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E- 266
Warld Rank Financed P,ica Public Disclosure Authorized ~EEMSREP-URUC .ECHINA
ENVIRONMENTAL Public Disclosure Authorized ILACT ASSESSMENT
LOESS PLATEAU SOIL ANDWATER CONSERVATION PROJECTSTAGE II Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized August, 1998
PREPAREDBY: WaterEnvironment Assessment ReconnaissancePlanning and DesignLnstitute and ResearchCenter, China YellowRiver Conservancy Conunittee. MWR
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Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage Il ELA Executive Summary
PART 1
EXECUTIVESUMMARY 19/05 '99 10:12 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE @°°4
Loess Plateau Soiland Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EIA ExecutiveSununary
PART 1 EXECUTIVE SUVIMMARY
Table of Contents
1. RATIONALE OF PROJECT 2. IIISTORY OF EIA 3. PROJECr DESCRIPTION 4. PROJIECTBENEFIT 5. ENVIRONMENTALSETTING 6. ENIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 7. ENVIRONMENTALMANAGMENT 8. CONCLUSIONS 19./05 '99 10:13 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE IaO00
LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage ll EIA ExecutiveSummary
1. RATIONALOF PROJECT
The loessplateau part of the Yellow River basin involves 306 counties in 46 prefectures governedby Qinghai,Gansu, Ningxia, innerMongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan Provinces, coveringa total land area of 640,000 km2 . This is the most seriouserosive area in China, and even in the whole world, with a soil erosion-pronearea of 454,000km 2, or 70.9% of the total land area here. Out of this total erosivearea, the portion subject to extremelyintensive water erosionconstitutes 64.4% of the total in China,and that subjectto intensivewater erosion takes up 89% of the national total. This hindersthe sustainabledevelopment of the regional socio- economy,and causes impoverishmentand -eco-environrentaldeterioration. With a long-term averagesediment yield as high as 1.6 billiont, the lower YellowRiver is beconminghigher and higheras the dikes on both banks are raisedtime and again. As a result,the increasinglyserious floodprotection has turned into a mortalmalady of the Chinesepeople.
The Partyand the Govenmmenthave beenconsistently interested in soil and water conservation in the loess plateau. In particular,such work has been emphasisedas a fundamentalsolution to the livelihooddevelopment of the localpeople and a strategictask for promotionof the regional economicdevelopment since the beginningof the 1990s. Soil and water conservationhas been incorporated,as a basic nationalpolicy, into the agenda of the CentralParty Comnmitteeand the StateCouncil.
Successful implementationof the World Bank financed Loess Plateau Soil and Water ConservationProject Stage I has resulted in good results, whichare unanimouslyaccepted by the responsibledepartments of the Governmentand the WorldBank. Good reputationgained from Stage I implementationprovides a solid basis and a brightfuture for the developmentof soil and water conservationactivities by utilisingmore foreigninvestments. To expand Stage I results and benefits, and to meet the requirements for accelerated erosion management and econornicdevelopment, it is stronglyrequested by Gansu, Shaanxi,Shanxi and InnerMongolia that Stage II be implementedwith the help of World Banlkloan.
2. HSTORY OF ELA
Accordingto the World Bank requirementsfor the project, the Reconnaissance,Planning and Design nstituteis entrustedby the ProjectOffice with EIA of StageII. This EIA is based on the ELAexperience and findings of Stage 1. The main findings for Stage II are "EIA Terms of Referencefor Loess Plateau Soil and Water ConservationProject Stage IF1,"EIA for Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project Stage II" and relevantspecial reports.
The ELAteam is consistedof a project designchief, a comprehensivegroup, provincialproject officers, as well as staff in water and soil conservation,biology, pedology, hydrology, meteorology,socio-economics and public health. Participatingagencies are mainly Gansu, Shaanxi,Shanxi and InnerMongolia project offices, environment protection agencies, sanitation and anti-epidemicstations. In the process of EIA, the EIA team receivedvaluable advice and guidanceof engineeringand EIA expertsfrom the Project Officeand provinces.
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3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.1 ProjectObjectives
The project is aimed at controlling soil and water loss and achieving eco-environmental improvement.to help the local poor peopleget rid of poverty.This projectwill be implemented to better the basic conditionsof agricultureand other industries,and to push forward the diversified economic development of agriculture,forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery.
The loess plateau is the most seriouslyerosive region in China. Seriouswater and soil loss is exactly the reason of environmentaldeterioration and less developedeconomy in this region. The projectarea is amongthe poorestparts of Shaanxi,Shanxi, Gansu and InnerMongolia. Due to the fact that only 27.1% of the area subject to comprehensiveerosion managementis so managed,water and soil loss occursto a great extent in the poor land with a low vegetation coverage. As a result, the local farmers are living in impoverishnent,with a per capita net incomeof only 586.1 RMB,and a per capitagrain holding of 361 kg.
Water and soil conservationis taken by the Governmentas an importantmeasure to improvc l and build up the eco-environmentand to managethe territory.When this project is completed, the eco-environrnentwill be imnprovedand the local farmerswill quickly get rid of poverty while other aspects of the rural constructionare much better.As estimated,a total of 454,000 km2erosive land, i.e. 52.3% rather than 27.1%of the land subjectto erosionmanagement, will be put under initial control upon completion of the project. The local farners, the main beneficiaryof the project,will increasetheir per capita grainoutput from the existing361 kg to 537 kg, which will be more than self-sufficientin grain.The per capita incomewill be 1,205.4 RMB, rather than the present 586.1 RMB. When the project is completed, the land area of vegetationwill be enlargedfrom 320,000hrn 2 to 677,000hmn 2, with the vegetation coverage increasedfrom the present 16.4% to 34.7%.Enorrnous comprehensive benefits will result from the project.
3.2 ProjectComponents
The project area involves 12 silt-ladenmajor tributariesof the YellowRiver, such as Weihe, Jinghe, Yanhe,Fenhe and Hunhe, coveringa total land area of 19,488.7km 2 distributedin 3,350 administrativevillages, 264 xiangs (township),37 counties,12 prefecturesin Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. There are 3 soil erosion types in the project area: gullied loess highland,cullied loess hillyland,and desert.
The projeet is intended to improve the quality of life and to ameliorate the local eco- environment through subbasin-basedcomprehensive erosion managementin light of actual conditions.The projectcomponents include: (a) on-farmdevelopment in a total area of 96,487 hn2, including87,012 hm2 terraced fields,to providea per capitafarmland holding of 0.15 hm2 for meeting grain productionand livelihoodrequirements; (b) afforestation,including creation of 42.000 hm2 artificialforestland and 60,700hm 2 grassland,to conservesoil and water, retain
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moisture,iron out the shortageof fertiliser,feed and fuel for the purpose of animal husbandry development,achieve a vegetationcoverage of 34.7%, and improvethe local eco-environment; (c) constructionof 28,700hm 2 orchards,to providefarmers with higher economicincomes; (d) engineeringmeasure for gully management,including 152 key projects, 335 silt arresters and 829 check damns,to controland raise erosivebase, consolidatethe lowerpart of slope,and retain sedimentfor land accretion;(e) constructionof 168 km gully head protectionworks, to retain surface runoff and preventheadcut in gully;(f) establishmentand improvementof scientific, training and technology spreading systems, and provision of quality nursery centers; (g) provisionof projectcoordination/supervision and environmentalmonitoring/evaluation system, to ensureachievement of goodquality and developmentof projectbenefits.
The project schedule is arranged as follows:implementation in 1999-2003, completionand acceptancein 2003-2004,post monitoringand evaluationin 2003-2023.
4. PROJECT BENItFIT
4.1 EcologicalBenefit
Upon completion,the project will significantlyimprove the local eco-environment.This is mainlyreflected in the followingaspects:
Practicalcontrol of water and soil loss: With 5-yearintensified erosion management completed under Stage II, various water and soil conservancymeasures will cover a total land area of 453,100 hm2 , i.e. in increaseof 25.2%, the grand total land area put under control will reach 938,700hm2, i.e. 52.3%.There will be an annualreduction of 50.58 million t sedimentinto the YellowRiver. As a result, soil and waterloss in the project area will be essentiallyput under control.
Remarkableimprovement of agriculturalproduction conditions: During implementationof the project,the basic farmlandarea in the projectarea will be enlargedby 96,500 hm2, there will be thus a total of 304,500hm2 high and stable-yieldfamland, i.e. 0.15 hm7/personrather than 0.1 hm2/person. The total slopelandarea will be reducedfrom the present 472,000 hm2 to 2892,000 hM2,a reductionof 190,000hnt 2 , and the proportionof slopelandwill be cut down from 69.4°%o to 48.1%. Slopeand gullyprotection works will be arrangedto effectivelycontrol soil erosion, thus providingfavourable conditions for agriculturalproduction.
Expansionof vegetationand bettermentof eco-environment:Upon completionof the project, vegetationin the project area will be enlargedfrom 320,000hrn 2 to 677,000 hmn2, witlhthe vegetationcoverage increasedfrom 16.4%to 34.7%.The provisionof shelterbeltnetworks will check the wind and fix the shifdng sand, reduce the wind speed, prevent desertification,and finallyimprove the micro-climateof farrnland.The enlargementof vegetation and vegetation coveragewill effectivelyretain moisture,reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, mitigatewater and soil loss, increase land productivityand sustainableproduction increasing capacity, and promotefavorable eco-environmental evolution.
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Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II EIA ExecutiveSummarv
Mitigation of possible losses accruing from various natural hazards: The establishmentof shelterbelt networks for subbasin-basedcomprehensive erosion managementwill effectively check the wind and fix the shifting sand, mitigatesandstorm nuisance, regulate river runoff, curtail sand content,increase regular clear water flow, alleviateindustrial and agriculturallosses due to floods and waterloggings,allowing reasonable utilization of waterresources.
4.2 Social Benefit
Promotionof agriculturaldevelopment: When the projectis implemented,grain productionwill be increasedby 54.9%, with the total outputincreased from 726,000t to 1,124,500t, and the unit output from 1,374.5kg/hm 2 to 2,682.7kg/bi 2. A total land area of 70,800hM 2 fruit forests will be created,providing an annual averagefruit output of 1,402,000t. There will be 563,000 hM2 forestland. Improved natural and artificial grassland will arount to 146,000 hm2, supporting4,763,000 sheep units each year.The gross social productionvalue will be increased from 3.04 billion RMB to 5.801 billion RMB. The industrial structure in rural parts of the project area will be so changedthat the grain-basedagricultural structure will tend to be more reasonable.
Increase in labor productivity:With 103,000 hm2 slopeland returned to afforestationupon completionof the project,the total farmlandarea will be reducedby 93,500hbn 2, but the grain outputwill be increasedby 398,500hbn 2 to the contrarv.With the farmlandarea per labor force reduced from 0.72 hrn2 to 0.6 hbn2, there will be lower work intensitybut higherproductivity. The mode of farmningwill be changed from extensive to intensive management, which will result in less croppedland areas but higheryields.
More employmentopportunities: There will be additionally28,730 hmn2 fruit forest,42,045 hrn 2 cash forest, 107,628hbn 2 high forest, and 117,515hm 2 shrub in the projectarea. Alongwith the development of fruit forestry, knitting industry, animal husbandry, fiuit handling and processing,timber productionand processing,manual knitting and fur processingactivities will provide more jobs for the local residents,especially women in rural areas. T"hiswill greatly contributeto social stability.
Higher living standard: The project implementationwill get the local farmersout of poverty and lead them to a well-offlife. At the endof Stage II, the rural per capita grain holdingwill be increasedfrom 361 kg to 537 kg, and the per capita incomewill be increasedfrom 586.1 RNB to 1,205.4RMB. The annual output of meat,egg and milk will be 180,000t, or 45 kg/person. There will be 586 kg/person fruit products. The living standard of farmers will be significantly bettered.
While providing the local farmers with considerable economic incomes, the project will also result in improvementsto residential,sanitation, cultural and educationalamenities. Changes to bad sanitationconditions and habits will representless possibilityfor diseasesto occurand for comrnunicablediseases to spread. Better cultural and educationalamenities will allow more childrenof schoolage to go to school,and alsoenrich the spare-timecultural life of farmers.
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LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage If ElA ExecutiveSummary
4.3 Economic Benefit
As estimated, the intemnalfinancial rate of return will be 16.7%, a net present value of 1.362807 billion RMB, and the intemal economic rate of return will be 20.4%, a net prcsent value of 1.946494billion RIvIB. With indirect benefits considered, the intemal financial rate of return will be 17.4%, a net present value of 1.54204 billion RMB, and the intemal economic rate of return will be 21.3%, a net present value of 2.125727 billion RvMB.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTIN'G
5.1 Environmental Study Area
The study area covers all areas to be significantly benefited or affected by the project, mainly includingthe project area the area downstream of the project.
5.2 Phvsical Environment
5.2.1 Topography and Geomorphology
This area mainly involves three types of soil erosion. i.e. gullied loess highland, guIlied loess hillyland, and sandstorm area. Except 3040% flat loess tableland, about 60-70% of the first type is distributed in deep-cut gullies where there coexist abrasion and gravitational erosion. The second type is distributed in continuous ridges and replats intersecting the broken ground, w,th 50-60% contributed by slopcland and 40-50% by gully land. This type is predominantly abrasion in spite of the existance of gravitational erosion. The last type involves closely-spaced sand dunes, but there is also locally distributed floodland, which is turned into mobile or partly- fixed sand dunes due to the destruction of vegetation. There is a wavy terrain, ridges are flat and slopes are gentle, so the ground is not cut to a large depth.
5.2.2 Climate
The project area is of a typical continental monsoon climate. There is less but concentrated precipitauon, which is unevenly distributed in both time and space. The annual average precipitation ranges from 300 to 600 mm, 60-70% of which, mostly rainstorm, is concentrated in the period of June to September. Thc project area is subject to an arid weather, -withan annual evaporation as high as 817-2,445.3 mm. There are great variation and difference of temperature, with an annual mean temperature of 5.2°C-11.10C, an extreme maximum of 40°C, and an extreme minimum of mninus34.5°C. There are frequent natural hazards such as wind, hail, frost. and droueht. With abundant sunlight, however, the project area enjoys rich light-heat resources.
5.2.3 Air Quality
Air quality in the study area is related to TSP to the most extent. The content of TSP exceeds the applicable standards mainly because of poor surface vegetation, soil exposure and strong sandstorm.
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LoessPlateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage II EIAExecutive Sumrary
5.2.4 Water Resources
Surface runoff variations are of the same features as rainfall. Runoff in the project area is obviouslycharacterised by uneven distributionin time and space and high silt content in the flood season. In most parts of the project area, 80-90% of the annual runoff is generally produced in the flood season,when the silt contentis 300-500kg/mr 3, and even more than 1,000 kg/m3 in local areas.
