La Crête De Vimy : Les Enjeux Mémoriels D'un Territoire

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La Crête De Vimy : Les Enjeux Mémoriels D'un Territoire Victor Vendries 4e année Séminaire La Fabrique culturelle 2014 – 2015 La crête de Vimy : les enjeux mémoriels d’un territoire Entre pacifisme, récits nationaux et tourisme de mémoire (2004 – 2014) Figure 1 – Mémorial canadien de Vimy (Pas-de-Calais) © Scouts Canada Mémoire de 4e année Réalisé sous la direction de Claire Toupin-Guyot Maître de conférences en Histoire contemporaine à l’IEP de Rennes REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Mme Toupin-Guyot, ma directrice de mémoire, pour son encadrement tout au long de l’année. Sa grande disponibilité, son oreille attentive et ses conseils avisés m’ont été d’une utilité extrêmement précieuse. Je tiens également à exprimer toute ma gratitude à l’encontre de l’ensemble des acteurs qui ont accepté de m’accorder quelques minutes de leur précieux temps afin de répondre à mes questions. Universitaires, professionnels de la culture, des archives ou de l’éducation : sans eux, ce travail n’aurait pu aboutir. Mes remerciements vont tout particulièrement à Sylvestre Bresson, directeur de l’entreprise Terres de mémoire, qui m’a gracieusement proposé de visiter en sa compagnie des sites mémoriels de la Somme. Un grand merci également à ma famille qui m’a soutenu tout au long de l’année et tout particulièrement lors de la phase de finalisation et de relecture de ce mémoire : mon père, pour ses précieux conseils, ma mère, qui m’a emmené visiter les plages du Débarquement au début de l’année pour m’aider à définir mon sujet avec plus de précision, enfin mon oncle et ma tante, qui ont accepté de m’héberger le temps d’une semaine à Arras. Mes remerciements vont enfin à mes amis, et notamment à Clémentine, pour avoir supporté cette « invasion canadienne » imprévue au sein de notre colocation, ainsi qu’à Hamoudy, qui a toujours été présent pour m’encourager et me soutenir quand j’en avais besoin. RESUME Résumé : Le 9 avril 1917, lors de l’offensive d’Arras, les troupes canadiennes s’emparent de la stratégique crête de Vimy au prix de lourdes pertes. Ce lieu de mémoire devenu rapidement un mythe fondateur de la nation canadienne, s’articule aujourd’hui autour d’un triple rapport à l’espace et au territoire. Lieu de promotion du pacifisme et de commémorations, Vimy revêt tout d’abord un caractère transnational. Mais il se retrouve également au cœur de multiples récits nationaux, notamment canadiens et français, que certains politiciens tentent d’instrumentaliser. Enfin, haut-lieu du tourisme mémoriel, le mémorial canadien constitue un maillon du territoire local utilisé à des fins de marketing territorial. À la fois par-delà et en- deçà des frontières, Vimy est ainsi un lieu de mémoire aux ancrages multiples – qui se révèlent être parfois conflictuels. Mots-clefs : lieu de mémoire / pacifisme / récits nationaux / tourisme mémoriel / usages du passé Abstract: On April 9, 1917, during the Battle of Arras, the Canadian troops take possession of Vimy Ridge, with heavy casualties. This place of memory, which quickly became a founding myth for the Canadian nation, is today revolving around a threefold relationship to space and territory. A place of commemoration and promotion of pacifism, Vimy can be considered at first as transnational site. But it is also at the core of many national histories, especially Canadian and French, which are being exploited by some politicians. As it is a Mecca of remembrance tourism, the Canadian Memorial is eventually a key link to the local area, and is therefore used as a territorial marketing instrument. Both beyond and within boundaries, Vimy is thus a place of memory with multiple anchors – which sometimes prove to be in conflict. Key words: place of memory / pacifism / national narratives / remembrance tourism / uses of the past SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 6 PARTIE 1. PAR-DELÀ LES FRONTIÈRES : ENTRE PROMOTION DES VALEURS PACIFISTES ET DEVOIR DE MÉMOIRE. VIMY, UN LIEU DE MÉMOIRE À CARACTÈRE TRANSNATIONAL .................................................................................................. 16 I. Aux origines du lieu de mémoire : la bataille meurtrière de la « côte 145 »................................................. 17 II. Un management du site au service de la promotion des valeurs pacifistes et du devoir de mémoire ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 III. A l’ombre du mémorial : le rôle des « passeurs de mémoire » du pays d’Artois ................ 35 PARTIE 2. ENTRE DÉSINTÉRÊT DES UNS ET GLORIFICATION PAR LES AUTRES. VIMY, UN LIEU DE MÉMOIRE PORTEUR DU FAIT NATIONAL ......................................... 