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SWEDISH NATIONAL HERITAGE BOARD RIKSANTIKVARIEÄMBETET

ZrjX 57? Eketorp The fortified village on the island of Oland ■

By Bengt'Edgren and Frands Herschend

Front cover illustration: The recon­ structed curtain wall at Eketorp, from the south. Photograph: Karl-Erik Granath 1984. VITTERHETSAKADEMIENS BIBLIOTEK Opposite and inside back cover: Stamped gold sheets from Eketorp II. Drawing: Erling Svensson. (Cf. illustration, p. 22) 000041906 18000 Gråborg, Parish of Algutsrum Bårby Fort, Parish of Mörby länga Triberga Fort, Parish of Hulterstad Sandby Fort, Parish of Sandby The oldest known fortified strongholds in sembling that of the Migration Period The Scandinavia date from the Neolithic and are (400- 550 A.D.) Eketorp and Ismantorp about 5,000 years old. Defence works from Fort. Crop marks in air photographs of Prehistoric the Stone Age until the Early Iron Age were Sandby Fort show that the same kind of sett­ usually built in strategic positions. Often lement existed there as well. they made use of natural defences - rocky Medieval objects have been found at Eke­ Forts of outcrops surrounded by steep slopes, and torp and also at Bårby Fort and Gråborg. places adjoining watercourses or wetlands. This shows that all three forts were also in Öland The remarkable thing about the prehis­ use during the Medieval Period. toric forts of Öland is their layout and the All the prehistoric forts on Öland are building techniques they incorporate. In built up of dry stone walls, i.e. walls without both these respects they differ from all other mortar. Several of these walls are entirely of known prehistoric forts. They vary in size, limestone, while in others the limestone is the largest of them — Gråborg — being mingled with large blocks of granite. Origi­ about ten times bigger than the smallest to nally, many of these encircling walls were up Gråborjg have survived intact, which is Triberga Fort. to seven metres high, probably with crenela ­ Altogether there are fifteen known prehis­ ted parapets. In cases where there was a Sandby toric forts on the island. Only a few of them planned settlement inside the curtain wall, /• Bårb; have been excavated. Many of them have every square inch of the protected area was Tri berga been turned into farmland, and so plough­ utilised. The buildings nave longwalls in ing has brought objects to light which con ­ common and look very much like modern vey some indication of their age. All the terrace houses. It was the availability of a Eketorp prehistoric forts of Öland seem to have been good building material — limestone - and constructed during the Early Iron Age. Se­ contacts with the Roman Empire that en ­ veral of them were carefully planned sett­ abled the people of Öland to plan and build Four of the best-prehistoric forts on lements, as revealed by remains of the stone these defensive installations which are the island of Öland. Triberga Fort walls of houses. resembles Eketorp before it was ex­ among the oldest monumental architecture cavated. In the photograph of Sandby Excavations at Treby Fort, the fort closest extant in our country today. Fort, crop marks betray the founda­ to Eketorp, have revealed settlement re­ tions of houses under the turf. Grå­ borg, the largest of the prehistoric forts of Öland, is more than 200 met­ res in diameter. BårbyFort is the only fort which does not have a complete encircling wall; the Landborgsbran- ten bluff — a relic of the old coastline — is about 20 metres high at this point, providing a natural defence on the westward side. Photograph: Karl-Erik Granath and Bengt Edgren 1984. 3

