s,dsrbto n erdcini n eim rvddteoiia oki rprycited. properly is work original the Creative provided the of medium, terms any the antiquity in under reproduction distributed and article, distribution Access ( use, Open licence an is Attribution This Commons 2018. Ltd, Publications Antiquity © nteacaooia eodo rsn-a emr n otenSee.Temiddle The Sweden. southern and Denmark ( present-day Age evident of is Iron influence record Roman archaeological but Empire, the Roman the in of part never was Scandinavia Southern Introduction Alfsdotter Clara borg Sandby at a massacre of fifth-century evidence late time: in frozen moment A ∗ 2 1 eiiu,sca n cnmcpwrwscnndt h ad farln lt,with elite, ruling (Näsman a south of the to hands Empire the Roman to the into confined Hansen far was reaching power networks economic social and social religious, Keywords: ywnigcnrlo ea mot ytemaso ewrsetbihdtruhsuch through established networks of least means not the structure, by power imports political metal unstable of and control hierarchical winning a in by status obtain and wealth 0km N eateto uemAcaooy amrCut uem o 0,Kla -92,Sweden S-39121, Kalmar 104, Box Museum, County Sweden Udevalla, Kalmar 19 Archaeology, 451 Museum 1, of Museigatan Department Museum, Bohusläns Archaeology, of Department uhrfrcrepnec (Email: correspondence for Author 1987 232(08:421–436 (2018): 362 92 c wdn adybr,MgainPro,voec,fricto,massacre fortification, violence, Period, Migration borg, Sandby Sweden, 200 D2060 nti eini hrceie yheacia oite nwhich in societies hierarchical by characterised is region this in 200–600) AD . Jørgensen ; 1 uvgPapmehl-Dufay Ludvig , Stockholm 2003 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ borg Sandby [email protected]) Fischer ; 2005 421 .Ln-itnetae a en ogather to means a was travel Long-distance ). n iiayapcso rnAeand Age Iron of societies. aspects social Period Migration on military and conflict, and ancient of studies and to relevant life highly evidence provides domestic and Period, Migration Scandinavian of the in death snapshot offers abrupt unique borg a Sandby antiquity. immediately undisturbed throughout left was abandoned and attack was the following fort the suggest that strongly evidence contex- artefactual Osteological, and tual time. which that massacre revealed at a occurred have of Sweden evidence in indisputable the Öland Recent on of ringfort instability. island borg Sandby economic at excavations political, and by characterised social ( was Period 400–550) Migration European The 2, ∗ eeaVictor Helena & https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.21 ,wihprisursrce re- unrestricted permits which ), 1984a 2 ;Lund c. AD

Research Clara Alfsdotter et al.

Table 1. Basic chronology of the Swedish Iron Age (the period of the Sandby borg massacre is indicated). Date Period

500–1 BC Pre-Roman Iron Age AD 1–400 Roman Iron Age AD 400–550 Migration Period AD 550–750 Vendel Period AD 750–1050 Viking Age contacts (Herschend 1991; Jørgensen 2003, 2011; Fischer 2005; Hedeager 2011;Andrén 2014). The Migration Period was a turbulent time in both Scandinavia and the rest of Europe (Table 1). The decline of the Western Roman Empire, the invasion of the Huns, war, famine and shifting alliances within the Barbaricum (Germanic populations beyond the Roman Border in the northern parts of Europe) all had impacts on societies (Lund Hansen 1987; Fischer 2005; Heather 2006; Fischer & Victor 2011; Hedeager 2011). A social and economic crisis can be identified in various areas of Scandinavia during this time, as indicated by an abrupt decline in settlement activities, with numerous examples of farms being deserted or even destroyed during this time (Stenberger 1933;Näsman1988). Excavations at Sandby borg ringfort, on the island of Öland in south-east Sweden, have revealed unique traces of a Migration Period (c. 400–550 AD) massacre. Our conclusions are based on the discovery of human remains from at least 26 individuals, several of whom display lethal traumatic injuries, the skeletal remains of animals abandoned following the assault and artefacts recovered from the site. Öland is located off the south-east Swedish coast in the Baltic Sea (Figure 1). Here, the archaeological record from the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period is exceptionally rich, including more than 1000 visible stone house foundations, innumerable accompanying stone fences, thousands of cemeteries and graves, and at least 15 ringforts (Stenberger 1933; Fallgren 2006, 2008). To this should be added numerous prestigious and exclusive items, including bronze statuettes, glass beakers and gold coins of Roman origin. At least 360 solidi are known from the island—more than from any other region in Scandinavia (Fagerlie 1967; Herschend 1980; Fischer et al. 2011). The main influx of gold coins seems to have occurred in the early to mid fifth century; this decreased dramatically after AD 476 (Fischer et al. 2011).