43 I. La désaffection française pour un lieu perçu comme canadien ................................................ 44 II. Le tournant nationaliste de Stephen Harper ou la mise en place d’un nouveau paradigme mémoriel (2006) ? ...................................................................................................................................... 53 III. « Entre deuil et mémoire » : construire la nation canadienne par le traumatisme ? ......... 62 PARTIE 3. ENTRE TOURISME DE MÉMOIRE ET USAGES DU PASSÉ. VIMY, UN LIEU DE MÉMOIRE LOCAL AU CŒUR DE DIFFÉRENTES POLITIQUES MÉMORIELLES .... 68 I. Un capital économique et symbolique à exploiter : Vimy à l’ère du tourisme de mémoire et du marketing territorial ........................................................................................................................... 69 II. Un filon prospère : la constitution d’une filière touristique de la mémoire pour répondre au boom des visiteurs ............................................................................................................................... 78 III. Local ou (trans)national ? La crête de Vimy : un lieu dominé par les usages du passé ..... 83 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 91 TABLE DES SIGLES − AFP Agence France Presse − ARDT Agence de Réservation et de Développement Touristiques − CEC Corps Expéditionnaire Canadien − CDT Comité Départemental de Tourisme − CRT Comité Régional de Tourisme − CWGC Commonwealth War Graves Commission − IWGC Imperial War Graves Commission − NPD Nouveau Parti Démocratique − ONAC Office National des Anciens Combattants et victimes de guerre − OT Office de Tourisme INTRODUCTION “Le Monument commémoratif du Canada à Vimy témoigne de la grande force du Canada et de son attachement à la liberté. Il témoigne aussi de la profonde solidarité qui lie le Canada et la France. En dernier lieu, il témoigne surtout de la vaillance, du courage et du sacrifice des braves Canadiens qui ont inspiré un jeune pays à devenir une magnifique nation1.” – Elizabeth II, reine du Canada (2007) Lieu pacifiste ou lieu patriotique ? Ces quelques phrases extraites du discours prononcé par Elizabeth II, reine du Canada, lors de la cérémonie commémorative du 90e anniversaire de la bataille de Vimy, soulignent combien la crête de Vimy est un lieu de mémoire important, porteur d’une symbolique multiple et autour duquel viennent se cristalliser de nombreux enjeux mémoriels. Située à quelques kilomètres au Nord d’Arras, dans le Pas-de-Calais, la crête de Vimy est un important lieu de mémoire canadien de la Grande Guerre. Le 9 avril 1917, dans le cadre de la vaste opération de la bataille d’Arras lancée par les puissances alliées, les divisions canadiennes – réunies pour la première fois depuis 1914 sur un même champ de bataille – s’emparent de la stratégique « côte 145 » – dénommée aussi crête de Vimy, d’après le nom de la commune limitrophe. Cette éclatante victoire canadienne – seule réussite de l’offensive de l’Artois – est aussitôt reprise dans de nombreux journaux à travers le monde, qui soulignent la bravoure de tous les soldats du CEC, le Corps Expéditionnaire Canadien. En signe de reconnaissance, les généraux britanniques – le Canada n’est en effet encore qu’un Dominion dont la politique étrangère est gérée par le Royaume-Uni – accordent aux officiers canadiens le droit de commander eux-mêmes leurs propres troupes durant le reste du conflit. Autre fait marquant : suite à sa participation dans la Grande Guerre, le Canada se voit également octroyer le privilège de siéger à la table de la Conférence de Versailles ainsi que d’apposer sa signature au traité de juin 1919. En 1936, le souverain Édouard VIII inaugure sur la crête de Vimy – cédée au Canada par la France en 1922 – le mémorial canadien éponyme, en présence du président de la République française Albert Lebrun. Plus de 6 000 Canadiens ont fait le déplacement pour 1 “90th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, 9 April 2007”, The Official Website of the British Monarchy [en ligne]. http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Speechesandarticles/2007/TheQueensspeechatthe90thanniversary oftheBattleofVi.aspx (consulté le 10 avril 2015). 6 assister à la cérémonie. Le général Ross déclare lors de son discours, en faisant référence au jour de la bataille : « C’était tout le Canada, de l’Atlantique au Pacifique, qui passait. J’ai pensé alors que pendant ces quelques minutes, j’assistais à la naissance d’un pays1. » Cette phrase, entrée aujourd’hui dans la mémoire collective des Canadiens, est l’un des points de départ de la constitution de la bataille de Vimy en « mythe national canadien », qui se diffuse et
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