Carl von Linné (Linnaeus) visited Eketorp Eketorp I was built in the fourth century Excavations on 8th June 1741, during his tour of Öland, A.D. and already pulled down in the fifth and described it as follows: ”Eketorp Fort century, when work began on the construc ­ at Eketorp was visited, with its rough, dilapidated tion of a bigger fort, Eketorp II, immediate­ walls, two and a half km from the eastern ly outside the first and enclosing it. 1964-1973 shore and formerly one of the most magni­ Eketorp II was given a curtain wall 80 ficent in this country: For it was a musket metres in diameter, and so the fortified area shot in diameter, with a well in the middle was twice as large as in Eketorp I. There which never dries up. Undoubtedly these was still a gateway to the south-west, an ­ forts were places of refuge for the inhabi­ other entrance was constructed in the north­ tants, before the invention of powder and east, and to the east there was a small pos ­ shot.” tern gate leading to the water hole. Altoge­ Eketorp-I Not quite 200 years later, in 1931, Mårten ther there were about fifty houses inside the Stenberger, later to become Professor of curtain wall, both lining the inside of the Archeology at the University of Uppsala, curtain wall as in Eketorp I and forming an carried out a test excavation at Eketorp. irregularly shaped central quarter. This sett­ This revealed undisturbed cultural layers in lement was abandoned sometime during the the fort. The real excavations under Mårten seventh century. Stenberger’s direction did not start until A final settlement Eketorp III, came into Eketorp-Il 1964. By the time excavations were concluded being at the end of the Viking Age, c. 1000. in 1973, 26,000 finds had been salvaged, The houses were timber-framed, of the kind three tons of bones had been collected and still to be seen in the long villages of Öland, three settlement phases had been identified which now superseded the earlier type of and charted; located one on top of the house included in Eketorp II. A workshop other, they were dubbed Eketorp I, Eke­ area with forges was constructed outside the torp II and Eketorp III by the archaeo­ curtain wall. These workshops are close to a logists. low outer defence wall constructed to Eketorp-III The oldest settlement on this site, Eke­ strengthen the defence works of the fort. torp I was a round fortress 57 metres in dia­ Also for strategic reasons, the north and meter, located at the centre of the fort as we east gates of Eketorp II were walled up. Excavation is very much a matter of see it today. The gateway was in the Eketorp III was abandoned in the thirteenth making and recording observations, south-west and there were about twenty century, about one thousand years after the partly by plottingthe position of finds houses lining the inside of the curtain wall. first settlement had been established. and traces of buildings. Photograph: Bengt Edgren 1973. Drawing: Björn Ed. 5

Öland in the fourth century is an agrarian divided into 21 units of 18 ells each. In the Eketorp I — community without any villages in our sense original layout of the fort, one of these units of the word. The homesteads, it is true, are constituted the south-west gate, while the The First scattered here and there in clusters, but other twenty indicated the positions of the Fortress most of them are single farms surrounded by houses lining the inside of the curtain wall. 300 A.D. small fields and extensive grazing lands. Li­ After various changes, Eketorp I finally vestock played a very important part in came to include twenty-three houses. farming. The houses had stone walls and were ap ­ When the farmers in the southern most parently open at the end facing the interior part of the island come to build their for ­ of the fort, which was left as a clear central tress, they choose a site on the limestone space. There are few traces of habitation in pan (Alvaret) close to a large expanse of the house floors, such as fireplaces or mis­ wetlands. This position is dictated by stra­ laid artefacts, and so people are unlikely to tegic considerations, because it is difficult to have moved here from the surrounding attack from the wet lands and at the same farms, bringing their household imple ­ time the defenders have a ready supply of ments, livestock and valuables with them. If water. Then again, the fort is right next to they took refuge in the fortress, it must have the extensive open grazing which Alvaret been for short periods at a time, and above provides in the south of Öland. all perhaps in order to protect both man and The size of Eketorp I and the layout of beast from approaching dangers. The grow­ the settlement were not left to chance. It is ing need for protection from hostile attacks clear that the inside of the fortress was care­ during this period is reflected by the demo ­ fully parcelled out, in units (ells) of 47 cm. lition of the earliest fort after only a short This was the common unit of length in the time, and its immediate replacement with a East Roman Empire, which is probably larger curtain wall. People now transfer where the people of Öland learned their their entire homesteads - houses, byres methods of measurement and calculation. and storehouses — to the fort, making it First a circle was drawn with a radius of 60 their permanent home. ells. Its circumference of 378 ells was then A reconstruction of the earliest fort, Eketorp I. The houses, all abutting on the inside of the curtain wall have gables opening into a central space. Photograph: Karl-Erik Granath 1983.