The Sandby borg ringfort The ringfort of Sandby borg is located adjacent to the shoreline on south-east Öland. Today, the structure consists of an eroded oval stone wall enclosing an area of approximately 5000m2. Three gates are visible as shallow depressions in the wall. The walls would originally have been approximately 4–5m high. Aerial photographs and geophysical surveys of the ringfort interior revealed buried stone structures, interpreted as stone house walls (Borg et al. 1976; Viberg 2012; Viberg et al. 2014). The layout is similar to that of several © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018

422 iue1 a fSadnvawt h sado ln niae.Isti a fÖadwt h oaino Sandby of location the with Öland of map a is Inset indicated. Öland of island the Jakobsson. with Sebastian Photograph: Scandinavia borg. of Map 1. Figure oetfoe ntime in frozen moment A 423 niut ulctosLd 2018 Ltd, Publications Antiquity ©

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Figure 2. Plan of Sandby borg with the identified houses numbered. The overview is based on geophysical surveys (Viberg 2012), excavations and aerial photographs. other Öland ringforts, with houses radially placed inside the ring wall and a central block surrounded by a street (Stenberger 1933;Borget al. 1976)(Figures 2 & 3). Suspected looting pits were discovered during initial geophysical work in 2010. This led the local authorities to commission a metal-detector survey of the whole site. Five deposits of exquisite Migration Period jewellery were discovered hidden in different houses within the central block of the fort. Each deposit contained a gilded silver relief brooch (Figure 4) along with various items, such as glass beads, finger rings and silver pendants (Figure 5) (Blohmé et al. 2011; Victor 2015a; Fallgren & Ljungkvist 2016). The relief brooches are large, prestigious items of a very high quality, typically made of gilded silver and covered with decorative animal art designs. The brooches, which were probably part of aristocratic women’s jewellery sets, are decorated in Salins Style I and spiral ornamentations. Typologically, they can be dated to the period AD 450–510 (e.g. Haseloff 1981;Näsman 1984b;Magnus1997, 2002; Kristoffersen 1999; Fischer & Victor 2011). While the brooches were probably locally made, other artefacts in the deposits, such as millefiori glass beads, silver bell pendants and cowrie shell ornaments, are of non-local origin (Grabarczyk 1983; Näsman 1984b; Tempelmann-Maczyn̨ ´ska 1985; Sjøvold 1993; Volkmann & Theune 2001;Tvauri2012; Victor 2015a). The artefacts indicate contacts to the south-east, through present-day Poland, the Baltic states and into areas of the Roman Empire (see © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018

424 niehue lre h rhelgssta iln vn a curda h iei the in site the at remains occurred human had first of event deposits discovery violent AD. the the a century of excavation, that fifth late archaeologists of contexts the year the alerted first establish houses the County to inside During Kalmar was 2010. by aim in undertaken the discovered been Initially, have 2011. borg since Sandby Museum at excavations annual Small-scale excavations The AD. century fifth the of part later the on focus a with Period, Victor approximately measures foundation house rectangular The Jakobsson. 2016. Sebastian Photograph: in excavated being 4 house of 14 photograph Aerial 3. Figure qiaett i e eto h oa igotsraeae DtaLia Victor & Leivas (Dutra area surface ringfort total the of cent per 2011 six to equivalent ua Alfsdotter & Dufay netgto.Atcltdhmnrmishv enfudi oro h oss and houses, limited the to of subjected four houses in 6 found and been house, have third remains a human of Articulated cent investigation. per 50 approximately houses, yteedo h 06fil esn prxmtl 300m approximately season, field 2016 the of end the By × m h rddfr alas osiue h ot-atwl ftehue sse ntetpo h photograph. the of top the in seen as house, the of wall north-east the constitutes also wall fort eroded The 6m. Victor ; 2015a .Atfc yooysget httefr a nuedrn h Migration the during use in was fort the that suggests typology Artefact ). 2012 , 2015 2016 ;Victor b; .Ti nldstecmlt xaaino fte53 the of 2 of excavation complete the includes This ). oetfoe ntime in frozen moment A tal. et 425 2013 Gunnarsson ; niut ulctosLd 2018 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © 2 tal. et a enexcavated— been had 2016 Papmehl- ;