5.2.5 Water Quality
Most parametersof surfacewater qualityin the project area meet Categorym of the "Standardf Surface Water Quality" and the "Standardof Irrigation Water Quality". The major water pollution source is water and soil loss, which not only causeshigher colority and turbidityof river water, affectingthe organolepticquality of waters, but also lowerswater transparencvand oxygen recuperation.Remaining insecticides and chemicalfertilisers will pollute surfacewater alongwith soil erosion.
5.2.6 Soil
The projectarea is predorninantlyloess savefor limitedrock hills and desert.Major typesof soil includeloessal soil, spongysandy soil, taupesoil, adarnicearth, and karaburen.
5.2.7 TerrestrialBiosphere
In this area, there are 530-oddherbs, mainlyzerophyte such as cogongrassand wormnwood,and 260-odd speciesof xylophyta,mainly Quercu liaotungensis, wild poplar,and white birch.These are all macro-flora,without any rare species.As of 1997,there is altogether241,300 ha artificial forest, 48,200 ha natural grassplot, and 36,200 ha artificial grassland in the project area, accountingfor 12.4%,2.47 and 1.86%of the total land area.
Wildlife at the national protectionlevel includesotter, black stork, Panthera pardus, mandarin duck. otis tarda, Mongoliangazelle, MIartes foina, etc.
5.2.8 Hydrobios
Hydrophyte in the project area is very limited, mainly including Lemna miinor,Rhizoma sparganii and alga. There are small populationsof fish in built reservoirsand river courses, mainrl includingcarp, grass carp,black carp,and silver carp.
5.3 Socioeconomy
5.3.1 Populationand LivingStandard
Based on statistics, the total populationin the project area is 2.257 million, including an agricultural component of 2.013 million. In 1997, the gross social production value was 3.040064billion RMB, or 1,509.9RMB/person, and total incomewas 1.180153billion RvMB,a per capita net income of 586.1 RMB.
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LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II EIA Executive Summary
5.3.2 Land Use
The project area covers a total land area of 19,537 km', including6,802.9 km2 farmland, 2,670.9km' forestland,844 k1m'prairie (including natural grassland), 301.8 km' waters,7,542.9 kh2 unusedland, and 1,326.1lan 2 other typesof iand, contributing34.9%, 13.7%,4.3%, 1.5%, 38.7%and 6.8% to the total.The land use structureis not so reasonable.Slopeland takes up 2/3 of the total fanrland area,or even more than 80% in local areas,and 61.5% of slopelandis at a slope of larger than 15°. On the other hand, there is a low land utilizationfactor in the project area.Unused land constitutes39.4% of the total, largequantities of landresources are left idle.
5.3.3 Constitution of Gross Social Production Value
The gross output value of agriculture in the project area is constitutedby farning, forestry, aniimalhusbandry and industrialsideline activities, with a respectivecontribution of 1,509.093 million RMB, 608.289 million RMB, 477.496 million RMB and 437.037 million RMB, or 49.6%,20.1%, 15.7%and 14.4%.
5.3.4 Public Health and Education
There are 43 hospitalsat or above countylevel, 227 at tovnship level, 543 clinics.There is a total studentpopulation of 443,000 at 4,541 schools of differenttypes, including 3 colleges,37 seniormiddle schools, 251 junior middleschools, and 4,442 primaryschools. The populationat age of school includes148,800 with an educationlevel of equal to or higher than seniormiddle school,427,500 with a level of junior middleschool, 531,000with a level of primary school, and 145,800illiterates or semi-illiterates,12%, 34.3%, 2.7% and 11.7%respectively.
6. ENVIRONMUENTALLM]PACTS
6.1 Major Environmental Factors
The projectwill bring about enormousenvironmental benefits, but improperconstuction and managementmay also representsome adverseimpacts. As screenedon the basis of the project constructionand operation activities, potential impacts will be caused by the following environmentalfactors: environmental irnpacts during the constructionstage, chemicalfertilizer and pesticideapplicaton, and project safetyduring the operationstage.
6.2 Impacts on Runoff-SedimentRegime
With variousconservation measures implementedas proposed,the projectwill be able to retain water and soil. Thus, the percentageof erosionmanagement will be increasedfrom 27.1% to 52.3%, the efficiencyof sedimentreduction will be increasedfrom the present27.5% to 52.3% at the end of the project,an annual averageincrease of 2,980 milliont in sedimentreduction, and 146.4million m 3 in water storage.
In snall, thanksto the retentioneffect of conservationmeasures, runoff and sedimentreduction will be achieved downstreamof managed gullies. This will mitigate flood risks caused by
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Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: Stage ll EIA ExecutiveSumrnarY
rainstorm in the downstream areas, and ensure safety of villages and roads there. Large volumes of flood retained in the managed areas will provide groundwater recharge, and increase the regular flow of streams from year to year.
In large, the implementation of subbasin-based conservation measures will achieve runoff and sediment reduction in all tributaries distributed in the project area.
Further in large, the development of water and soil retention benefits of various conservation measures will undoubtedly rrlitigate sedimentation in the lower Yellow River, reduce sediment removal work in irrigation areas fed by the Yellow River, and save on dike raising cost. All these will provide significant economic and social benefits for flood control in the lower Yellow River and construction in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain. The implementation of the proposed conservation measures will cause some impacts on the downstream runoff, but such impacts will be minor because the downstrearn runoff variation is associated with many factors, including precipitation, irrigation water diversion, etc. In comparison with water retention benefits to the realized in the project area, the effect on downstream water reduction is negligible.
6.3 Impacts on Water Quality
Runoff retention and flood detention by various conservation measures and moisture retention by plants will result in less silt and suspended load, lower mineral degree, hardness and coliform content, and higher oxidibility of waters, enable control of soil erosion and nutrient loss, reduce non-point pollution sources, and finally help improve runoff water quality.
During the project implementation, more pesticide and chemical fertilizer will be applied. In terrmsof the implementationof Stage 1,there is an increase in the amount of application, but it is still lower than the national average. The application will reflect Moreover, they are applied as appropriate, almost without impact on water quality. Standards and safety procedures for the application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer in China are discussed herein, to ensure that no adverse environmental impact will result from improper use of such.
6.4 Impacts on Soil
The project will directly improve the moisture, fertility and physical property of soil. The most obvious soil improvement will be found in basic farmland.
Terraced fields will ameliorate soil arability, control soil and water loss, retain surface runoff and sediment, increase soil moisture, retain soil fertility, improve soil cluster structure and microhabitat in favor of formation and accumulationof organic matter in soil.
Afforestation will not only enlarge the rnicropopulationof soil, which will help accumulation of nitrogen, transformation of organic matter and enhancement of fertility, but also incrcase the content of humus.
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Sorts of silted land come from siltation of slopeland topsoil. Plentiful organic matter of weed and animal manure contained in such soil will build up soil fertility. Also, irrigated land and floodland development will bring about great improvements to soil arability.
6.5 Impacts on Terrestrial Biosphere
Upon the completion of the project, the eco-environunentin the project area will be significantly bettered. There will be an increase of 295,000 hm2 in vegetation, with vegetation coverage raised from 16.4% to 34.7%. Also, the enlargcment of vegetation will provide a ground for the development of animal husbandiy. Plant diseases and insect pests will be the major irnpacts on plants and animals in the growth and development period, so pest control is considered herein as an important task of the environrmentalmanagement under the project. Common plant diseases and insect pests and animal diseases are given in the EIA main report, which includes a prevention-oriented pest control program. The Ministry of Agriculture has developed laws and reeulations on pest control and animal disease control. Compliance with such laws and regulations will control the attack of plantlanimal diseases and insect pests. With complete plant protection and animal disease control agencies available at different levels in the project area. pest control under the project uill be guaranteed.
6.6 Impacts on Microclimate and Air Quality
Extensive afforestation reduces wind speed. Farmland under the protection of shelterbelts generally cuts down wind speed by 10-80%, thus preventing crops from the adverse impacts of strong wind. Afforestation in desert is able to fix sand dunes and avoid desertification.
Afforestation improves microclimate to some extent. Vegetation is capable of air purification. According to the test results provided Shaanxi Province, the dust content of air in forestland is M0-38%less than that in bare land. In addition, plants absorb harmfil gas such as SO2, and CO:. etc. Enlarcement of vegetation coverage greatly increases air humidity, prevents dry and hot uind nuisance, and subsequently provides high crop yields.
6.7 Change to Land Use
Dramatic changes to land use in the project area will be brought about by on-farm, forestry, prairie. animal husbandry, and micro project development under the project. As proposed, the project will be implemented to increase basic farmland by 91,500 hm2, irrigated land by 5.000 hmr. forest bv 295.900 hrn forest, and artificial grassplot by 60,700 hn2. Apart from these. the project will enable protection and utilization of the existing grassplot.
6.8 Impact on Living Quality
Local farrners whillbe the main beneficiary of the project. It is expected that the per capita farmnlandholding will be increased from 0.34 hrnmand 0.61 hm2, with the basic component per capita increased forn 0.1 hm2 to 0.15 hrm, and theper capita net income will be dramatically raised from 586.1 RMB to 1,205.4 RMB. The agriculture-based single structure of production
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will be changed in such a way to include agriculture, fruit forestry, animal husbandry. processingand service activities.Also, the make-up of food will be considerablychanged, so the present grain-basedfood structure will be diversifiedto cover meat, egg, milk. fruit and vegetable.The project will resultin improvementsto infrastructures.
6.9 Impacts on Public Health
Implementationof the projectwill enableeco-environmental improvement, air purificationand water qualitybetterment. Sanitation will be improvedas the localeconomy develops. All these will influencepublic healthin a positiveway.
6.10 Environmental Impacts in Construction Stage
Construction activities under the project will be completed in a decentral manner. involving a small nunber of constructionworkers. Most of them will be local works of considerable mobility,for the purposeof controllingsevere water and soil loss, generallythey will not cause adverse environmentalimpacts. This is alreadyproven by practiceof Stage 1. However,some problemsmay be causedby defaultsduring the projectconstruction, so countermeasuresto this effectare proposed in the EIA main reportas appropriate,mainly recultivation and afforestation of borrowareas upon completionof the construction,to preventadditional soil and water loss.
6.11 Project Safety
The project is designed and will be implementedaccording to the "Specificationsof Soil and 'W.aterConservation", so that it will be of adequateflood resistance.Also, perfect project safetv supervisionand monitoringsvstems will be incorporatedinto the projectconstruction, allovwing early idcntificationand solution of any problem during construction,and ensuring adequate saferyof the project.
6.12 Compliance with Laws
The projectEIA is carriedout underthe guidanceof applicablelaws and regulationsof China.It is consideredthat the projectconstruction meets the environmentallaws/regulations of China.
6.13 Public Participation
The proposedproject includeswide public participation, and fullyrepresents the interestsof the local residents.The projectper se is proposedon the basis of the planningefforts made by the projectprovinces, and the projectproposal is preparedby plannersand designerson the basis of Bide public consultation. Farmers in the project area will be major implementors and beneficiariesof the project. so grassrootsimplementation agencies at village level are all composedof local farmers.
The project proposal,feasibility report. EIA termsof referenceand EIA reporthave experienced manv a time consultation of experts and review of responsibleauthorities, thus the project feasibility is ensured.
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7. ENTIRONMENTAL NANAGEIENT
To fully develop environmentalbenefits and miitigate/offsetpossible adverse environrmental impactsof the project,a detailed environmentalmanagement prograrn is incorporatedinto the ETA.Environmental management under the project mainlyinvolves provision of environmental manaaementoffices at project offices at different levels, to be responsible for environrment protectionand management.Their principleresponsibilities are as follows:
a. To incorporatethe environmentmanagement program specified in the EIA into the projectmanagement plan; b. To undertake environmentalmanagement and monitoring during construction and operationof the project;
c. To initiatefollow-up studies. so as to gainmore environmentalbenefits;
d. To perfectthe environmentalmanagement program on the basis of its performance;and
e. To preparereports according to the Governmentand the World Bank reportingsystems.
The environmentalmanragement program is alreadvincorporated into the project management systemas specifiedin the EIA, whichwill effectivelyensure the implementationthereof.
8. CO.NCLUSIONS
As an environmentalimprovement and enhancement,the project vAillgenerate considerable economic benefits. wide-ranging social achievementsand good ecological benefits. Main functionsof the project are to (a) enable reasonabledevelopment and utilizationof water and soil resourcestoward economic development in the project area; (b) increase vegetation covera2eto a considerableextent. mitigatewater and soil loss. retain moisture.regulate micro- climate.effectively restrain variousnatural disasters.and improve eco-environment;(c) greatly reducesediment yield into the YellowRiver. and helpmitigate acgradation in the lowerreach.
The projectmay cause some adverseenvironmental impacts, which. however, can be mitigated or offset providedremedy measuresare tak;enas appropriate.Furthernore. the EIA includes a detailedenvironmental management program and appropriateenvironment protection measures: which will ensure constniction and operation of the project in compliancewith environrment protectionrequirements. l0O6 19/05 '99 10:18 FAX 5224001 iYORLDBANK BJ OFFICE *1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
.4 Assessment LoessPlateau Soil andWater Conservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact
PART 2
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT
NIAINREPORT
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Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage 11 Environmental Impact Assessment
PART 2 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT,MAN REPORT
lable of Contentsl.
1. (IENRAL 1.1 Background and Rationale 1.2 EIA History and EIA Team 1.3 Basisof Preparation 1.4 EIA Area, Methodologyand Standard 1.5 Environment Protection Target 2. PROCT DESCRTPTON 2.1 Distribution of Project Area 2.2 Status of Erosion Management in the Project Area 23 Project Construction 2.4 Mitigating/Offsetting Measures 3. PROCTANATYSTS 4. ENVIRO N IATALSETTING 4.1 Environmental Study Area 4.2 Phvsio-environment 4.3 Socio-economy 4.4 SignificantEnvironmental Issues 5. ENVIRONMN !TAIIMPACT ASSESS,MNT 5.1 lMlajorEnvironmental Factors 5.2 Impacts on Runoff and Sediment 5.3 Impacts on Water Quality 5.4 Impacts on Soil 5.5 Impacts on Terrestrial Biosphere 5.6 Impacts on Microclimate and Air Quality 5.7 Changes to Land Use 5.8 Impacts on Living Standard
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Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage [I EnvironmnentalImpact Assessment
5.9 Impacts on Public Health 5.10 Environmental Impacts in ConstructionStage 5.11 Project Safety 5.12 Compliance with Laws/Regulations 5.13 Public Participation 5.14 Summary 6. EvVIRON1ENTAI MANAGEMENTPROGRAM 6.1 General 6.2 Organization and Responsibility 6.3 Environmental Monitorina Program 6.4 Training and NextSteps 6.5 Environmental Cost Estimate 7. ENlRENYNIENFJNALYSIS 7.1 EcologicalBenefits 7.2 Social Benefits 7.3 EconomicBenefits 7.4 Environmental Cost-BenefitAnalysis 8. CONCLUSIONS
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LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage Il EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
ist of Haps
1. Administrative Zoning 2. Soil and Water Conservation Zoning 3. Location of Project Area 4. Distribution of Soil Erosion Modulus 5. Isogram of Precipitation 6. Isogram of Long-term Average Runoff Depth
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Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage ll EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
1. GENERAL
1.1 Backgroundand Rationale
The Loess Plateaupart of the YellowRiver basin is the most severelyerosive area in China and even in the world. The soil erosion-pronearea is 454,000km 2, or 70.9% of the total land area here. Out of this total erosive area, the portion subjectto extremelyintensive water erosion constitutes64.4% of the total in China,and that subjectto intensivewater erosion takes up 89% of the national total. Serious water and soil loss causes poor vegetation, frequent natural hazards, low and unstable crop yields, hindersthe sustainabledevelopment of the regional socio-economy,and results in impoverishmentand eco-environmentaldeterioration. With a long-termaverage sediment yield as highas 1.6 billiont, the lowerYellow River has becomea world famous"suspending river" as the dikes on both banks are raised time and again, which puts the North ChinaPlain in a severelydangerous position.