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When excavations began, stones which had curtain wall. The type of house constructed Eketorp II — fallen from the curtain wall lay both inside inside the fort has existed in the south of and outside the wall. The original height of Scandinavia ever since the Bronze Age. A Layout and the wall 4.8 metres, was determined by ar­ structure which had served for generations chaeologists estimating the volume of stone was now modified to suit the more cramped Settlement which had collapsed, and also on the conditions prevailing inside the wall. 400-650 A.D. strength of comparisons with other Öland The walls of the houses are entirely of fortress walls in a better state of preserva ­ limestone. The roof-supporting structure tion. consists of between three and five trestles The wall as we see it today is surmounted with side ridges. It was these side ridges and by a crenelated parapet, built like the rest of the stone walls that supported the roof. The the wall entirely of limestone. The parapet dwelling-houses were thatched with straw. was copied from contemporary Roman for ­ The functions of the different buildings at tifications in areas with which the people of Eketorp are identifiable from the different Öland had direct contact at the time when structures and objects found in the floors. Eketorp was built. Very simply, the dwelling-houses have slab The gateways are more difficult to recon ­ tresholds, a central fire place and numerous struct. One unusual feature is the two reces­ finds. The byres have stall partitions along ses in the sides of the north gateway. The their walls and contain fewer finds, while only plausible explanation is that they were the storehouses have slab floors along their used for lifting or lowering a portcullis — a sides. refinement of fortification engineering Of the fifty-three buildings at Eketorp, which the builders must have learned from twenty-three are dwelling-houses, twelve D Dwelling-houses Roman defence works. byres and twelve storehouses, while six □ Workshops Although contacts with Roman and other others combine these functions in various D Byres continental building can explain a great deal ways. Presumably each byre represents a D Storehouses concerning the construction of prehistoric homestead and each dwelling-house a forts in Öland, they did not have any in ­ household. The number of people per fluence on the interior planning of the Eke­ household in Eketorp II has been estimated torp II, which is more in keeping with the at seven on average, with fourteen per Air photograph of Eketorp fort show­ practical mentality of the farmers of Öland. homestead. If this is correct, there were one ing the settlement layout of Eketorp The important thing here was to find room hundred and sixty people living in the fort ­ U. The photograph was taken at an for as many houses as possible inside the ress altogether. altitude of300 metres. Excavation of the western quarter. Photograph: Brita Schörling. 9 Bone comb Bronze tweezers Bronze brooch and pin Glass and bronze beads It is metal objects which give us some idea evidence we have of brewing in Sweden. Eketorp II — of the skilled craftsmanship of the Iron Age Having enough grain left over to make beer inhabitants of Öland. Numerous finds of je­ with was definitely a sign of prosperity. Everyday life wellery from Eketorp II show that the in ­ Agricultural implements were confined to habitants were particular about their appea ­ a few sickles which were clearly used for rance and sufficiently wealthy to purchase harvesting. Hay and leaves for winter feed or commission jewellery of a high artistic may have been cut with scythes and bill­ standard in keeping with the fashion of the hooks; this work must have occupied a great times. Öland at this time was definitely not deal of time during the summer months. an egalitarian society, and it is quite clear Not many of the archeological finds are that the people living at Eketorp were connected with the winter season, but Eke­ unusually well off. torp has yielded up a kind of bone runner, The bone materials brought to light du­ indicating that the fortress was also inha­ ring excavations show that domestic animals bited during the winter season. We know included horses, cows, sheep, pigs, goats, from our studies of the extensive bone mate­ geese, chicken and ducks, as well as dogs rial that cattle were slaughtered and their and cats. Hunting and fishing existed but meat smoked and salted down sometime were not very important as a source of food during the autumn and early winter, at the supply. Livestock farming was the essential time of year when, after a fairly mild occupation, cows and sheep being the most autumn, the grazing began to deteriorate. important animals of all. Arable framing Various homecrafts were practised, most ­ was also practised; this is evident from the ly one presumes during the winter season. querns which have been found in the hous­ Iron-working, weaving and comb-making es. Grains of corn helped to show us which are some of the occupations of which traces types were cultivated most. Barley is by far are being found, and we can even tell from the commonest. Rye, wheat and oats were the house floors where they were carried on. About 5000 objects have been recove­ intermingled with the barley harvest but A house with a large oven against the cur­ red from Eketorp II. This is very cannot have been grown separately. One re­ tain wall may have been a bakery, brew- impressive, but we must not forget that most everyday objects on an Iron markable find was germinated barley meant house or sauna, or perhaps a combination of Age homestead were of wood, leather to be used for brewing beer — the earliest all three. and cloth. Only insignificant frag­ ments of these materials have survi­ ved at Eketorp. Photograph: Karl-Erik Granath Drawing: lion Wikland 11