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Figure 4. The five gilded relief brooches in silver found in five different deposits in 2010. Photograph: Daniel Lindskog. scattered and commingled human remains found in the street surrounding the central block. Ceramics were recovered in all of the excavated houses, in many cases in the form of fragmented but complete vessels. The entire site has been surveyed with metal detectors on several occasions, resulting in the recovery of bronze, silver, gold and some iron objects. Artefacts from the excavations include glass and silver beads, a gilded silver sword pendant, a large millefiori glass bead, a Valentinian III solidus (AD 425–455), yet another fragmented relief brooch and several other outstanding finds (Figure 6). Military equipment is limited to a handful of arrowheads, one lance-head and two or three unique sword details (Victor et al. 2013; Victor 2015b). Dating of the massacre to the late fifth century is based mainly on typological evidence (Victor 2015a). A current aim for the project is a major programme of 14C-dating, in which human and animal remains, as well as archaeobotanical material, will be dated. This will provide a solid base for understanding the chronology of the site.

Defining a massacre The term ‘massacre’ has several definitions, some with well-defined social or quantitative implications, and others more general in character. In modern times, massacres are typically connected to contexts of war, and the killing is often preceded by cruel acts of violence and abuse (Dutton et al. 2005). In a study of the 1994 Rwanda genocide, massacre was defined as an event involving the killing of at least 100 people in a specific location in less © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018

426 iue5 bet on ndpst2(os 0,oeo h v eelr eoisecutrda adybr uigametal a during borg Sandby at encountered deposits jewellery five the Lindskog. of Daniel one Photograph: 40), 2010. (house in 2 deposit survey in detector found Objects 5. Figure oetfoe ntime in frozen moment A 427 niut ulctosLd 2018 Ltd, Publications Antiquity ©

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Figure 6. A large millefiori glass sword bead, a Valentinian III solidus and a gilded silver sword pendant found on the floor of house 40. Photograph: Daniel Lindskog. than 3 days (Verwimp 2006: 12). In a study focusing on the rationality of mass killing in civil war contexts in Algeria, massacre was defined as involving large-scale, face-to-face violence against civilians targeted in groups. Massacres were systematically used as a strategy for punishing and deterring civilian resistance (Kalyvas 1999: 246). Here, we use the word ‘massacre’ as referring to an act of intentional murder upon a mass of people who were not prepared for battle, with the killing being conducted by a group.

Body positions, spatial context and trauma To date, the remains of a minimum of 26 human individuals have been found at Sandby borg (bioarchaeological interpretations provided by Alfsdotter, unless otherwise specified). The context of the skeletal remains is unusual. Animal and human skeletons were found articulated and disarticulated on the floors of houses and on the streets. At least nine human individuals were found in house 40 (Figure 7), which has been fully excavated. Three of these have been sexed as males, and another two display secondary masculine morphological traits. Six of the skeletons were articulated, and skeletal elements of at least another three individuals were found in a disarticulated state. There are no indications that the disarticulated skeletons were deliberately dismembered. Rather, the disarticulation of the remains is interpreted as resulting from post-mortem taphonomic processes (for a taphonomic interpretation of the human remains in Sandby borg, see Alfsdotter & Kjellström forthcoming). Among the disarticulated elements are three vertebrae of a young child aged approximately 2–5 years, and the femur of a 1.5–3-month-old infant. Perimortal interpersonal trauma has been identified on the skulls of at least four adults from house 40. The skull of one young adolescent displays signs of blunt-force perimortem trauma. Of the six articulated individuals, three were in extended positions (both prone and supine), indicating sudden death or unconsciousness before death. Two individuals © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018