The proposedproject is a comprehensiveand key projectallowing long-term, step-by-step and sustainabledevelopment. Implementation of the projectwill protectand enlargethe vegetation resourcesin the project area. initiateeffective control of water and soil loss, and improve the regional eco-environrnentalquality through establishmentof conservationsystems. Initiating and perfecting regional farning and engineeringmeasures will provide better azricultural productionconditions and rural infrastructures,raise crop yield andagricultural productivity as far as possible, and finallyprovide the local farmerswith a better life. Mitigation of natural hazards will lead the local agricultureand economy to the courseof sustainabledevelopment as soon as possible.
T-he project involves extensive and large quantities of works for comprehensive erosion management,requiring quantitativefinancial inputs. Financingof constructioncosts from all possiblesources is neededin additionto adequatedependence upon active public participation. Successfulimplementation of the Stage I, also financedby the World Bank, provides a solid basis for the developmentof soil and water conservationactivities by utilising more foreign investments.To expand StageI resultsand benefits,to promoteeconomic development, and to help the local farmers out of povertyas soon as possible,it is stronglyrequested by Gansu. Shaanxi,Shanxi and InnerMongolia that Stage II be implementedwith the help of World Bank; loan.
1.2 EA History and EIA Team
The project is of strategicimportance to the re-establishmentof the previouslygraceful north westem part of China. Also, it is a key projectto speed up erosionmanagement and promote economicdevelopment by taking advantageof the World Bank loans. Implementationof the project will surely bring about significant changes to the regional socioeconomy and environrment.In the process of project preparation,identification and construction,adequate attention in respect of environmentprotcction is and will be given by the Ministry of Water Resources(MWR), the NationalEnvironment Protection Agency (NEPA), the World Bankand the Project Office. Environmentprotection is incorporatedinto the project implementation process as an importantcomponent. EIA work completedover the years include preliminary
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LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
environmental examination, EIA Terms of Reference for Stage I, ELAby province, and ELAfor the overall project, which have been all reviewed and accepted by MWR, NEPA and WB.
To meet the requirement for accelerated erosion management and economic development, and to expand Stage I fruits and benefits, the World Bank financed Stage II is launched as strongly requested by the local government and the public. According to the World Bank requirements for the project, the Reconnaissance, Planning and Design Institute is entrusted by the Project Office with EIA of Stage II. This EIA is based on the EIA experience and findings of Stage I. The main findings for Stage II are "EIA Terrns of Reference for Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project Stage II", and "EIA for Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project Stage II" inclusive related special reports.
The EIA team is consisted of a project design chief, a comprehensive group, provincial project officers, as well as staff in water and soil conservation, biology, pedology, hydrology, meteorology, socio-economics and public health. Participating agencies are mainly Gansu. Shaanxi. Shanxi and Inner Mongolia project offices, environment protection agencies, sanitation and anti-epidemic stations (refer to Figure 1.2-1 for details). In the process of EIA, the ETAteam received valuable advice and guidance of engineering and EIA experts from the Project Office and the project provinces.
1.3 Basis of El
* Law of Environment Protection, PRC - Law of Water and Soil Conservation, PRC • Law of Water. PRC - Law of Land Management, PRC - Regulation for Environment Protection under Construction Project * Notice on Enhancement of EIA Management under Intemational Financing Organization- Financed Constiuction Project * Guidance for EIA * Specificationfor ELAof Water and HIydropowerProject * Project Proposal for Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project Stage 11
e FeasibilityStudy Report on Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project * World Bank Recommendations on Stage I * ETATerms of Reference for Stage II • Letter of Assignmrnentfor ETAof Stage II
1.4 ELA Scope. Methodology and Standard
1.4.1 Scope
The EIA scope covers large areas, but this ELAis mainly focused on the project area, involving 37 counties, 12 prefectures in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. However, some factors (e.g. water environment) mnaybe extended to cover larger areas. I-I
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LoessPlateau Soiland Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
* The EKAscope of surface water mainly covers such major tributaries of the Yellow River as Weihe, Jinghe, Yanhe, Fenhe, and Hunhe Rivers; * EIA scope of groundwater is focused on irrigation areas and both sides of irrigation canals; * EIA scope of soil and eco-environment is concentrated on areas subject to vegetation establishment, on-farrn development and minor conservancy facility construction; * Socioeconomic impact assessment refers to the whole project area.
1.4.2 Methodology
This EIA is mainly performed by analogy on the principle of combining qualitative with quantitative analyses. Possible environmental impacts by Stage II are assessed and mitigating/ offsetting measures are developed by widely collecting available background information. making full use of past experience in Loess Plateau water and soil conservation, especially comparing with thc environrmentalimpacts during and after Stage I implementation. Water and air impacts are assessed qualitatively and quantitatively, but qualitatively in most cases. Eco- environmnentalimpacts are evaluated mainly by mechanism analysis method in the support of necessary quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis method is applied to socioeconomic impact assessment, which is supported by qualitative analysis. Overall assessment is carried out on the basis of individual factor assessment, with mitigatingioffsetting measures proposed for possible adverse impacts.
1.43 Standard
- Standard of Surface Water Quality (GB3838-88) - Standard of Groundwater Quality (GB/T14848-93) * Standard of Ambient Air Quality (GB3095-96) * Standard of Soil Quality (GB 15618-95) e Standard for Safe Application of Pesticide (GB4285-84) * Standard of irrigation Water Quality (5084-92) * Standard of Comprehensive Sewage Discharge (8978-96) * Standard of Comprehensive of Air Polluting Material Discharge (GB 16297) * Allowable Maximum Concentration of Air Pollutant for Crop Protection (GB9 I37-88)
The class (eategory) of standard followed in the EL4 is as required by local environment protection agencies.
1.5 Environment Protection Target
The project is intended to improve the livinc standard of the local farners by bettering regional agricultural production conditions and rural infrastructures, and raising crop yield and agricultural productivity.
The project is intended to protect and enlarge vegetation resources in the project area, enable effective control of water and soil loss, and consequently ameliorate the local eco-environrnental quality by establishing comprehensive shelterbelt networks for soil and water conservation purposes.
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Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
With mitigating/offsettingmeasures taken as appropriate,the projectconstruction. particularly industrial development,will not cause any significant adverse impact on fauna flora and. environment.
Constructionof the projectwill achieve unity of social,economic and environmental benefits.
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LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
2. PROJECT DESCRRITON
2.1 Distribution of Project Area
The projectarea covers altogether 12 silt-ladenmajor tributaricsof the YellowRiver, such as Weifenhe,Jinghe, Yanhe,Fenhe and Hunhe Rivers,involving 37 counties, 12 prefecturesin Gansu,Shaanxi, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia.These counties are: Anzhai,Baota and Yanchang in Yan'an City,Changwu, Yongshou, Binxian, Xunyi and Chunhua,Shaanxi Province; Gujiao and Yangquin TaiyuanCity, Xiangningand Jixian in Linfen Prefecture,Lingshi and Jiexiu in JinzhongPrefecture, Baode and Pianguanin Xinz.houPrefecture, Youyu, Pinglu and Shanyinin Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province; Pingliang, Jingchuan, Chongxin, Lingtai:,Zhuangla'ng, Jingningand Huatingin PingliangPrefecture, HuarLxian, Qingyang, Zhenyuan and Huachi in QingyangPrefecture, Gansu Province; outskirtsof Baotou City, Qingshuiheand Helingeerin HuhehaoteCity, Zhunge$Er Banner, DongshengCity, Yijinhuoluo Banner and Dalate Bannerin YigezhaoLeague, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
The projectarea coversa total land area of 19,488.7kmz, including17,948 km km2 (or 92.1%) subjectto waterand soil loss. There is a totalpopulation of 2.257million, which includes 2.013 millionare in agriculturalstatus, including 929,000 rural labor forces(see Table 2.1-1).
2.2 Status of Erosion Management
As of 1997,conservation measures had been completedin 485,600hrn 2, or 27.1%, out of the total erosiveland area of 17,948 km2, including208,000 hm2 on-farmdevelopment, 210,000 km2 artificialforest, 31,300 hrn2 fruit forest, and 36,200 hm2 artificialgrassland, taking up 42.8%, 43.3%,6.4% and 7.5% respectively.Erosion management also includes completionof 41 key projectswith a total storage capacity of 29.281 rmillionm 3, 56 reservoirswith a total storaoe capacity of 181.68 million m3 , 1,807 silt arresters with a total storage capacity of 85.612 rmillionm 3 , 2.772.1 km head-cut protection works, 4,236 check dams, 1,250, 1,250 water retentionbasins, and 41,719 water cellars.The completederosion management measures result in sedimentreduction of 27.5%, playing an active role in controllingwater and soil loss, improvinga-ancultural production conditions, and promotingrural economic development. Thev havegenerated enormous social and economicbenefits.
Statusof erosionmanagement in the projectarea is detailedin Table2.2-1.
2.3. Project Construction
2.3.1 Strategy
The general strategy is to upgrade environmentaland ecologicalconditions, improve local people's livingstandards and productivity,realize poverty reductionand economic growth in this area. 0
Table 2.1-1 Backgrotind Information on Project Area fr
Jurisdiction Population Total Agricultural Total Erosive Province Project Density Population Population Lahd Land 2 2 .______Area Prefecture Couinty Townslip Village Family Person/lcm Area (km ) Area (kri2) ICC
Yanihe Basin I 3 19 296 30000 46 121000 111000 2390 2390 0 Shaanxi Jinghe Basin I 5 55 1108 189000 179 685000 625000 3832.6 3395.6 SubLolal 2 8 74 1404 219000 129 806000 736000 6222.6 5785.6 : Erhe Basin 1 2 16 159 37000 91 147000 111000 1621 1339 Upper Fenhe 1 2 16 255 42000 96 144000 114000 1511.3 1366.1 * Shanxi Middle l:enhle I 2 22 284 56000 275 245000 198000 892.3 877.8 c Pian-BaoSubbasin 1 2 19 257 20000 56 82000 80000 1480 1304.8 H unlie Basin 1 3 22 321 25000 60 108000 100000 1800 1423 Subtotal 5 11 95 1276 179000 99 727000 603000 7304.5 6310.8 - Jinghe Basin 2 8 63 497 122000 143 561000 523000 3916.7 3869.3 c Gansu Weihe Basin 1 3 1 I06 22000 216 109000 99000 506.2 498.1 0 Cu Subtotal 2 11 73 603 143000 152 670000 621000 4422.9 4367.4 < Yikezliao Leaguie 1 4 15 40 7000 29 28000 28000 986 943.6 l Inner HunhieBasin 1 2 6 21 4000 43 15000 14000 356.7 344.6 : Mongolia Wudanggoti Basin I I 1 6 3000 56 11000 11000 196 196 ISubtotal 3 7 22 67 14000 35 54000 53000 1538.7 1484.2 Tolal 12 37 264 3350 555000 I1 12257000 2013000 19488.7 17948
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a)-0 Ttble 2.2-1 Summary of Conservation Measurcs Comnpleted in Project Area u h unit hmZ c Province Pjrjct Total Frodive Iasic Farmland Anificial Fnresl Fruil Arnificial Tolal . Alca Area Area Tcrraccd Silted Inigated Floodland Subtlaol Arbor bush Cash Subtotal Forest Grassland Total Erosive Ut Yanhellasin 239000 239000 6615 1004 0 0 7619 19484 7051 3750 302S5 0 10968 48872 20.4 20.4
Shnanxi linghicBasin 3S3260 339560 60131 1009 1986 64 63189 40298 1183 8873 50359 15856 1054 130459 34.0 38.4 . 0 Subtolal 622260 579560 66746 2013 1986 64 70808 59782 S124 1262t 80644 1556 12022 179331 28.8 31[0 ErhseBasin 22933 1177930 12629 1327 360 1434 15750 19820 5943 6736 32499 3547 1313 53109 23.2 29.8 UpperFcnhe 205509 159911 10400 3460 19t4 1372 17216 1062 7677 1ltR4 20423 6948 220 44807 21.8 28.2 Shanxi MiddleFenhe 89227 87784 17653 370 2489 822 21334 1630 407 628 2665 OR I l 24818 27.8 28.3 I lunheBasin 21210 162090 4623 35 1240 5919 113t17 13617 14660 30 28307 42 1487 41653 19.7 25.7 0 C. Subtotal 735281 586715 45305 5192 6073 9547 66117 45929 28687 9278 83894 11345 3031 164387 22.4 28.0 JingheBasin 391670 316930 55662.2 1 1 4870.8 0 60544 10896.9 1789.8 3384.6 17635.4 6501 13714 98394.4 25.1 25.4 Gansu WeiheBasin 50615 49805 12715 0 103 0 12818 483.6 648.8 47.2 1179.6 170.6 11R6 15354.2 30t.3 30.t Subtotal 442285 436735 68377.2 II 4973.8 0 73362 113805 2438.6 3431.S ISSI5 6671.6 14900 113748.6 25.7 26.0 | YikezhaoLeague 98600 94364 104.7 403.3 1757 138.3 2403 4548 11434 0 15982 67 4782 23234 23.6 24.6 Inntr llunhclBasin 35670 34460 245 115 129 0 489 907 2552 107 3566 II 585 4651 13 135 mI
Mongolia WudanggouBasin 19600 19600 200 67 877 0 1144 67 270 97 434 55 430 2063 10.5 10.5 . .Subtotal 153870 148424 549.7 585.3 2763 138.3 4036 5522 14256 204 19982 133 5797 29948 19.5 20.2 Total 1953696 1750434 180977.9780.13 15795.8 9749.3 214323 122613.553615.6 25541.8 203335 34005.6 35750 4R7414.6 24.9 27.R 36
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Trtble 2.2-1 Sumtmary of Conservation McasturesComipleted in PlrojectArea - continuied ( '
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LoessPlateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
2.3.2 Objective of Project and Arrangement of Measures
With the aim of environmentalimprovement and povcrty alleviation,the general objectiveof project is to essentiallyput water and soil loss under control toward favorableenvironmental evolution.to providebetter agriculturalproduction conditions and higher livingstandards, and to promotesustainable regional economic development.
a. ProjectObjective
Constructionactivities over 5 years (1999 to 2003) will result in highervegetation coverage. and comprehensiveconservation and protection systems, which will enableeffective soil controland environmental improvement. These will place solid grounds for sustainable economic developmentand sediment reduction, improve agriculturalproduction conditions and rural infrastructures,raise crop yields and living standards, and consequentlypromote economic developmentand help local fannersout of impoverishment.