Eketorp III — The inmates of the Eketorp II decamped in of timber. the seventh century. Some kind of sett­ To make way for a new settlement inside Layout and lement apparently persisted in the ruins for the fort, the remains of the prehistoric buil­ a time, but for the next three hundred years dings are rased to the ground and here and or so, the fortress was deserted and fell into there the rubble is dug away close to the cur­ Settlement disrepair. It was not completely ignored du­ 1000-1200 A.D. tain wall, to provide a level ground to build ring this period, though. Three almost on. Instead of stone-walled houses, long complete human skeletons and hundreds of timber-frame houses are now built on low scattered skeletal fragments show that, du­ stone sills. In this type of house the roof is ring this period, in the historyof the fort, se­ supported by the timber walls. The walls veral people were put to death in it, usually themselves are built on sills of horizontal close to the curtain wall. These people, who stones, and these sills and the flagstone were literally left lying where they fell, are floors of the houses are the only traces to be unlikely to have been local inhabitants. Mo ­ found when the site is excavated. This, how­ re probably they were foreign intruders ever, combined with latter-day timber frame whose dead bodies were left unburied as a houses on the island of Öland, is enough to warning example. tell us what the medieval settlement at Eke- When people begin moving into the for ­ torp looked like. tress again during the eleventh century, the The essential structure is a wall of vertical prehistoric settlement is completely in ruins posts with slots into which horizontal planks and the curtain wall is in rather a sorry state are fitted. The posts mark the divisions be­ as well. The wall is repaired at several points tween rooms, and the resultant building and the northern and eastern gates are consists of a long line of different rooms. locked up. To bring the southern gateway Many of the foundation walls are super ­ more into line with contemporary principles imposed on the old house walls of the Eke- of fortification, the passage is lengthened by torp II, with the result that the medieval the addition of two stone sections making a settlement also radiates inwards from the tunnel about eleven metres in length which curtain walls. The middle of the fort is still is closed at one end by a heavy hinged gate reserved as an open communal space.

Half-timbered barn at Resmo Vicar­ age, Öland. Photograph: Karl-Erik Granath.

13 Bone flute Bone mountings shaped like animals Ground rock crystal Medieval Eketorp is not an “action replay” In what sort of a community do you feed Eketorp-III — of the agrarian village of Eketorp II. The everybody from a big central kitchen? This, timber-framed houses stood in long lines together with the many finds of weapons A Garrison? with narrow alleys in between. What now and equipment for horses and their riders, develops is a miniature medieval town, with gives the impression of a military garrison houses, narrow streets, a well, a square and manning a strong point. This interpretation a town wall. But even so it is not quite an or ­ of medieval Eketorp is corroborated by the dinary town. There are more than one extensive workshop area outside the south hundred houses in Eketorp III, but only one gate. It is clear that demand for new iron of them has a fire place. That house is much implements and the repair facilities needed bigger than the others and the suggestion for worn and broken metal objects greatly has been made that its served as the central exceed what one would expect in a civilian kitchen for the fort. settlement this size. If Eketorp served a mi­ There is also a settlement outside the cur­ litary purpose, this makes it easy to under ­ tain wall. Close to the low outer wall, outsi ­ stand the extensive output of wrought iron. de the south gate, a line of smithies are Eketorp ’s strategic importance can be put built. It is probably on account of the risk of down to the fort during this period having fire that these workshops are sited some been a garrisonpoint consolidating the in ­ distance away from the actual fort. fluence of the monarchy in the south eastern Just as in Eketorp II, there are traces of part of the Kingdom of the Svea. Not that agriculture and livestock farming. We know the Eketorp was a military camp in the mo ­ from the bone materials that have been re­ dern sense. Quite clearly, there was a per ­ covered that fishing was more important manent civilian population here. This made now than it had been at Eketorp II during possible a basic level of preparedness, and the period of the Great Migrations. the military presence could be stepped up Weapons and pieces of armour occur in lar­ when the need arose. This may have hap­ ge numbers, together with pieces of horse pened on occasions when the naval warfare About 21,000 objects have been reco­ furniture. Finds of jewellery tell us that the­ vered from Eketorp III. Together organisation of the time, the ledung mobili­ with the remains of the buildings, this re were women in the fortress, loom weights sed the local farmers in time of war to man extensive and varied material provi­ tell us that cloth was woven here, and need ­ the boats in the harbour which archaeolo­ des important information concer­ les tell us that people sewed and pinned. gists are believed to have uncovered a few ning the way in which people lived at Eketorp during the Middle Ages. The civilian side of life co-exists with the kilometres south east of Eketorp. Photographs: Karl-Erik Granath military. Drawing: lion Wikland