428 hre ot n ebsespeual h ean ftr of (Gunnarsson roofs turf containing of samples fire remains archaeobotanical the the and That stems—presumably by houses, accident. 2016 herb supported the by is and inside out charred roots broke logs completely charred fire charred were a of bodies soft that presence any or the the before fire, raiders before itself on that bodies extinguished suggests houses the eventually This some consumed forthcoming). set fire Kjellström to & that attempted (Alfsdotter suggests decomposed trauma had thermal tissue the lying already of was him. character adult over backwards the fell that adolescent suggesting the adult, their moved when an on or floor of flat the placed pelvis lay on were the adolescents motionless over individuals the feet the of their that One with forthcoming). suggesting back, Kjellström evidence & no (Alfsdotter is death There after flex. to her or ean fahrewr icvrd(Victor articulated partially discovered the were houses, the horse of one a of of front In remains block. central the surrounding street fire. by untouched were hthdbe luhee n immee ro oteatc u o e consumed. yet not but attack the in ongoing. is to discussed assemblage prior is faunal the dismembered scavenging of and analysis (animal animals Archaeozoological in slaughtered from attack or, houses been in the starve stored had remains to during also that left are killed There were forthcoming). been Kjellström animals & have that Alfsdotter suggesting may houses, cases, the some inside found were skeletons a xedduprbde ihsihl ee es n n dlsetwsfudligon lying found was adolescent one and legs, flexed slightly theirside( with their bodies on upper lying extended found had was adolescent This 40. house of level floor Museum. the County on Kalmar Photograph: found north. skeletons points human arrow nine white The the side. of One 7. Figure w ftehmnseeosi os 0wr atal hre n iatcltd The disarticulated. and charred partially were 40 house in skeletons human the of Two iatcltdhmnadaia ean aebe on nohrhue n nthe on and houses other in found been have remains animal and human Disarticulated Heimdahl ; iue8 Figure 2016 .Teaoecn a aeeprecdasoe et,alwn him allowing death, slower a experienced have may adolescent The ). .Temjrt fteecvtdhue n hi otns however, contents, their and houses excavated the of majority The ). oetfoe ntime in frozen moment A 429 2015b .Svrlatcltddgadsheep and dog articulated Several ). niut ulctosLd 2018 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © tal et .

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Figure 8. The skeletal remains of two individuals inside house 40. The remains of the young teenager are stretched out, with the feet on top of the pelvis of an adult man, suggesting that the teenager fell backwards over the dead or dying adult. The adolescent (12–15 years old) displays perimortem blunt force on the skull (Gunnarsson et al. 2016). The western house wall is at the bottom of the picture. The white arrow points north. Photograph: Kalmar County Museum.

In house 52, which has only been partially excavated, the skeleton of an elderly man was found lying face down across the central hearth (Papmehl-Dufay & Alfsdotter 2016). Parts of the pelvis area were burnt, the extent of charring indicating that soft tissue was present when his body fell across the hearth. He was lying stretched out, with legs crossed and arms straight. His head was mostly absent due to taphonomic disturbance, apart from the lower jaw and some skull fragments. The body position and charring suggests that he fell face down over the still burning hearth, and that he was dead or unconscious when he fell. The trauma evident on several skulls, on one man’s shoulder and one man’s hip resulted from blows aimed at the back or the side of the bodies. Perimortem damage resembling common battle injuries, such as parry fractures or facial trauma (Roberts & Manchester 2007: 108–109), both typically produced when facing an opponent—has so far not been © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018