It is plannedto completeconservation measures in a total land area of 453,100 hrn2 duringthis period of 5 vears,achieving a 52.3% percentageof soil erosionmanagement. Also, the existing basic farmlandarea will be increased bv 96,400 hm2, providinga per capita holdine of 0.15 hm2. With the help of appropriatemeasures to gain land fertility and productivity,enhance operationand management,and popularizeand apply researchachievements, grain production will be increasedto a large extent, with per capita grain productionmaintained above 500 kg. more than self-sufficiencyin grain supply.Afforestation campaigns v.ill be launchedin a total land area of 356,600 hm', achievinga vegetationcoverage of 36.4%. Actionswill be taken to strengtheneconomic development in associationwith these measuresand to improve economic perfornance of the project, so that there will be a per capita net incomeof more than 1.200 RMvBin the projectarea. Soil erosion managementmeasures will reduce the sedimentyield of the Yellow River by 29.8 million t, which will provide a higher land utilization factor. As a result, structuresof land use and productionwill be so adjusted to be adequatelyreasonable. infrastructuressuch as roads will be improvedduring implementationof the project, providing better productionand living amenities, and placing solid grounds for sustainable economic development.
The project implementationover a 5-year period of time will have preliminarilyestablished comprehensivemanagement and utilization systems. With 15 to 20-year efforts made for consolidatinsand perfectingthe achievementsmade in the initial 5-yearperiod, the following will be achieved under the project: effective control of water and soil loss, favorable eco- envirornmentalevolution, proper use of water and land resources,harmonious development of agriculture.forestrv, animal husbandryand fishery, considerablegrowth in agriculture, steady growth in rural economy, poverty alleviation, steady-stateimprovement to living standard. thorough change to culture, education, public health. transportationand telecommnunication facilities.All these will make the projectarea a beautifuland ricbpart of the Loess Plateau. Lp/ ua uu IU:23 FAX 3'_4UUI WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE -030
Loess PlatcauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 1I EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
b. Arrangementof Measures
For environmentalimprovement and economicdevelopment in the projectarea, comprehensive erosionmeasures are planned and arrangedaccording to 3 typesof erosion as delineatedin the previouscontext, i.e. gulliedloess highland,gullied loess hillyland,and sandstorm.
b. I GulliedLoess Highland
Waterand soil loss here is characterizedby the following:wide and flat plateausurface giving rise to trace of erosion;deep-cut bottomof gully, expansionof cheuch, and advanceof gully head nibblingplateau surface farmland,jeopardizing urban communication and causingsevere damages;collapse, landslide, pitfall and other gravitationalerosion phenomena. The minimum requirementfor managementand productionis "protectingplateau and consolidatinggully, healingplateau with gully",with plateausurface turned into grainproduction bases, and gullies into fruit, animal husbandryand other productionbases. Variousmeasures for plateau surface, plateau slopeand gullywill establish 3 lines of defencefrom top to bottom.
b.2. GulliedLoess Hillyland
Water and soil loss here is characterizedby wavy ridges and replats, steep slopes and deep gullies susceptibleto extensive surface and gully erosion.Surface erosion is mainly found at slope farmlandand then at waste slopeland,whereas gully erosion is mainly encounteredin slope surface gullies and young water cuts. The basic requirement of manazement and productionis to carry out comprehensivemanagement combining gullies with slopes so as to form a protectivesystem of ridge/replat/slope,valley sides and valley bottoms.Ridees, replats and slopes are to be devoted to land terracingand afforestation.Gully sides are to be used for afforestationand orchardconstruction for the purpose of forestry,animal husbandryand fruit forestry development.At valley bottoms,dams are to be built for land accretionwhile check dams are built in water cuts to consolidatethe gullybed. Whenit permits,reservoirs or overfall dams will be constructed to raise water levels and provide irrigated pockets with diverted water.
b.3 Sandstorm Area
This area is divided into two subzones, one is covered by dunes, and the other is overland exposed to alternatingdeflation and abrasion.The formeris mainly subject to deflation,while the latter is subject to wind denudation in winter and spring. Wind eroded matters, when carried to gullies,cause abrasion at the effect of rainstorrmsin summerand autumn,and furthercause altemate deflationand abrasionwhen carriedto watercourses. Windstorm is the major nuisance in sand-coveredareas. The policy of soil erosioncontrol is to aim at developmentand utilization of water and land resourceson the basis of wind protectionand sand-bindingmeasures. The focus of thispart of erosion control is placedon driftingduncs, and then semi-fixeddunes. For fixed dunes,emphasis is placed on protectionand preventionmeasures.
2.3.3 Components of Project
a. On-farmDevelopment
On-farm developmentin the project area involves land terracing, land reclaimingby silt arresters,and land accretionby river taining works, requiringa total cost estimateof 785.885 millionRNB. Table2.3-1 is an on-farmdevelopment plan.
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LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project StageII EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
Table2.3-1 On-farmDevelopment Plan unit:ht2 Province Terraced Irrigated Land by Silt Land by River Subtotal Land Land Arrester Training __ __ Gansu 27450 . 325 27775 Shaanxi 29000 750 400 - 30150 Shanxi 25656 500 255 2000 28411 InnerMongolia 4906 3730 1515 - 10151 Total 87012 4980 2495 2000 96487
b. ForestDevelopment
The component of forest development includes cash forest (fruit forest), high forest, and shrubwood.As planned, a total of 295,900hm 2 forest will be created, including28.700 hmb2 fruit forest,42,000 hm- cash forest, 107,600hrn 2 high forest,and 117,500hm2 shrubwood.The total financialrequirement will be 618.356million RMB, referto Table2.3-2 for details.
Table 2.3-2 Forest DevelopmentPlan
_unit: hm Province FruitForest Cash Forest Hiah Forest Shrubwood Subtotal Gansu 10500 15200 26950 31970 84620 Shaanxi 13000 16280 45330 15210 89820 Shanxi 4655 7825 26704 45599 84783 Inner Mongolia 575 2740 8644 24736 36695 Total 28730 42045 107628 117515 295918
c. Pasumreand AnimalHusbandry Development
This componentincludes upgrading the existingnatural prairie and creatingartificial grassland for the provisionof feed. It is proposedto provide60,700 hm2 artificialgrassland at a total cost of 48.036 million RMB duringimplementation of the project.Also, more efforts will be made to upgrade.protect and utilize the existine grssland, so there will be a carrying capacity of 1.1736million sheep units in the projectarea,
d. Constructionof Gully Works
This component mainly relates to constructionof major dams and silt arresters for the managementof gullies.It is planned to constructa total numberof 152 major dams and 335 silt arrestersat a total cost of 98.16 millionRMB approximately.
e. Constructionof RainingWater SavingProjects
Raining water saving projects proposed for Stage II include drip irrigation facilities, water- retention wells, w^atercellars and retention basins. A total of 211.346 million RMB will be 19/05 '99 10:24 FAX 5224001 _ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE I1l032
Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
invested on the provision of 296 raining water saving projects, 344 km irrigation canals. 30,000 water-retention wells, and 5,000 hbn2 irrigated areas.
2.3.4 Project Implementation and Schedule
a. Implementation
The construction stage of the project will be 5 years (1999-2003). Based on the long-time experience obtained from water and soil conservation work in the Loess Plateau, the project components vwillbe imnplementedunder various responsibility systems. Development of forest, grassland. fruit forest, terraced pockets, minor water retention works will be contracted to facnilies in most cases. For unifying quality standards and requirements, terraced fields in succession will be constructed by village, or centralized construction will be carried out with construction equipment as mobilized by collective. Key projects and silt arresters. 'which require high skills, and large continuous erosion control works will be constructed, on a regular basis, by specialized construction crews as arranged by villages and townships. Achievements to be made in whichever form under the project will be finally contracted to farm families for custody and operation in most cases.
b. Schedule
Technical training, equipment/material procurement, construction equipment maintenance and otlher supporting activities will be completed. as necessary, one year prior to commencement of the project, to make evervthing ready for the project implementation. During implementation of the project, large-scale afforestation carnpaigns will be launched in spring and autumn. Also, such activities will be arranged in the wet season as appropriate. To ensure good construction quality, soil improvement and civil works will be arranged in the slack season before freezing and after thawing. The construction schedule will last 5 years. To ensure successful completion of 4,530.8 k2 erosion control measures on schedule, and to facilitate full development of the project benefits, 75-80% of the total quantity of works will be completed in the fist 3 years of the construction period, including 101.531 hm2 in year 1, 111,284 hm2 in year 2, and 110,947 hr2 in year 3, 68.141 hm2 in year 4. and 542391hbn 2 in year 5. The construction schedule is as shown in Table 2.3-3.
2.4 Mitigating/Offsettina Measures
As an environmental improvement the project will be of high economic performance, extensive social and excellent ecological benefits. During construction of the project. however, there may be locally adverse environmental impacts in the event of any failure to comply with technical specifications and environrnent protection requirements. In this case, environment protection measures will be required, as appropriate. to minimize or mitigate any possible environmental impacts to an acceptable extent.
2-8 19/05 99 10:24 FAX 5224001 _ _ WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE 0133
Loess PlateauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
Table 2.3-3 ConstructionSchedule by Year
unit: hM2 Province 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Gansu 33711.25 33711.25 33711.25 20226.75 13484.5 Shaanxi 31195 31215 31220 16843 16327 Shanxi 20382 28050 27875 20539 16778 Inrer Mongolia 116243 18308 18141 10532 7801 Total | 101531.25 111284.25 110947.25 68140.75 54390.5
Suchmitigating/offsetting measures include the following:
a. To enhanceproject management so that all activitiesare carried out in strict compliance with the planningand desip criteria,ensuring good quality;to establishand improve emergencyresponse systems for floodcontrol, ensuring safe operation of the project.
b. To properlyarrange engineering measures, preventing rise of water table and subsequent salinizationof soil.
c. To developplant disease and pest control plans on the basis of aericulturalcontrol, and to combinebiological, proper chermicaland physicalcontrol measuresfor the purpose of attemptingto control plant diseases and insect pests in an economical and effective manner.
d. To make more efforts for technical training and popularizationin respect of safe applicationof chernicalfertilizer and pesticide,for the purposeof close compliancewith specificationsand applicableregulations, thus mitigatingor offsettingmilignance on soil and quality.
e. To strengthenproject monitoringactivities, for the purpose of keeping aware of the project implementation,facilitating early developmentof remedy measures, ensurine successfulimplementation of the projectand achievementof the projectobjectives. 19/05 '99 10:24 FAX 5224001__ WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE lM034
LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
3. PROJECT ANALYSIS
The proposed project is aimed at improving the eco-environrmentin the project area, reducing soil erosionin the LoessPlateau and sedimentyield into the YellowRiver, properlydeveloping and utilizingwater/soil resources, and finallypromoting the regionaleconomic development. In the view of the major objectives and components,the project is a systematicengineering in favor of environrnentconstruction and protection.It will be of high economicperformance, extensivesocial achievements and excellentecological benefits.
Upon implementationof the project,the agriculturalland use structurcin the projectarea will be adjusted,and there will be considerableincreases in kind. By the end of the constructionstage (i.e. end of 2003), there will an annual increaseof 398,500t in grain crops, 31,000t in oil crops, 302.000 t in cash crops, and 1.089 million t in fruit products. The total grain output will be increasedfrom the present726,000 .t to 1.1245million t by the year of 2003, withthe per capita grainoutput increasedfrom 361 kg to 537 kg.
Agriculturalproduction conditions will be greatlyimproved, and the industrialstructure will be adjusted to be reasonable,which will consequentlvprovide higher productivityand better economicperformance. By the year 2003, the gross output value in the project area will be 5.801 billion RMB rather than the present 3.04 billion RMB, with per capita output value increasedfrom 1,509.9RMB to 2.768.9RMB; and the total incomewill be 2.53 billion RMB in stead of the present 1.18 billion RMB, with per capita net income raised from 586.1 RMB to 1.205.4RMB.
The project,when implemented,will greatlyimprove the eco-environrnentin the project area. mainlv in the followingaspects: (a) Waterand soil loss will be essentiallyput under control. With 5-vear intensifiederosion managementcompleted under Stage II, variouswater and soil conservancymeasures will cover a total land area of 453,100hrn 2, i.e. in increaseof 25.2%. the grand total land area put under control will reach 938,700 hm2, i.e. 52.3%. With an annual increase of 146.4 rillion mi, the total runoff retention capacity will be 312.8 million m3, providing a water reductionefficiency of 49%. With an addition of 29.8 rnilliont sedirnent reduction,the sedimentreduction capacitv will reach75.27 milliont, providinga total reduction of 52.3%. (b) Agriculture production conditionswill be bettered to a considerableextent. During implementationof the project.the total basic farmlandarea will be enlargedby 96.500 h2 there will be thus a total of 304,500 hm2 high and stable-yield farmnland.i.e. 0.15 hn 2/person rather than 0.1 hm2/person. The total slopeland area will be reduced from the present 472.000 hbn2 to 282,000 hM2, a reductionof 190,000 hM2, and the proportion of slopelandwill be cut down from 69.4%to 48.1%.Slope surface and gully protectionworks will be arranged to effectively control soil erosion, thus providing favourable conditions for agriculwamlproduction. At the same time,provision of high-levelnursery centers, introduction and breedingof qualitv tree/grassseeds. and afforestationby applyingup-to-date runoff foresty technologieswill create good material conditionsfor forestryand animal husbandry in the project area. As a result, agricultureproduction will be remarkablyimproved. (c) The project will achieve expansionof vegetation and bettermentof eco-environrnent.Upon completionof the project, vegetation in the project area will be enlarged from 320,000 hmn2 to 677,000 hm2, 19/05 '99 10:25 FAX 5224001 WORLD_BANK BiJ OFFICE l035
LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessmen:
with the vegetation coverage increased from 16.4% to 34.7%. The provision of shelterbelt networks will check wind and fix shifting sand, reduce wind speed, prevent desertification, and finally improve the micro-climate of farmland. The enlargement of vegeration and vegetation coverage will effectively retain moisture, reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, rnitigate water and soil loss. Also, the shortage of relax fuel, fertilizer and feed will be relaxed, and more straw will be returned to fields, which will provide higher productivity and sustainable production increasing capacity, and promote favorable eco-environmental evolution. (d) Possible losses accruing from various natural hazards will be mitigated. The establishment of shelterbelt networks for subbasin-based comprehensive erosion control will effectively check wind and fix shifting sand, mitigate sandstorm nuisance, regulate river runoff, curtail sand content, increase regular clear water flow. alleviate industrial and agricultural losses due to floods and waterlogcings. allowing reasonable utilization of water resources.