15 ebuilding the curtain wall Lifting the roof trusses Thatching with reeds Reconstructed houses Eketorp II When the excavations at Eketorp came to construction work began, but recently, Eketorp for the an end in 1973, the discussion which had some years after the construction of the pa ­ been in progress for several years, concer ­ rapet, archaeologists have discovered traces fourth time ning the future preservation of the uncove ­ of a similar stone parapet at Gråborg in the red remains, now came to a head. Already centre of Öland. That discovery points to in 1972, the Director General of the Central the advantage of working experimentally in Board of National Antiquities had appoin ­ archeology. It teaches us to see things with ted a study group to draw up a scheme for new eyes and it helps us to understand this purpose. The study group agreed that things which otherwise would be difficult for the fort should be partially restored to us even to detect. We need prototypes and something of its pristine appearance. points of reference in order to rediscover The project was sympathetically received pre-history. by the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament). The building tradition represented by the Special funds have been voted for the Cen ­ houses has disappeared completely. These tral Board of National Antiquities, reconstructions are based on the fallen ma­ enhancing the continuity of operations. The sonry indicating the position of the house Artist’s reconstruction of Eketorp II “Eketorp Rediviva ” project is the most walls and, in some cases, their original houses. comprehensive of its kind in Sweden, and it height. The stone bases of the roof struc­ is hoped that Eketorp would encourage ture, discovered during the excavation of people to take an interest in archeology and the house floors, are also important. They historical research. show us that the roof was borne up by two In the winter of 1978, work began on rows of posts. These posts were grouped in building up the curtain wall at Eketorp once pairs and joined together into trestles. again. The structure and appearance of the Thus the position and height of the walls wall up to parapet height were easy to and the design and size of the roof structure reconstruct and the technique of dry-limes­ are relatively certain. On the other hand the tone walling is still a living tradition in entrance end of the house, with its doorway Öland. and smoke-vent, cause problems. Conse ­ One of the aims of reconstruction has The crenelated parapets surmounting the quently the gable designs of the reconstruc ­ been to come as close as possible to curtain wall today is based on common sen ­ ted houses make a good example of the way the prehistoric building situation. se — the wall cannot be defended without a one should look at this form of experimental This includes the materials and imple­ ments used. parapet — and on the example of con ­ archeology. At best, the different arrange­ Photographs: Bengt Edgren and Ulf temporary Roman fortification. No pre ­ ments are suggestions for discussion, a Näsman. cedent was available nearer home when re­ means of advancing our knowledge. VITTERHETSAKADEMIERS Excavation of the western quarter. BIBLIOTEK 17

Eketorp — When it was decided that Eketorp was not from the old house gables - so as to provi ­ to be covered over again after the excava­ de a large, continuous interior where people The Museum tions but partly reconstructed so as to re­ can move freely. The original buildings are create its prehistoric and early medieval marked internally by the partly constructed settlement, plans were also made for a per ­ partition walls and also by each building still and Exhibition manent exhibition close at hand. The aim having a separate roof. At the meeting was to display archeological finds on the points of the eaves, the stone walls have spot and to explain the knowledge excava­ been replaced with glazed roof-lights to tions had yielded concerning the fort, its admit the daylight. Under these roof-lights buildings and its inhabitants. are large showcases with the finds on disp ­ After several different schemes had been lay. put forward, it was decided to build the Mu­ The numerous modern details of the mu­ seum inside the fort. The building was de­ seum building - the wooden floor, glazed signed so as to resemble, in shape and ma­ windows and roof-lights, a supporting struc­ terials, the Eketorp II houses from the Mi­ ture of glulam arches and a modern exhibi­ gration period. The Museum stands on the tion - make it quite clear to visitors that the site of the western row of houses in the cen ­ Museum does not form part of the authen­ tral quarter of the Eketorp II. The walls of tically reconstructed fort. Yet, with its mo ­ the Museum are not original, but their posi ­ dified design and incorporating as it does tion is. The doorways of the Iron Age hou­ material related to the reconstructions, the ses have been reproduced in the front of the museum still forms part of the reconstruc ­ Museum facing the western square, and the tion of the spatial environment of the fort. north and south walls were built using sto ­ The exhibits in the Museum are merely a nes from the old house walls in the central Medieval bronze pendant, depicting a selection of the 26,000 finds. The other finds man’s face. On display in the Eketorp quarter. are in the Museum of National Antiquities Museum. The western row of houses in the central in Stockholm. The base of every showcase Line drawing: Max Roosman. quarter originally consisted of seven build­ in the exhibition is fitted with a de-humidi­ ings sharing the same long walls. Inside the fier to ensure that the fragile metal objects Museum these long walls have been remo ­ are kept in the dry climate they need so as to ved — they are indicated only by a recon ­ avoid further destruction by corrosion. The Eketorp Museum opened in struction a metre or so inside the Museum 1984, houses a selection of the many artefacts excavated inside the fort. Photograph: Karl-Erik Granath 1984.