430 h osssrntesteter httefr a o esd ntesuhr atof part southern found were the brooch In relief a reused. half not and beads floor. was silver the and fort over glass scattered the inside numerous floor-level example, that for original theory 40, the house the on encountered strengthens following artefacts houses immediately of the ceased quantity house large the The inside massacre. activity the human that suggests skeleton articulated strongly (Victor the found intact fireplace, was the herring to a Adjacent decompose 40. half house to of Kjellström in left find & particular been a (Alfsdotter by have illustrated in would caved bodies eventually the houses fire, the roof of the until where result forthcoming). lay, houses a they In assault. as where the collapse unburied entrance— after the not activity articulated inside human did The just of similar). turf cases cessation or some the furniture houses—in to of the witness cases top bears inside the on skeletons (in fallen surface several ground originally of the original not condition of the had indicating floors bodies streets, the the the on the of where skeletons that surface shows encountered the We site on the massacre. and at the houses found after were abandoned skeletons was animal and ringfort human articulated that fact The autumn early Amomentfrozenintime and spring late between lambs sometime uneaten conducted but lambs slaughtered was 40. As (Gunnarsson partially newly assault old. of months house the presence and 3–6 that approximately the inside death, suggests spring, slaughtered The of wall during container. time born recently the decomposed a traditionally at now age are were to a similar of in lambs adjacent all stored were probably piled lambs the was found assemblage that The were dismembered. reveals lambs analysis eight Osteological of skeletons The massacre the of season and determination. The osteologically, sex sexed precluded be skeletons cannot the of that some sub-adults of of preservation those poor adults. the Several are older traits. however, morphological to skeletons, female children display the young skeletons of sexed and osteologically infants the of from none in represented, far, 26 So are least groups (at age individuals recovered All the number). concerning made be can observations Demographic massacred the of Demography not were victims the themselves. of defend several to that position number and a large houses, a in several comprised in perpetrators simultaneously the striking that people, conclude of to us leads pattern This identified. ean rvd nphto irto eidvoec ihalvlo ealrrl seen. human rarely The detail respects. of level several a in with violence unusual Period Migration is of borg snapshot a Sandby provide of remains context archaeological The Discussion h xeto kltlatclto sa niao htternfr a etudsubdis undisturbed left was ringfort the that indicator an as articulation skeletal of extent The tal. et 2016 ). oetfoe ntime in frozen moment A 2015b .Tefc httefaieadeil s a left was fish edible and fragile the that fact The ). 431 niut ulctosLd 2018 Ltd, Publications Antiquity ©

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The site also offers a rare opportunity to study aspects of everyday life of a Migration Period ringfort. Several observations strongly indicate that the entire site was abandoned suddenly, resulting in a detailed set of data concerning domestic life. In many ways, the archaeology of Sandby borg relates to the archaeology and bioarchaeology of battlefields, mass graves and violence (e.g. Martin & Frayer 1997;Scott et al. 1998; Knüsel & Smith 2014;Loeet al. 2014). The contextual circumstances at Sandby borg, however, still make it unique in the archaeological record. In most cases where human remains have been found in connection with battlefields or scenes of brutal violence, the bodies have been buried in mass graves (e.g. Ingelmark 1939; Biers 1992; Fiorato et al. 2000; Kjellström 2005;Štefanet al. 2016). This is not the case at Sandby borg, where victims were instead left where they had been killed. A lack of osteological evidence for females among the dead suggests that the massacre at Sandby borg may have been gender-biased towards the male inhabitants. This theory is weakened, however, by the relatively small area of the site excavated to date, and may be refuted through further excavation and analysis. The discovery of infant bones reveals that women were present at the site, although not necessarily at the time of the attack. The demographic composition of the victims at Sandby borg includes people of all ages, which is peculiar; the victims of battlefield violence usually represent particular segments of a population—people who have actively participated in acts of warfare (e.g. Štefan et al. 2016). The fact that many of the individuals were left unburied inside the ringfort indicates that nobody came back to tend the dead. Several scenarios are possible: all the inhabitants may have been killed; some may have been killed and others abducted; or some may have fled but were unable or unwilling to return. The evidence suggests that no survivors or neighbours could, or wanted to, enter the site after the massacre. The event most probably had a major long-term impact on surrounding settlements and inhabitants. Unlike many of the ringforts on the island of Öland (cf. Borg et al. 1976; Näsman & Wegraeus 1979), Sandby borg shows no signs of reuse after the Migration Period. In that respect it appears to be unique, although due to limited excavation, we cannot rule out the possibility that similar attacks were conducted at other ringforts. The bioarchaeological material offers large quantities of data rarely encountered from this period and area. Besides details regarding the violent attack, the deaths of the victims and clues about spatial and architectural details, the human remains also provide vital knowledge concerning the victims’ lives and general health. Inhumations from the Scandinavian Migration Period are rare, as cremation was the dominant burial custom (Bennett 1987; Hagberg & Beskow-Sjöberg 1996). In this context, the Sandby borg human remains constitute an important source of data for analysis of stable isotopes, ancient DNA and bioarchaeology. The evidence for interpersonal violence at Sandby borg contrasts with the almost total lack of weapons and military equipment. Finds of this type are limited to a couple of sword fittings, a small chape, a sword pendant, a lance head and a few arrowheads. Weapons such as swords, spears and shields were probably kept and used in large quantities at a site such as Sandby borg. This assumption is based mainly on the widespread occurrence of weapons in contemporaneous graves, the undisputed position of warrior ideology in Migration Period © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2018