Great social achievements will be made when the project is implemented, which are mainly reflected in the following aspects: (a) Agricultural development will be promoted. and industrial structure Aillbe substantially changed. Contributions to the gross output value by agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry activities will be adjusted from 49.6%, 20.1% and 15.7% to 37.1%. 36.1% and 12.2% respectively. As a result, the grain production-based azricultural economic structure will tend to be reasonable. (b) There will be higher labor productivitv. With 103.000 hm2 slopeland returned to afforestation upon completion of the project. the total farmland area will be reduced bv 93,500 hm2, but the grain output will be increased bv 398.500 hm2 to the contrarv. With the farmland area per labor force reduced from 0.72 hmn2 to 0.6 hin2. there will be lower work intensity but higher productivity. The mode of famiing will be changed from extensive to intensive management. (c) More employment opportunities will be provided. There will be additionally 28,730 hm2 fruit forest, 42,045 hm2 cash forest, 107,628 hm2 high forest. and 117,515 hrn2 shrub in the project area. Along with the development of fruit forestry. knitting industry, animal husbandry, fruit handling and processing, timber production and processing. manual knitting and fur processing activities will provide more jobs for the local residents. especially women in rural areas. This will greatly contribute to social stabilirv. (d) Farners uill lead a better life. The project implementation will get the local farmers out of poverty and lead them to a well-off life. At the end of Stage II, the rural per capita grain holding "ill be increased from 361 kg to 537 kg. and the per capita income will be increased from 586.1 RMB to 1.205.4 RMIB.As agricultural productivity and income level are increased. the make-up of food will be considerablv changed. so the present grain-based food structure will be diversified to cover meat, egg, milk, fruit and vegetable. The annual output of meat, egg and milk will be 180,000 t. or 45 kg/person. There will be 586 kg/person fruit products. The living standard of farmers uill be siTnificantlvbettered. The pace of conservation industrialisation will be accelerated. A self-sufficient atricultural operation mode is generally maintained in the project area, which disables full arndproper use of advantages in resources. There is thus small scale of production and low level of economic performance. The project will provide a number of agriculture. forestry and animal husbandry production bases, and also conservation-related industrial bases, which will accelerate the pace of soil conservation industrialisation. (f) Farmers' production skills and managenral levels will be raised. During the project implementation, many many farmers will receivc various case-specific technical training services, to master one or two practical techniques. This will enable them to substantiallv raise 19/05 '99 10:26 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE l0t036
Loess Plateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
their production skills and managerial levels. In turn, they will pass on their experience to new hands, which will arouse wide application of agrotechniques in the project area and raise the awareness of modem agriculture. This will set an example, other farmers in the vicinity of the project area will follow suit. As a consequence, the traditional close-up farming mode will lead to modern agricultural production step by step, which will achieve good social effect. (g) While providing the local farmers with considerable economic incomes, the project will also result in improvements to residential, sanitation, cultural and educational amenities. Changes to bad sanitation conditions and habits will represent less possibility for diseases to occur and for communicable diseases to spread. Better cultural and educational amenities will allow more children of school age to go to school, and also enrich the spare-time cultural life of farmers.
During construction of the project, however, there may be locally adverse environrmental impacts in the event of any failure to comply with technical specifications and environment protection requirements.
Construction activities under the project will be performnedin a decentral manner, involving a small number of construction workers. Most of them wmillbe local works of considerable mobility, generally they will not cause adverse environmental impacts. In addition, construction activities will be conservation measures implemented at slopelands, waste mountains/slopes and gullies subject to severe water and soil loss, they will neither damage the existing vegetation, nor cause anv additional water and soil loss due to human activities.
When the project is completed and put into operation, application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer will represent potential risks to water quality. Improper application of such will cause damage to the environment. Inadequate planming of engineering measures, inconsistency and interference of project layout with geology will cause obstacle to surface and ground water, and rise of water table, resulting in rapid development of soil salinization. There will be enlargement to veQetation. but there will be possibility of plant diseases and insect pests in a larger range. Any failure to strictly complv with design criteria during construction of various conservation measures Nwillrepresent risks to the project safety, which will cause major problems. 19/05 '99 10:26 FAX 5224001 WOR!LD_BANKBJ OFFICE l037
Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: StageII EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
4. FNVIRONMENTAL SETTING
4.1 Environmental Study Area
The environmental study area refers to all the land to be significant benefited or affected by the project. mainly covering the project area and the downstream area as shown in Map 3 attached hereto.
The project area is to be directly affected by the project construction. It covers a total number of 12 major tributaries of the Yellow River, such as the Weihe, Jinghe, Yanhe, Fenhe and Hunhe Rivers, involving 3.350 administrative villages, 264 townships, 37 counties, 12 prefectures in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. and covering a total land area of I 94.8S7 kM2 .
Environrnental factors to cause significant impacts in the downstream area are runoff and sediment. so the project area and the downstream area are considered as the environmental study area for assessment of the impacts on such factors.
4.2 Physioenvironment
=4.2.1 Topography and Geomorphology
The project area mainly involves three types of soil erosion. i.e. gullied loess highland, gullied loess hillyland, and sandstorm area. The former two types are commonly characterized by bare hills. steep slopes and deep gullies giving rise to severe water and soil loss. Except 30-40% flat loess tableland. about 60-70% of the first type is distributed in deep-cut gullies where abrasion coexists with gravitational erosion, gullv bank expands, bed cuts to a large depth. and head extends far to nibble the existing tableland. The second type is distributed in continuous ridges and replats intersecting the broken ground, with 50-60% contributed by slopeland and 40-50%Z1 by oully land. This type is predominantly abrasion in spite of the existence of gravitational erosion. The last type involves closely-spaced sand dunes. but there is also locally distributed floodland, wlhich is turned into mobile or partly-fixed sand dunes due to the destruction of vegetation. There is a wavy terrain. ridges are flat and slopes are gentle, so the ground is not cut to a large depth. This is the focus of sandstorm prevention. Details are given in Table 4.2-1.
Table 4.2-1 Constitution of Land Gradient in Project Area
Constirution and Percentage 0 Province Total Area
__i~~~~~~~~~~ % 0~~~~~~~~/0 Shaamxi 622260 133430 1.4 198015 31.9 2908D15 46.7 Shanxi 730452.5 94274.3 12.9 395205.4 54.1 1240972.7 33 Gansu 442285 68514.2 15.5 247426.7 55.9 126346.2 28.6 lInnerMon0olia 153870 71147.2 46.2 65210.7 42.4 175 12.3 11.4 ITotal 1948867.5 367365.7 18.9 905857.8 46.5 675646.2 34.7
A I 19/05 '99 10:26 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE 1038
Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
4.2.2 Climate
The project area is of a typicalcontinental monsoon climate. Major features are as followss:less out concentratedprecipitation, which is unevenlydistributed in the year and from year to year. The annual average precipitation ranges from 300 to 600 mm, 60-70% of which. mostly rainstorm,is concentratedin the periodof June to September.Also, precipitationgreatly varies from place to place. The maximum of long-termnmean precipitationis 603.4 mm as measured bv YongshouMeteorological Station in Jinghepart of the projectarea, and extrememaximum is 983.9 nrn as measured by ChunhuaMeteorological Station in 1983; while the minimumis merely 302 mm as measured by Telada MeteorologicalStation in Ihner Mongolia,and the extreme minimum is 100.8 mm as measuredby YijinhuoluoMeteorological Station in Inner Monoolia in 1962. The projectarea is subjectto an arid weather,with an annual evaporationas high as 817-2,445.3mm. There are great variationand differenceof temperature,with an annual mean temperatureof 5.20C-1 1.1°C, an extrememaximum of 40°C, and an extrememinimum of minus 34.5°C.There are frequentnatural hazards such as wind. hail, frost. and drought.With abundant sunlight,however. the projectarea enjoysrich light-heatresources. There is an annual average sunslhineduration of 2,111.5-3,159.4 sunlight,hours, a sunshine rate of 51-60%, annual averaoie solar radiation amount of 113-168.1 kilocalorie, and an annual average effective cumulativetemperatures >10 0C of 2.245.7-3,711.5°C.The minimumnumber of days subjectto winds above force 8 is only 2 in JingchuanCounty, while the maximumreaches 64 in Piana-uan County.Major meteorological features are discussedin Table4.2-2.
4.2.3 Air Qualitv
Air pollution in the project area mainly stems from coal for family use and windstorm.Air qualiry is related to TSP to the most extent.The content of TSP exceeds applicablestandards mainly becauseof poor surfacevegetation, soil exposureand strongsandstorm.
4.2.4 Water Resources
Surface water in the project area is mainlygovemed bv precipitation.Surface runoff variations are of the same features as rainfall. Runoff in the project area is obviously characterised by uneven distributionin time and space and high silt contentin the flood season. As analyzedon the basis of available data. Liujiahe HydrometricStation has an average runoff modulus of 71.756 m3/km2 in a 17-vearseries. whereasShiguaihe Hydrometric Station has 15.789 m/kMrn2 in a 21-vear senres.a difference of 4.5 times. The yearly maximum runoff differs from the minimum in the same river basin by more than 10 times,and even by more than 20 times in some cases. At Pian-uan HydrometricStation which controls a catchrnentarea of 1.896krn. for example.the runoff in 1967was I 5 timesas much as that in 1986. There is a catchmnentarea of 1.530 km2 above Gujiao Hydrometric Station in the upper reach of the Fen River, the runoff in 1967 was 23 times of that in 1972. There is a catchrmentarea of 2.874 k.m2 above Wanadaoheng HvdrometricStation located on the silt-ladenWulanmulun River, the annual runoff differs by more than 18 times to the maximum.In most parts of the project area, 80-90% of the annual runoff is produced in the flood season.when the silt contentranges from 300 to 500 kg/mr,but it may be more than 1,000 kiJm3in localareas. These are summarizedin Tables 4.2-3 and 4.2- 4. 19/05 '99 10:27 FAX 5224001 _ WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE 1039
Loess PlateauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 1I EnvironmentalImpac; Assessment
Table 4.2-2 Recorded Meteorological Characteristics in Project Area
Province County Annual Mean Frost-free Annual Mean Precipit tion (mm) Temperature (IC) Penrod(d) Total July-Sep. %__ Baota 9.1 183 572.3 345.5 60.37 Changwu 9.1 171 587.7 375.4 63.88 Shaanxi Binxian 11.1 176 553.7 298.0 53.64 YonQshou 10.8 207 603.4 298.8 49.52 Xunvi 9.1 186 572.4 314.0 54.86 Chunhua 9-9 187 600.6 316.5 52.7 Pingliang 8.6 160 511.2 298.5 58.39 Jingchuan 10 178 553.4 325.2 58.76 Lingtai 8.6 178 584.1 289.3 49.53 Chonaxin 9.7 174 546.4 333.4 61.02 Gansu Hua.nxian 8.7 166 433.0 215.3 49.72 Yinenang 9.4 184 529.8 358.6 67.69 Zhenvuan 9.5 163 488.5 275.0 56.48 Huachi 8 165 529.0 323.0 61.06 Huating 7.9 116 592.8 343.4 57.93 ,Zhuanglang 7.9 149 547.8 233.9 42.7
_JinmninQ 7.1 160 442.8 261.0 58.94 Xiangning 9.9 198 540.7 386.0 71.39 Jixian 10 172 579.1 422.7 72.99 Gujiao 8.7 160 474.0 281.0 59.28 Yangqu 8.8 168 441.2 275.6 62.47 Lingshi 10.7 156 508.3 305.4 60.08 SharLxi Jiexiu 10.4 176 487.0 275.0 56.47 Baode 18.7 167 462.0 285.0 61.69 Pian2uan 7.4 140 409.7 262.5 64.07 Youvu 3.7 104 428.2 273.3 163.83 Pinglu 5.5 115 434.1 293.1 67.52 Shanxin 7 120 443.3 1282.2 63.66 Helin 5.6 125 398.0 251.6 63.22 Dongsheng 5.5 146 393.9 264.4 67.12 Inner Mongolia Zhun,eVcr 7.4 174 393.0 261.0 66.41 Yikezhao 6.3 151 358.2 264.4 73.81 Dalate 6.1 134 302.0 198.3 65.66 Tablel 4.2-3 Recordcd( Sedimenit Chinr:ctcrisfics in Project Area0(