19 The 1980 Living Experiment Pottery firing The reconstructed byre A guided tour of the fort Eketorp — An The purpose of Eketorp is to give the visitor two winter weeks in 1980, the first dwelling- first-hand knowledge of what the fort house to be erected was experimentally li­ Archaeological looked like and how it was used during the ved in, so as to see whether it could be made last two of its three phases of settlement. tolerably warm in winter time and how Experiment At present visitors can only see the re­ much fuel this would require. construction of Eketorp II, the settlement Briefly, the house could be kept as warm from the Migration period. It still remains to as was required, but it took a great deal of reconstruct and recreate the medieval sett­ fuel to do so. Furthermore, there were long lement, and the plan is for this to be done in periods when the house was so full of smoke the eastern half of the fort. When excava­ that twentieth-century people found it hard tions were concluded, this part of the fort to live in. Only new experiments can show was filled in again up to the original medie­ whether other house designs provided bet­ val ground level. That ground level and the ter in-door climate in this respect. reconstructed medieval version of the south Another archeological experiment has gate of the fort are at present the only re­ been performed with the aim of rediscove ­ minders of the last phase of settlement at ring the prehistoric pottery technique. Start­ Eketorp. ing with the fragments discovered in the The various animals now to be seen in the fort, a potter has been given the task, in fort are part of the efforts which are being consultation with the archaeologists, not on ­ made to keep it as a living scene. The aim is ly of recreating the outward form of the ves­ for the livestrock to bear the closest possible sels but also of identifying the local clays resemblance to the original animals, and an which may have been used in making them, Longitudinal section of one of the attempt is being made, in collaboration with Eketorp II houses, showing how the as well as firing the reconstructed pots in smoke spreads with the wind bloving Kolmården Zoo to evolve a breed of pig conditions providing the same firing temper ­ in different directions. which, externally bears the closest possible ature and qualities of material as can be resemblance to an Iron Age pig. The purpo ­ studied in the original sherds. This extensive se of this project is purely instructive, not One of our aims is for Eketorp to be experiment is now being analysed and will kept alive by means of scientifically scientific. Projects have also been launched augment our knowledge of the conditions in based experimental activities of dif ­ which are aimed at acquiring new knowled ­ which pottery was made in Öland during the ferent kinds, and for those activities ge about the archeological material. During Iron Age. to encourage contact and communi­ cation between specialists and the ge­ neral public. Photographs: Bengt Edgren and Karl-Erik Granath