432 Andrén Alfsdotter 1991 ascea nato urgtpudr u ahra n htwscnetdt political to connected was the that References interpret one not as do rather We Period. but brutally. Migration plunder, turbulent halted outright the moment was during of the that instability act of life an snapshot everyday a as and provides massacre massacre site the The both males. age all towards of span the gender-biased individuals that are dead AD—and the The but century event. fifth groups and this the following of immediately context end abandoned the was massacre at archaeological a ringfort borg—probably that Sandby argue the We at interpretations. out our with carried to was crucial been trauma has skeletons of the of taphonomy evidence osteological Combining Conclusions (Fabech general in site the of character military presumed the and Scandinavia alo h etr oa miei D46 neetta a infiatipc on impact significant a had Hansen that (Lund event Scandinavia an southern 476, Heather including AD Europe, in of parts Empire large Roman Western the of fall show Öland on does practised massacre. site was the Skedemosse bogs of the sacrificial time in borg, the equipment Sandby at military to depositing directly of bog custom the the that connect to possible not is Migration the to dated them of explanation two an identified, (Hagberg offer been Period could have equipment Öland) military on and and Nydam deposits military weapons at such depositing (e.g. two for of Age least Iron motives custom at (Fabech Roman widespread the and preceding Denmark, the the While in during upon, massacre. Illerup marshes speculated the or be lakes following in only scene equipment can mean the act could from material an removed metal-detector-surveyed such and were excavated they the that in weapons for evidence h ie h ascea adybr ant hrfr,b xlie ipya natof act established borg an elite. Sandby as ruling at simply local perpetrators new explained the the be that as therefore, is themselves scenario cannot, at possible borg power abandoned One or Sandby plunder. and destroyed at outright were map massacre animals) political The live of and site. the quantities items the Considerable when wealth continent. (e.g. time European goods a the trade important across at rewritten island, being the were structures on struggles power subsequent wrs hedbse,sodcae,sodbas(eoaieatcmnso wrsand swords on attachments see (decorative glass; of beads made sword often chapes, scabbards, sword bosses, shield swords, h ugse aeo h adybr ascecrepnst h eidatrthe after period the to corresponds massacre borg Sandby the of date suggested The Academic. archaeological in sun the perspectives and earth, middle tree, world otx olwn h askliga adyborg. Sandby at killing mass the following context postmortem the of interpretation taphonomic ;Näsman , A. 1991 2006 , 2014. C. Vgrtl igr 6.Ln:Nordic Lund: 16). Midgård till (Vägar & .A h arfiilbgo kdmseo ln,sxdfeetdpst of deposits different six Öland, on Skedemosse of bog sacrificial the At ). Hedeager ; rcn l os omlg:the cosmology: Norse Old Tracing .Kjellström A. 1997 1967 Olausson ; ;Rau 2011 .Forthcoming.A 2005 .Teasuto adybr a aebe h eutof result the been have may borg Sandby on assault The ). 2000 Monikander ; oetfoe ntime in frozen moment A iue6 Figure Fischer ; 433 n te wr eal,adcms hl it While combs. and details, sword other and ) Biers Bennett 2005 2010 archaeology Mälardalen i gravskick folkvandringstidens i strukturer , W. Hedeager ; .Teedpst nld numerous include deposits These ). , 1992. A. 1987. odn Routledge. London: . tchl:Sokom universitet. Stockholms Stockholm: . r,atfcsadcrnlg nclassical in chronology and artefacts Art, niut ulctosLd 2018 Ltd, Publications Antiquity © rvnrlgö c oilsymbol: social och Graven—religiös 2011 .Tesasns of sparseness The ). 1987 Fischer ; 1991 ;Rasch 2005 ;

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Received: 31 March 2017; Accepted: 21 June 2017; Revised: 28 June 2017

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