Sill 0u'nle,it (kg/mi') Aitiitial SedilirgicgD iscIrar e ( 10 l) Scdjiictre Disd1ar g in hily-Sep Period (10, I) Et,siouu Series Long-termn MaKirnUM Min inuitrn I.orrg4enlr ModuIns (year) I'r0Vil%cC PFogccl Atea Sislion Couiro1kIci Nlajilrnurni Mil;i,i,i,ii I.O.I0.te ,, Maximritii, Mininiim0 VruIlrrne Year Volume Ycar Awcage Volume Year Qiy Year Average (Ilkinm' ______~~~~~~~~~~~~~Amcifk,ni' Voiutine Year Viili.i:e Ye Ir Aserape 796 197 840 1985 3050 5805.5 t0 WI Yaul.e Bassil, (Iar,g i,g59 1010 19R9 784 1980 158R2 UN11 1987 15911 1Q85S 14?0 ______linphe Ilasin ______12.58 44.7 1988 3.38 1989 7.98 6485 14 eju Shaallii Charigmvr Yergrs" 9. 498 1983 1989 6.51 59.6 1988 4.5 1989 60200 1977 3800 1967 23000 7020 37 Ilinsian ~~~~lineiur 40281 887 1937 31 2 1967 155 68200 1964 14100 1972 281001 342 1967 5543 629.7 1969 397 1973 262 63 4231 10 ___ _Xum,yi l.mjisle 131D 1.04 1960 5 I 1972 32.2 837 1960
Jituglie BJasin_____ 10.3 1972 130.1 _ 7360 35 1 = piurgIial'g linpn8.19 894 1984 74 1260 11966 13.4 7979 144,9 1246 i966 1973 700.5 '1987 4800 89273 38 Jingtlutiaii Jinrudutat 3450 565 1958 22.9 19i.S 67.7 12806 1973 10110.7 1972 2854.9 9964.2 4 1966 I102.6 1994 216.5 6000 38 Lingai Linglam 1500 547 1983 1195 678 1980 3 25.3 1995 437A1 845 8308 199001 1977 -1110 1965 8308 7988.46 37 G3ansu lluanuian Qirugvanpichil, u 10400 1220 1986 ____ 19 144 26900 196,4 1980 1972 1977 1110 1965 8308 7988.46 37 Qingyang Xkchi,all 10400 1720 19186 1Q90 144 269(1 19&4i 198(1 1972 838 1990,0 7618 1977 1780 186 3780 7500 47 lltersyotan Vannil,;?;u,ang 2264 982 1997 ____1994 117 86 065 1964 2147 1972 1908.6 432 225.9 1977 0.37 1972 394 8400 23 I______Yuele 528 089 1979 10004 261 2290 1977 38 2 1965
189 256 11986 24 977 1315201 [____lusting I lnuting 276 110 1960 0.1 1990 181 369 1964 37.4 1965 1971 118 1963 523.3 13900 21 -LutelHasin Xiangniing 476 _____1886 1971 205 1963 5B5 1640 1264 1967 39.4 1987 388.7 3170 28 UpperFenhue Gujian 1530 120 1966 37 1972 72 1680 1967 23.A 1972 14856
1972 33 1982 1223.86 299 1972 201 1982 135 7800 25 L___n ____h ___I.'tugshi 287 154 1932 19 1982 144 414 1988 I 1 1972 98 7250 40. Jlien). Jiexinj 239.45 145 1984 72 1972 138 320 1988 21 1972 1173.06 200
1959 32 1972 689 2367 18 lOsode Baode 2Q01 552 1971 130 1972 281 2940l 11959 33 1972 724 2478 5465 1967 21.2 1986 1183 693038 32 P'iangnaan Pianguan 1896 1460 1969 1971 266 5513 1967 36,8 1986 1314 Ilunlic Basin______1961 17.7 1957 ISO 4000 12 Youyu Youyu 700 134 1961 7.8 1957 68 2187 1961 20,2 1957 208 1450 1965 3.7 4500 IS f Pinle 900 128 1968 67 1975 69 1437 1964 7.5 1Q65 284 1125 1964 5 6 Pin8 Iu. 8 1967 5.4 1972 95 4300 IS Slinnyin Sltanyin 315 126 1964 16.2 1973 164 528 1964 16.1 1972 116 370 1967 7.8 1986 569.1 800ON Ilunhc lSa,in raipingyao 3406 1201 1974 54.7 19113 438 5 2057 1967 18.5 1986 650 9 19i0.8 2173 1981 72.7 1982 18 438 4870 1 Xiliungou llasin IA)nli10u811i 304 1140 1981 80.4 1982 210 4 2173 1981 72.7 1982 I4805 _ I 8646 __ .6960_ _ _ IagnmDo, __ __ 282 1989 840 1993 745.09 7590 35 Mogounlin W,ilalnmulunIla1sin Wnrtiplaoliceug 28174 1012 1989 113.2 1993 412 I 11000 19819 918 4 1Q93 2181.37 7908.2 102.4 19181 43.6 1982 100 5150 1 II 12CgingolecBa6shu, DlaIe 1148 1215 1981 97.8 1982 223 6 11(74 1971 4761 1982 100 490 199 14 1991 306.6 4500 Il Wuidatitggu[Iasi I Yougun,i 886 366 1979 191 102. 491 11979 116.7 191 187 19/05 '99 10:28 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE I041
Loess PlateauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
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(N ( C' ' flC ' 4 o-rLan0 0o f:~~~u (NC i,EJ' Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: StageII EnvironmentalImpact Assessment 4.2.5 Water Quality Water quality in the project area is mainly related to soil erosion, pesticide/chemical fertilizer application, and sanitary sewage discharge. Sever soil erosion is the most outstanding surface pollution source, which not only causes higher colority and turbidity of river water, affecting the organoleptic quality of waters, but also lowers transparency and oxygen recuperation. The project area is poor and out of date. With agricultural input far below the national average, soil here is basically in natural state, so there is little effect to water quality. There are few major cities in the project area Sources of concentrated sanitary sewage include Gujiao District of Taiyuan City, outskirts and Dongsheng of Baotou. There is little sanitary sewage discharge from the rural parts of the project area. 4.2.6 Soil The project area is of loess overburden save for limited rock hills and desert. The major constituent of loess is silt loam (accounting for 50-60%), which is loose in structure and rich in carbonate, susceptible to erosion. Major types of soil include loessal soil, spongy sandy soil. taupe soil. adamic earth, and karaburen. There is an aver-age content of 0.37-1.2% organic matter. 0.02-0.089% N, 0.057-0.158% P, and abundant K. pH ranges from 7.82 to 8.7. The physiochemical properties of soil in the project area are given in Table 4.2-5. 4.2.7 Terrestrial Biosphere a. Terrestrial Plant According to investigation results, there live 530-odd herb species and 260-odd xylophta species in the project area. including more than 10 commercial tree species such as popular. willow, pine, elm and birch; 10-odd fruit tree species such as peach, apricot, pear, apple. walnut and haw; more than 80 species of medical herbs Radix liquiritiae, Astragalus mongholicus. Codonopsis pilosula. Matrirnony vine and Hippophae rharmoides; and more than 10 species suitable for knitting activities such as salix monsolia. caragana microphylla. splendid aclinotherurn. In addition, there are many oil, spice, starch, gum, feed, vegetable and ornamental plant species. Therefore. the project area enjoys advantageous natural resources for the development of agriculture. forestrv. anima husbandry and sideline activities. As of 1997, there was 241.300 ha artificial forest, i.e. 12.4% of the total land area here. Main tree species include Robinia pseudoacacia. Prunus arrneniaca, American elm, popular. uillow. Chinese pine. caragana microphylla. seabuckthom, jujube, apple, zanthoxylumn Bungeunum, pear. apricot and peach. etc. There was 48,200 ha natural grassland, i.e. 2.47% of the total land area. Predominant grass species are coeongass, wormwood, Lespedeza, and yellow bluestem, etc. The annual forage vield is 1,500-3,000 kg/hm2 . Artificial grassland totals 36.200 ha. i.e. 1.86% of the total land area. Predominant species include alfalfa, Ormosia hosiei. perennial rye, and awnTless brome, etc. The annual average fresh forage yield is 33,750-60,000 kg/hrin2. Table 4.2-5 Pltysiocliemical Properties of Soil in Project Aren , 1'rovince Project Suhizone 'I'ype of 'type of SpeciFic Aggregate Content of Soil Nutrient pit - Area L.and Soil Weight nff Soil (Irganic N (%) I'PM K I''M P I'PM c 3 ______.______film ) 1 0) iMatter (%) o Shaanxi Yan lc Fableland Loessal Soil 1.24 0161 0.047 28 2.317 103 0.126 5 8.4 Slopeland LocssalSoil 1.2 10.6 0.045 26 0.7 98 0.134 5 8.6 Floodland Loessal Soil 1.2 0.75 0.253 2.16 156 0.158 6 8.7 - -I'errace LoessalSoil 1.25 0.665 0.046 32 222 I 10.101 5 8.4 . Foresiland Loess Alfisol 1.27 2.788 0.154 59 2.72 160 0 142 7 7 0 Gully .LoessMount 1.38 0.589 0.44 33 2.06 117 0.152 7 8.8 _____ Jinghe Changwu _ _ _n______.. Platuca Surface Black Malure Soil 1.09-1.38 10.16 1 0.096 42.6 2.55 287 0.153 10.5 8.08 0 I;ully Side Loessal Soil 1.2-1.4 8.12 0.98 0.082 39.7 1.1 186 0.15 8.9 8.4 Floodiand WarrpSnil 1.2-1.4 9.12 . ._ ._ _ . 0.81 0.06 32 1,6 106 0.079 1.9 8 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~______Jinghc BlioMxian 1l'aleaeSurface TesselatedSoil 51.5 1.41 0.086 45.21 2.97 157.47 0.42 10-15 8.4 Black Mature Clay 71.3 0.96 0.075 31.28 2.78 132.62 0.103 10-15 8.6 a _Black Mature Soil 53.2 1.67 0.093 44.33 3.03 147.4a 0.l81 10-20 8.37 S_ _ eland Loess Soil 42.74 0.96 0.075 37.91 2.51 144.33 0.157 20-30 8.35 _ .______FloodlandF_ __ Warp Loess 40.01 0.867 0.048 26.32 4.71 173.7 0.307 20-30 8.48 Jinghe Yongsliotu _ ____ . PlateauSurfacc Loess 1.34 57.5 1.044 0.078 44.15 1.823 164 0.166 4.1 7.8 Jinghe Xunyi PlateauSurface Loess .___M .___ - Black Malure Soil 1.14 40.07 1.03 0.0786 45.74 2.48 168 0.145 6.589 8.3 Gully Side Ballast Soil 1.26 40.19 1.092 0.085 49.6 2.38 161 0.183 8.327 8.1I Jinghe CtChunhua Plateau Surface Black Mature Clay 1:35 4U 0.95 0.056 42.4 2.49 190.8 0.134 4.54 8.2 Shanxi Linten Relie Plateau Natural Soil Woodland Soil 1.1 55 2.08 0.119 127 0.06 3 8.1 b; Relic Plateaul NaturalSoil Non-woodland Soil 1.25 50 1.12 0.125 133 0.054 3 8.5 1 Rclic Plateau ArabicSoil ILoCssalSoil 1.15 52 1.3 0.079 143 0.052 4. 8.6 Relic l'lateau Nont-loessalSoil 1.3 48 1.55 0.062 12R 0.05 3 8.5 I aiuan I'luvial Area Floodiand 7141319 MeadowSoil 1.1-1.3 3()-40 ()16-1.2 0.05-0.06 . - . __ 2.2-81.4 7.5-S.3 > .______Soil & Rock Ilill Plateau I.eachedl)rab Soil 1.1-1.4 20-25 0.9-1.13 0.05-0.055 25.0-233.0 = 5.5 8.2-8.9 fC IL.oessGully Terrace D)rab Soil 1.1-1.22 30-40 0.4-0.8 0.03-0.05 25.0(-282.0 2.2-5.5 8.0-8.2 3 ______d .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T:hle 4.2-S Physiochenmicall Propterties of Soil in Project Aref - continued Province i'mjcCt Stubzoc 'I ypc of Typcof Specilic Aggregate Cn_ entof Soil Ntitrient _ _ o Atca Land Soil Wcighit of Soil Organic N P%'IlIM K PPM P PPM pill __(t/m') (% Matllr(%) _ _ I l oessIlillytand Tcrrace FilbertSoil 1.14 -1.32 20-25 0.14-1.02 0.03-0.067 19-38 277-2.7 75-115 0.003-0.06 3.4-10.8 7.2-8.1 ¢ ______Soil & Rock Ilill Slopeland.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,300 D)rab.Soil 1.11-1.35 21-35 0.66-0.8 0.032-0.043 20-26__ 3.2 80-105 ..-. 0.03^004 P 46-13.6 6.76 7-6.9 Jing7ltong Soil & RockIlill Arabic Soil DdrabSoil 1.1-14 0.7-1.5 o05-008 30-60 X 0-120 0(04-0.06 5.0-15.0 7.5-8.2 . ______Soil & RockIlill Gullyland DrabSoil 1.1-1.3 1-1.5 0.06-0.07 40-50 80-100 0.05 8.0-10.0 8-8.2 CO ______Soil & Rock ______Ilill Slopeland I)rab Soil _ I.-1.3 0.6-1.8 0.05 30 60 0.04 5.0-8.0 8-8.2 o & ~~~~~~~~~~L Sol 0 0.04 6.0-8.0 8-8.2 * Soil & RockI lill Platcau DrabSo-il 11-1.35 0.8-1 0 0.06 40 70 _ o_05 6.0-8_0 8-8.2 Soil & Rock Iill Irri ated Land Drah Soil 1.15-1.25 1.2-1.5 0.08 5060 9_l-120 0.06 10.0-15.0 8-8.2 ______Soil & Rock Hill Terrace DrabSoil 1.1-1.35 0.8-1.2 0.06-4007 40-45 70 0.05 6.0-9.0 8-8.2 _ LocssI lillyland 12 0.6-2.0 0.085-0.5 60*-120 50-i 50 3.0-10 7.5-8.0 ShU07J1U SandstoritArea IFloodland light MeadowSoil 1.2-14 0.56-0.68 0041-0 06 _ 80-94 4.2-5.2 8.2 ______SandstornmArea erc Iight ChestriulSoil L4-1.5 0_54-0,65 0 039-0o057 _ 80-94 4.-5.0 75 _ SandstonnArea Sloepaldu LIightMcadovw Soil 1.3-1.4 0.55-0.70 0(04-0.06 B5-90 4.0-5.0 7.8 SandstormArea Slopeland 1-igit lalrpe Soil 1.3-1.5 0.51-0.60 0.04-0.053 100- lo0 s5-6.5 8.5 SandstormArea Wasle (irassland SandvSoil L.5 0.65-0.78 0.045-0.07 _ 82-94 4.5-5.4 7.3 ______SandstennAreaTernace I.igLitCliesinutSoil 1.4-1.5 ,10.53-0.67 0.04-0.56 _ 30-90 ___ _ .6 UO SandstonmiAzea______Floodland Illacl;Mature Soil 1.3 0.58-1.34 0 04-0.07_ 45-1 so 0.545 7.5 Gansu 1.225 . 0.840266667 0o6506714339.723 1.67777778 146.741765 0.13 6.052941176 7-8.7 cW Ilingliang _ __ Platau IllackMattre Snil 1.2 30-40 009o 49 26 1.95 106 0.15 4 8.7 _rTeracc LoessalSoil 1.3 30-40 0.5-0.8 009 44.6 1.8 130 0.12 8 8 Slopcland fIlack Mature Soil 1.07 0.9 0.074 69.3 0.3 138 0.15 5.6 8.4 w Slopcland LocssalSoil 1.29 0.63 0,039 1.5 80 0.075 3 8.4 Floodland Entisnl 1.23 1.03 0.06S 64 0.25 126.8 0.152 4.7 8.3 0 Terracc Black MalureSoil 1.17 0.97 0.08 4.1 0.34 162 0.14 2.6 17.5 SiltedLand Entisol 1.31 L 04 0.077 0.6 213.5 0.069 II.I 8_____ Fl_oodland LoessalSoil 1.18 o 0.79 0.07 3.5S 56 0.17 2 7 Qingyang IlilIand 2 Slopeland LoessalSoil 1.15 23 0.932 0.045-0.078 29 0.59-1.04 124 0.05-0.162 5.1 8.0-8.5 Slopeland BlackMalture Soil 1.2 34 1.424 0.047-0.172 64 0.45-0.98 156 0.041-0.0126 6.3 7.9-8.7 ______llillyland 5 Floodland EEnlisol 1.37 19 0.81 006 31 1 67 109 0.085 3.9 8.1 PlateauSurface BlackMalture Soil 1.18-1.26 0.89-1.01 0 062-0.07 1.39-1.59 162-201 OO5S-0.062 5.8-4.S-7.798-8.5 SlopcSurface LoessalSoil 1.14-1.24 _ 68-0.84 0.047-0.057 1.38-1.54 138-172 0.055-00.061 4.8-7.7 8.2-S.5 > Gully RedClay 1.23 . 0.49-1.31 0.035-0.087 0.9-1.62 t48 0.043-0.049 8 8.2-8.6 Slopeland LoessalSoil 1.I50.722 0 0612 __ 176.8 0 141 B 1 8.57 .3 errace 131ackMature Soil t0336 00675 170.3 0.139 7.4 847 : .. 0 Tablc 4.2-5 Physioclemical Properties of Soil in 1'roject Arcen- Continued Province Projeci Sohaone Typeno rype oF Specific Aggregale _r)irtcft of Soil Nutrient pil Areii Land Soil Weight ofSoil Organic N 1%) PPM K ppmM 1 PPM ra ______(o) _____(tim') Matter (%) - = Floodland YellowlPnddle 1.25 0.582 010429 . 