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Eketorp, Fortification and Settlement on Öland, Sweden. The Monument. KVHAA. Stockholm 1976. Eketorp, Fortification and Settlement on Öland. Sweden. The Setting. KVHAA. Stockholm 1979. Eketorp, Befästigung und Siedlung auf Öland. Schweden. Die Fauna. KVHAA. Stockholm 1979. Blomkvist, Nils et al. Undersökningen av Eketorps borg på södra Öland. Fornviinncn 1971. Stockholm Bibliography 1971. Borg, Kaj. Capella Bead Johannis in Kyrkiohaffn. I: Ar, socknen på Ölands sydspets. Degerhamn 1974. Edgren, Bengt & Herschend, Frands. Nya gamla hus. Rekonstruktionsarbetena i Eketorps borg 1978. RAÄ och SHM. Rapport 1979:3. Stockholm 1979. Edgren, Bengt. Eketorps borg — ett experiment i all levandegöra. Arkitekttidningen 1980:15. Stockholm 1980. Edgren, Bengt. Tusen år — tre borgar. Forskning och framsteg 5/82, Stockholm 1982. Edgren, Bengt & Herschend, Frands. Eketorp för fjärde gången. Forskning och framsteg 5/82. Edgren, Bengt. Eketorp,en öländsk fornborg. I: Påjakt efter det förgångna. Stockhom 1982. Edgren, Bengt & Herschend, Frands. Arkeologisk ekonomi och ekonomisk arkeologi. Fornviinncn . 77 (1982). Edgren, Bengt & Weigarth, Katharina. Livestock at Eketorp. Raä. Kalmar 1988. Ekman, Jan & Gejvall, Nils-Gustaf. Tre ton ben berättar . . . Forskning och framsteg 1972:4. Stockholm 1972. Gejvall, Nils-Gustaf. Benbitar berättar: medeltida miljöförstöring. Forskning och framsteg 5/82. Stock­ holm 1982. Göransson, Solve. Härad, socken och by på Öland. Bebyggelse historisk tidskrift 4. 1982 (1983). Herschend, Frands. Stolpparet närmast gaveln i öländska järnäldershus. TOR 1980. Uppsala 1980. Herschend, Frands. Att bo i den öppna spisen. Fjölnir 1/3, 1982. Herschend, Frands 1985. Fältgallerporten i Eketorp-ll, Öland. (The portcullis gate at Eketorp-ll, Öland.) Tor XX. Uppsala. Herschend. Frands. Uppbyggligheter. Kring husrekonstruktionens problem. Forntida teknik nr 15. Sveg 1988. Iversen, Mette & Näsman. Ulf. Smyckefund fra Eketorp-ll. KUMI. 1977. Höj bjerg 1978. Näsman, Ulf. Vapenminiatyrer från Eketorp. TOR 1972-73. Uppsala 1973. Näsman, Ulf. Eketorp och arkeologiska problem om folkvandringstid och äldre medeltid. KUML 1973-74. Copenhagen 1976. Näsman, Ulf. Borgenes ø. Skalk 1981/1. Näsman, Ulf. "Mellan skål och vägg”. Om järnåldershusets rekonstruktion. I: Gudmundur Olofsson (red) Hus, gård och bebyggelse. Föredrag från det 16e nordiska arkeologmötet, Island 1982. Reyk­ javik: bjodminjasafn Islands: 1983. Näsman, Ulf. Glas och handel i senromersk tid och folkvandringstid. En studie kring glas fr a n Ekc- Stamped gold sheets, Eketorp II. torp-II, Öland, Sverige. AUN 5. Uppsala 1984. These three human figures can be in­ Stenberger. Mårten. Öland under äldre järnåldern. En behyggclschistorisk undersökning. KVHAA. terpreted as a man, a woman and a Stockholm 1933. child. They form part of a small gold Stenberger, Mårten. Öländska figurbleck av guld. Finska fornminnesföreningens tidskrift 75. (honos hoard which includes another twelve Ella Kivikoski) Helsinki 1973. figurative gold sheets of the same kind. Trotzig, Gustaf. Restaureringen av Eketorp. Årsbok 1978-79. Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens His­ toriska Museer. Lund 1979. Photograph: Karl-Erik Granath. Wallander, Anders. Ett ämnesjärnsfynd från Eketorps borg, Öland. Fornvännen 1975. Stockholm 1976. Addresses: The Central Board of National Antiquities Box 5405 S-11484 Stockholm. Tel. 08-783 9000

Eketorp fort (May—October) Postlåda S-38065 Degerhamn. Tel. 0485-62023 The Öland Local History Association Ölands hembygdsförbund Himmelsberga 3360 S-38700 Borgholm. Tel. 0485-51011, 51022

Kalmar County Museum Box 104 S-39121 Kalmar. Tel. 0480-563 00 Published by the Swedish Central Board of National Antiqui­ ties.

Translated by Roger G. Tanner. ISBN 91-7192-715-8

Rear cover: Eketorp Fort from the south before excavations. Photograph: Mårten Stenberger 1963