Introduction to Support Vector Machines . 50 2.5.4 Photometric Redshift Estimation . 52 2.5.5 Quasar-Star Classification . 60 2.5.6 On the prospect of using only Random Forests for Quasar Selection . 67 2.6 The ELQS Quasar Candidate Catalog . 67 2.6.1 Area coverage of the ELQS Survey . 67 2.6.2 Construction of the Candidate Catalog . 68 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS { Continued 2.7 Conclusion . 69 CHAPTER 3 The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey (ELQS) in the SDSS footprint. II. The North Galactic Cap Sample . 73 3.1 Introduction . 73 3.2 ELQS Candidate Selection and Quasar Identifications from the Lit- erature . 76 3.2.1 The ELQS Candidate Selection . 76 3.2.2 ELQS Candidates in the Literature . 77 3.2.3 SDSS DR7 . 77 3.2.4 BOSS and eBOSS . 78 3.2.5 Million Quasar Catalog . 80 3.2.6 Yang et al. Bright Spectroscopic Quasar Survey . 80 3.2.7 HST GO Proposal 13013 - PI: Gabor Worseck . 81 3.3 Spectroscopic Observations and Data Reduction . 81 3.3.1 VATT Observations .
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