153.3 0.145 9.3 8.67 on ______Slopeland RedSoil 1.3 0 638 0 449 15 9.4 0.141 7.3 8.66 Loessaj Soil 1.2 0 _ 0.054 3B.5 2.1 185.5 0143 6.5 755- o Inner Xiliugou Jfillyland I Slopeland ChestnutSoil 1.51-1,54 0.19-1.19 0.009-0.006 9-49 38-113 os-5.3 s.3-s.55 | Mongolia __ crracc Clle5snntSoil 1.5 1.04 0.056 38 176 5.2 8.47 IrrigatedLand SandySoil 1.32-1.57 0.85-2.34 0.0tB-(n.089 38-79 145 3.4-6.7 8 05-8.36 Cirassland Karaburai 1.53S 0 3 0.1021 20 60 4.6 8.4e 0 WasteGrassland Coarse Sandy Soil 1.52 0.76-0 88 0.055-0.076 25-33 36-63 1.6-1.1 8 45-8.52 )JgoUg_ lillylandI Slopeland ChestnutSoil 1.51-1.54 0.19-1.19 0.009-0.006 9-49 38-113 0.5-5.3 8.3-8.55 Tcrrace Chc5lnut Soil 1.5 1.04 0 056 38 176_ 5.2 8.47 O _lFigated Land SandySoil 1.32-1.57 0.85-2.34 0 038-0 onss 38-79 145 3.4-6.7 8.05-8 36 Grassland Karabuman 1.53 0.3 0(121 20 60 4.6 8.48 _2. WastcGrassland Coarse Sandy Soil 1.52 o 76-0.8s 0.055-0.076 25-33 36-63 1.6-1 .S 8-45s-R 52 g WulanmnulunHillyland I Slopeland Chestnut Soil 1.51-1.54 0.19-1.19 0.009-0.006 9-49 _38-113 OS-5.3 8.3B-8s.55s I_rrigated Land CoarseSandy Soil 1.32-1.57 0.85-2.34 0.038-0.089 38-79 145 3.4-6.7 8.05-8.36 (to ______Karabuwan 1.53 0.3 0021 20 160 4 6 8.48 > WasteGrassland Coarse Sandy Soil 1.52 0.76-0.18 0.055-0.076 25-33 36-63 l.6-l.8 8.45-8.52 _ t_oqinggou IfillylandI Slopeland ChestntutSoil 1.51-1.54 0.69 0.04-0 05 26-40 1.7-1.8 50-60 0.06 3 -0.0 8 3-1.5 Terrace Clisetiut Soil 1.51-1.54 0.69 0.04-0.05 26-40 1 7-1.8 so-6o 0.06 3.0-4.0 8.3-8.5 _Irigated Land ClhesinutSoil 1.51-1.54 0.69 0.04-0.05 26-40 1.7-1.8 50-60 0.06 3.0-4.0 8.3-s.5 .______Grassland Karaburan 1.53 0 25 0.025 10.0-25.0 2.7 55-80 0.06-0.1 2.0-3.0 8.4-B.8 _ Wasle GrasslandKaraburan 1.53 o 25 0.025 10.0-25.0 2.7 55-80 0.06-0.1 2.0-3.0 8.4-88 -Itinhe llillyla!.d Slopeland ChestniutSoil 1.23 82.1 0.73 0.048 33.5 2.18 99.1 0811. 2 8.43 m Irnigated L.and SandyLoamn 1.234 84.51 0.5 0 o01 39.7 1.82 77.7 0.05 2.5 8 81 SiltedLand Enuisol 149 0.52 0.046 41 2.22 930.105 3.3 9.5s ' TerTace ClhestnitSoil 1.43 0.54 0.035 35 2.09 81 0.078 2.5 S.4 Grassland SandySoil I.S 0.33 (1.02 26 3.1 74 0.086 2.4 7.6 WudansigotiSoil &Rock Iill Slbpeland laupeSnil 128 22-32f 0.134-0.181 29.5 106-138 0 2-0.25 5.6 7.-4.t Siltedland Ilatipc Soil 1,25 0.41-1.25 0.017-0.04 23.7 90-1 16 0.114-0.15 3.4-4.3 .21-8.45 3 Tefface Ialpl SodI 1.22 0.41-1.1 0.017-0.04 27 1014-108O.1-0.114 2.5-3.2 8.08-8.4 _Irrigated Land orapeSoil 1.32 1.39-1.46 0047-0.172 9.89 _136 0.17S-0.246 12 7.95-8.0 5i ' ,~ . .~~ ~ ~ 19/05 '99 10:30 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE .. 0z46 Loess PlateauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment b. Terrestrial Animal According to statistical data, no wildlife or habitat at the national and provincial protection level is found in the project area. Wildlife in deep mountains are mainly boar, hare, wolf, badger, chukar, lizard, fox, and otter, etc. Species at the national protection level include otter, black stork, Panthera pardus, mandarin duck, otis tarda, Mongolian gazelle, and Martes foina, etc. Due to the constant reduction and deterioration of natural vegetation, there is increasing shrinkage of wildlife habitats and populations. There are large populations of livestock, mainly cattle, pig, sheep, ash, mule, pig, dog, and chicken, etc. 4.2.8 Hydrobios Since the project area is located inland, dry and less rainy, hydrophyte is very limited, mainly including Lemna minor, Rhizoma sparganii and alga. There are small populations of fish in built reservoirs and river courses, mainl) including carp, grass carp, black carp, and silver carp. Waterfowl includes duck, and goose, etc. There is no natural reserve or rare species in the project area. 4.3 Socioeconomn 4.3.1 Population and Living Standard Based on statistics, the .total population is the project area is 2.257 rmillion, including an agricultural component of 2.013 million. The total land area is 19,489 kn 2, including 6,803 km2 farmland i.e. 0.34 hm2/person. In 1997, the gross social production value was 3.040064 billion RMB. or 1,509.9 RMB/person, and total income was 1.180153 billion RUB, a per capita net income of 586.1 RMB. see Table 4.3-1 for detailed description. 4.3.2 Land Use The project area covers a total land area of 1.9489 hm2, including 680,300 hin2 farmland. 267,100 hm2 forestland, 84,400 hmn2 prairie (including natural grassland), 30,200 hbn2 waters, 754.300 hrn2 unused land, and 132,700 hrr2 other types of land, contributing 34.9%, 13.7%, 4.3%, 1.5%. 38.7% and 6.8% to the total. The present status of land use is as detailed in Tale 4.3-2. As shown in this table, the land use structure is not so reasonable. Slopeland takes up 2/3 of the total farmland area, or even more than 80% in local areas. In Yanhe part of the project area, this percentage is 89.7%, and 61.5% of slopeland is at a slope of larger than 15. On the other hand, there is a low land utilization factor in the project area Unused land constitutes 39.4% of the total, large quantities of land resources are left idle. 5.3.3 Constitution of Gross Social Production Value The gross output value of agriculture in the project area is constituted by farming, forestry, animal husbandry and industrial sideline activities. The present status by sector is discussed in the paracraphs to follow. 19/05 '99 10:31 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE It047 LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - - - 0- - - .- .0 z- o~ K o' o c _0 - * N a, C co = C C'f C'-.. S t Na _~~- - _ V C ' _C 0r C' S _ - , _ C' r o _ . C 5 C C z *. - - -e _ n, c N ' = 0 A - _ - - SO O C' C' . Co S C= C -S E -~'1 - CV S~~~~ C' N N S C N . V S~~t N 5 C NII 19/05 '99 10:31 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE 01048 Loess Plateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage II Environnental Impact Assessment E~~~~~ <; I ~ ~~~ E~~~~~~~~ Cl~~~ > - '. - - - A R 1 - _ _ _*~ -_ _ - a t - _ ~ ~ ~~ ~~C C- -7 O _- C _ _ 0 "0_ - C~~~~~~~~~ et = _S ^ | a____F _ i EE g 4 O N 2 v _j_j t - t- tS -L - - C 0- ~~Z -9 ------~~~-12--- z 4 19/05 '99 10:49_FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE I@0O7 LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage UI EnvironmnentalImpact Assessment ,~ ~~ ~ ~ '. 8 '15: .T fWf-. _ - o0 r No o i ~~~- _ 2 Ng : "_. _ ~ _ _ 'a _ _ 'w _ o - W~~~1 . r- NN N -X ,r . E C _ O ______O _ O _ o _ , . C N. . , - ajNr CN lY/Ua YY lu:Ji FAX 5224001 WUXLD BANK BJ OFFICE _ l049 LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment a. Agriculture Graincrops in the projectbring in one harvesta year or three in 2 years.They are predomiinated by wheat, corn, prosomillet,buckwheat, sweet potato, and bean. With a total cropped area of 528,300hM 2, the annual grainyield totals726,200 t. Oil crops are mainlyflax, rape, peanut and sunflower.With a croppedarea of 77,200hm 2, there is a total outputof 43,000 t/year. Principal economiccrops are tobacco,medical herb, melon, vegetableand spice crops. There is a total cropped area of 56,100 bin2, and a total output of 169,400t. Croppingactivities provide an annual gross output value of 1.501 billionRMB, accountingfor 49.6% of the total productof societv. b, Forestry While checking wind, binding sand, retainingmoisture, afforestingenvironmnent, conserving water and soil, forest in the projectarea alsoprovides a certainquantity of forest products.With 267,100 hm2 forestland,there is a scalageof 5.385 million mi3 , providing361,000 mr3 timber, 3 3,000 t firewood, and 313,000 t fruit each year. generating an annual output value of 608.289 million RMB. or 20.1% of the total product of society. c. Animal Husbandry As limited by physical conditions and land resources, animal husbandry in the project area is a subordinate industry save that it contributes some 1/3 to the industrial structure of agriculture in Inner Mongolia. Its major role in agricultural activities is to provide work animals and organic fertilizers. Livestock and poultry products are partly cashed and partly consuned by farm families. There exists 84,400 hm2 grassland in the project area, including 36,200 hM2 artificial and 48.200 hm2 natural proportions. The total population of livestock includes 401,000 draught animals, 442,900 pigs, 1,486,000 sheep, 160,900 hogs, and 3,313,000 domestic birds. converted to a total number of 4,056,000 sheep units. The annual output value generated by animal husbandry is 477.496 million RMB, constituting 15.7% of the total product of society. d. Industrial Sideline The project area is mainly dependent upon agricultural activities. With a weak foundation, there is generally slow development and low productivitv of industry. Industrial sideline activities are mainly by-product processing, minor industrial and mining, manual knitting and civil construction activities, as well as aquacultue and labor export. These generate an annual gross output value of 437.037 million RMB, or 14.4% of the total product of society. The structure of agriculturc in the project area is presented in Table 4.3-3. 4.3.4 Public Health and Education There are 43 hospitals at or above county level, 227 at townshiplevel, 543 clinics. There is a total student population of 443,000 at 4,541 schools of different types, including 3 colleges, 37 senior middle schools, 251 junior middle schools, and 4,442 primary schools. The population at age of school includes 148,800 with an education level of equal to or higher than senior middle 4 14 19/05 '99 10:32 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE l 050 LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment school.427,500 with a level of junior middle school. 531,000with a level of primaryschool, and 145,800 illiteratesor semi-illiterates,12%, 34.3%, 2.7% and 11.7% respectively.Due to such factors as weak economic foundation and poor life, there is backwardnessin culture, education,health and other public services,far from satisfyiingsocioeconomic construction requirements. Table4.3-4 providesinformation on education,culture and healthin the projectarea. 4.4 SignificantEnvironment Issues Water and soil loss and desertificationare the major environmentalissues encounteredin the environmentalstudy area. Such are causedby adversephysical conditions and improperuse of waterand land resources.The impairmentaccruing from such includes: a. Loss of water and soil, decreasein fertilityand nibblingat farmland,causing damageto the essentialsubstance necessities The severewater and soil loss makes slope farnland less competentin holding on moisture,soil and fertilitv,making farmland from poorerto poorer and land qualityfrom inferior to inferior. As a result.the farmlandis increasinglyvulnerable to droughts,and low and unstableyields. The developmentof gully erosionkeeps nibblingthe existingland, which makes the land area smaller and smaller. Ever-expandinggullies destroy l,andresources to a great extent, so large amounts of farmland are nibbled or destroyed, the essential substance necessities are so deterioratedto push the people in severe impoverishment. b. Siltation of reservoirs/rivercourses and damaze to conservancy facilities, seriously jeopardisinghuman life and propertvin the downstreamarea Statisticssay that many reservoirsbuilt in the 60s have been practicallysilted up due to severe soil erosion. Since these reservoirsmalfunction, the existing irri8ated fields begin to resume their formerstatus of dryland.This not onlysignificantly affects agricultural production but also causesuncountable economic losses to the state. Water and soil loss reflects its major harm in such a way that rainstorms and floods are so hazardousto wash off downstreamfarmland, destroy roads, and just put industrial/agricultural productionand humanlife in dangers.Ln 1977, a flood in the YanheRiver washed awav 1,500 ha irrigatedfields, 1,400 ha silted land and 5,000 rooms. Moreover,it seized the lives of 134 people.Also. sedimentationraised the bed of the lower YellowRiver and makes a "suspendino river",which seriouslyendangers the 250,000kmn 2 land, and approximately100 million people and inclusiveof their propertiesin Huang-Huai-HaiPlain. c. Deflation,causing damaoe to productionand constructionin sandstorm-proneareas Deflationcauses severe desertificationand even wanderingdunes, which are then made barren. seriouslyendangering normal production, construction and livelihoodof the local people. 19/05 '99 10:32 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE 1l051 Assessment Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage II Environmental Impact C C C . r0 ' - -~ r 0 O' - C L.% . ,- - . *f3 O==S - ,- _-_ to _- _ o. _ _ _- ct ~ ~ E ~ CCCC %0E r0- : U - 0 t C -- T - r C ~~~~~-I,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V_0 t ^ ~~~ -{ lerl<: ft U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U 52 us-i e - - 0 0 - 0 ___ 0000000000 COO 00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CA C C ft 0 0~- C,' 4-14Cf t0%=f T'nble 4.3-4 IBackgroundInforinatinn on Ediscalion,C'ultiire anti Hecalthin Projcct Area o0 Total Populatioll __ ScIhol Number of Students at School CA Province Project Area Poptilation of Scliool I In iversily Seniior Jtinior I'rimary University Senior Junlior Priniary Age & College Middle Middle Sclhool & College Middle Middle Scliool School Schiool . School School ____ 4 10 Person 10 Person No. No. No. No. Person Person Person Person . Yanhe Basin 12.1 3.2 0.0 0.0. 19.0 456.0 0.0 0.0 6280.0 19835.0 o Slhaanxi Jinghe Basin 68.5 17.1 0.0 7.0 66.0 1248.0 21R.0 8426.0 33738.0 122066.0 Subtotal 80.6 20.3 0.0 7.0 85.0 1704.0 218.0 8426.0 40018.0 141901.0 EriheBasin 18.5 14.9 1.0 3.0 19.0 766.0 300.0 2140.0 88950.0 29590.0 Upper Fenhe 16.8 12.1 0.0 2.0 22.0 329.0 741.0 798.0 9308.0 10402.0 ro. Shanxi Middle Flenhe 24.5 17.9 O 2.0 26.0 305.0 0.0 2229.0 9188.0 23385.0 .0 HunheBasin 11.4 7.7 0.0 2.0 24.0 379.0 658.0 2300.0 77970.0 6763.0 Subtotal 71.2 52.5 .0 9.0 91.0 1779.0 1699.0 7467.0 32416.0 79140.0 Jinghe Basin 56.1 41.4 1.0 18.0 52.0 594.0 1175.0 8122.0 19615.0 65732.0 ' Shanxi Weihe Basin 10.9 6.3 0.0 2.0 6.0 106.0 110.0 1859.0 3240.0 12348.0 Subtotal 67.0 47.7 1.0 20.0 58,0 700.0 1285.0 9981.0 22855.0 78080.0 0 YikezhiaoSubbasin 2.8 O.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 33.0 200.0 157.0 1748.0 3711.0 m I Inner JuinheBasin 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.0 41.0 88.0 330.0 974.0 3031.0 c! Mongolia WudanggoutBasin 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.0 8.0 0.0 243.0 755.0 _Subtotal 5.4 2.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 82.0 288.0 1487.0 5965.0 7497.0 Total 224.3 122.6 2.0 36.0 238.0 4265.0 3490.0 27361.0 98254.0 306618.0 3 Total 1224.3 . .. 426X.0 61.0 9.~214~. 1.661 . n IA~ 0~~ Table 4.3-4 llackgroian(d Inforimiation on Edtilcftioni, Ciltiure an(d llealtI in t'roject Area - contintled ______I .ducation of l'opulationof School Age __ _calill co., 1'rovince 1'roicct Arca >Seninr Middlc Junior Middle Primary Illiterate llospital above Counly llospital at Township Clinic at Village V! School School School Level Level Level Pcrson % IPerson o. Person P. o, Number Person/Each Number Person/Each Number Person/Each to Yanhc llasin 2K13.0 8.7 6544.0 20.3 20465.0 63.6 2378.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 19.0 9.3 223.0 1.0 o. Shaanxi linghe llasin 22209.3 1310 71008.5 41.5 65069.5 38.0 12862.8 7.5 10.0 55.0 55.0 7.0 1032.0 1.0 . Subtotlo 25(022.3 12.3 77552.5 38.1 85834.5 42.1 152410.8 7.5 11(.0 55.0 74.0 8.0 1255.0 1.0 Erhe Basin 20370.0 13.7 56300.0 37.8 48000()0 32.2 24250.0 6.3 4.0 46250.0 20.0 9250.0 182.0 1016.5 Upper FeIflic 11159.0 9.2 45518 0 37.7 57515.0 47.6 6559.0 5.4 3.0 55966.0 25.0 6716.0 206.0 815.0 Shanxi Middlc Fcilie 22880.0 12.8 59563.0 33.3 71504.0 4(1.0 2478! 0 13.9 1.0 245100.0 20.0 12255.0 238.0 1029.8 -0. Iltinhe Basin 8870.() 11.5 29387.0 38.2 24392.0 31.7 14357.0 18.6 2.0 57200.0 27.0 4237.0 113.0 1012.4 . - Subtotal 63279.0 12.0 190768.0 36.4 201411.0 38.3 69947.0 13.3 10.0 71240.0 92.0 7743.5 739.0 964.0 linghe Basin 53916.0 13.0 128890.0 31.1 186171.0 45.0 45086.0 10.9 17.0 0.0 37.0 21.5 442.0 1.8 - Shanxi Weihe lasin 5315.0 8.1 15216.0 24.0 29925.0 47.2 13124.0 20.7 2.0 190.0 5.0 25.0 95.0 1.0 > Subtotal 59051.0 12.4 144106.0 30.0 216096.0 45.3 58210.0 12.2 19.0 35272.3 48.0 13941.5 454.0 1476.1 Yikezhao Subbasin 3010.0 14.6 6344.0 30,9 10467.0 51.0 3352.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 4229.0 28.0 915.0 - Inner Junhe 1asin 644.0 6.9 2330.0 25.1 4572.0 49.2 2608.0 28.0 0.0 3.0 13251.0 12.0 810.0 f Mongolia WudaisggouBasin 586.3 12.5 1735.3 370 2284.0 48.7 84.4 1.8 0.0 1.0 11010.1 6.0 1835.0 r Sublotal 4210.3 12.3 10409.3 30.1 17323.0 50.1 6044.0 17.5 0.0 0.0 7.0 54453.0 46.0 1183.8 Tolal 151592.5 12.4 422835.8 34,5 520364.5 42.4 149442.2 12.2 39.0 57502.7 221.0 10147.5 2494.0 899.2 _ in~~~c . ... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 19/05 '99 10:34 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE 0054 LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment 5. ElRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSSIENT 5.1 Major Einvironmental Impact Factor The project will bring about enormous environmental benefits, but also some disbenefits, so it is necessary to identify the environmental impact factors. Based on the project features and the environmental setting, two subsystems are identified, one is physioenvironment, the other is socioenvironrnent. The former mainly includes runoff, water quality, sediment, soil, microclimate, air quality, and terrestrial biosphere; whereas the latter includes living standard, land use, infrastructure and public participation. As screened in the view of the project construction and operation activities, potential impacts will be caused by the following environmental factors: environmental impacts during the construction staae, plant disease and insect pest control, chemical fertilizer and pesticide application, water quality impact and project safety during the operation stage. 5.2 Impacts on Runoff and Sediment 5.2.1 Water/Soil Retention Functions of Couservation Measures a. Land Terracinp Slopeland. when terraced, has different slopes and slope lengths from the original ones, which changes the formation and-confluence of surface flow, prolongs soil infiltration time, defers the formation process of surface runoff, curtails water velocity and erosive azent. All these have conservation functions. The precipitated runoff retained by terraced fields is partly evaporated and transpired, and partly made recharge sources of groundwater. Thus, large-scale land terracing is beneficial to groundwater rechar_e. b. Foresn-vDevelopment Forests and orchards are built to influence runoff and sediment throuah land reclamation works, tree crown, as well as forest litter on the ground. In the initial period or youth of trees. major efforts will be devoted to changing the flow formation and confluence conditions on the existing slopes so as to retain water and sediment by means of land reclamation works. In the maturity period, tree crowns are generally capable of intercepting 10-30% of precipitation, and reducing raindrop energy by 95% approximately, subsequently curtailing raindrop erosion. About 70- 80% of precipitation is absorbed by the leaf cover when it enters into forestland through tree cro%nms,wvhich weakens rain percussion, decenters and creeps ground runoff, increases infiltration, so that the river runoff is regulated and peak flow is curtailed. In addition, root systems of tree are so developed to stabilize and improve soil, which is thus made more resistant to erosion. 1YS UJ YY lU .:J4 FMAA 5224001 WURLD BANK BJ OFFICE Q055 Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project Stage ll EnvironmentalImpact Assessment c. Grassland and Animal Husbandry Development Artificial grass rapidly grows to cover the ground with a mass of branches and leaves, so rain does not slap the soil and that the ground coarseness is raised. In this way, rain-splash erosion. runoff formation and confluence time and speed are minimised whereas soil infiltration is maximized. Also, grassroots systems are of great help to soil consolidation, improvement and *erosionresistance. d. Gully Protection and other Engineering Works These works directly retain runoff sediment, curtail gully and river runoff, avoid flood hazards, and trap sand for land accretion. Formation of silted land raises erosive benchrnark, consolidates gilly bed, stabilizes valley sides, reduces erosion by current, stops gully head going forward and gully bank expanding, thus mitigating soil erosion. e. Minor and Mini Conservancy Works Construction of minor retention works. such as small reservoirs, silted land, water retentiona wells. runoff detention basins and check darns can achieve the following: decentering and retaining precipitated runoff, preventing water from gathering and pouring into gullies. mitigating hvdrodynamic erosion, reducing soil erosion and sediment inflow. Retained runoff is partlv infiltrated to groundwater,partly evaporated and partly used for drinking purposes. 5.2.2 Predicted Water and Sediment Reduction (to be completed) According to the national standard GB/T1577-95, water/sediment reduction benefits are calculated by hydrology and water conservation methods. The latter (i.e. genetic analvtical method) is applied herein to the calculation of such benefits to be generated by the project. Principal erosion control measures considered herein are (a) slope measures including terraced land . afforestation, irrigated land, silted land. and land reclamation by training works; and (b) engineering measures such as silt arrester, key project. small reservoir. check dam, gully-head protection and water cellar. Water reduction is calculated in the following equations: AM/=AW, (I-K,)+ AW, (i-K2); AW 2 =7AW,; Aw =M,^ fiCi in which, AW, represents water reduction bv slope control measure; AW, is water reductionby gullv control measure: K, is coefficientof groundwaterrunoff rechargeby slope control measure,assumed at 0.025: K. is coefficientof groundwaterrunoff rechargeby gully control measure, assumed at 0.035; AWI, AWjare water reduction bv a given slope or engineering measure respectively; M,i is basin runoff modulus correspondingto a measure; and f, is water reduction index (i.e. quota) of a given measure. 5-2 19/05 '99 10:34 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE l 056 LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Water reduction benefits are worked out in the equation below; ri.=AW/Wx100% in which, w=averagerunoff before project implementation. Sedimentreduction is calculated as follows; AS=FSiS=_MslfslCs in which, ASis total sediment reduction; AS,is sediment reduction by a given measure; Ms,is erosion modulus correspondingto a given measure; f5,is sediment flux of a given measure;and C,i is sediment reduction index (quota)of a given measure. Sedimentreduction benefits are calculated as follows: r5=AS/WS I00% in which. S=averaQesediment dischargebefore project implementation. It is noted that sediment reduction by slope measures includes erosion reduction by silted land. and warpingin floodland.As for engineering measures,as the detailed technical indices of the proposed engineeringworks under Stage 11are not yet clear, sediment (water) reduction bv key projects. silt arrestersand small reservoirs is calculated bv applying the catchment area above such to the gully erosion(runoff) moduLiusin the basin . Such erosion modulus is consideredto be 1.35 times of the basin average. For calculating water/sediment reduction benefits in the above equations, it is critical to select realistic runoff erosion modulus and water/sedimentcoefficients (quota). Through anaiysis and comparison, runoff erosion modulus is used as calculated on the basis of recorded data from hxdrometricstations. WVater'sedimentreduction indices (quota) for slope measures are utilized as given in the "Analysis of W'aterand Sediment Reduction Indices for Terraced and Planted Slope" co-authored by Mr. Xiong Yunfu, etc, while generalized water/sediment reduction indices for typical projects are appliedto engineering measures. Detailsare given in Tables 5.2-1 and 5.2-2. As calculated, there will be a total runoff reduction of 146.4 million m3 in the first year after implementationof the overall project. Over the same period, the scdiment inflowNof the Yello-w River will be reduced by 29.8 million t. Water/sedimentreduction benefits are as included in Table 5.2.3. As estimated, there will be in increase of about 490 million t in sediment reduction and 2,420 million m3 wvaterreduction during the 20-yeareconomic evaluation period of the project. 19/05 '99 10:35 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE J057 Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage 11 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 5.2-1 Summary of Runoff Erosion Modulus Province Project Area Station Runoff (m 3ikn 2 ) Erosion Modulus (t/Ai;n Yanhe Basin IGanguvi 36670 5805.5 Jinghe Basin Shaanxi Changw Ya'ergou 28623.7 6485 Binxian Jin2cun 42129.043 7020 ______Xunyi Liujiahe 71756 4231 Erhe Basin Xianvning 48344 13800 Upper Fen Piver Gujiao 41222 3170 Middle Fen River Lingshi Lingshi 54230 7800 Jiexiu Yitang 52365 7250 Shanxi Pian-Bao Subbasin Baode Baode 6368 2367 Pianguan 'Pianouan 22671 6930.38 Hunhe Basin Youvu Youvu 43900 4000 l_Pinelu Pin-lu 45304 4500 ______Shanvin Shanvin 44100 4300 Jinahe BasinI Jinachuan Jinachuan 52000 8275 Linatai _ Lingtai 47030 J6000 Gansu Huanxian Xichuan. Qingyanr 21283.7 7988.46 Qingyang Xichuan 21085 7988.46 Zhenvuan Yaoxinzhuana 214343 7500 _ _ Huachi Yuele 138000 8400 Hunhe Basin Taipin-vao ~ 37150 8000 Yikezhao|_ Inner Mlongolia Wulanmulun River 1Wan2daohenc 18345.2 7590 Haoqing Basin IDalate 36014 5150l Wudanggou Basin |Shiguai 15789 4500 In small, thanks to the retention effect of conservation measures, runoff and sediment reduction will be achieved downstream of managed gullies. This will mitigate flood risks caused by ,ainstorm in the downstream areas, and ensure safety of villages and roads there. As illusrated in Figure 5.2-1 which is comparison of Anjia2ou with erosion management and Nlajiacha without erosion management, the peak- flow arising from a single rainstorm was 4.64 m;/s at -- Anjiagou. but it reached 42.32 m;/s at Majigou and ruined the farmland downstream. As calculated. there is 89.4% peak flow curtailment in gullies with erosion management measures. Conservation measures achieve sizeable peak flow curtailment and flood reduction benefits in some major tributaries. For peaklflood analvsis of the Kuyehe River with versus without erosion management measures. for instance. two flood events of similar rainfall and rainfall duration are chosen for comparison. with the year of 1970 used as base year. As indicated by the analysis results, assuming a soil control degree of 13.7%, there would be 21.6% peak flow curtailment, and 19% runoff reduction. To analvze water/sediment variations in the Yanhe River, Shaanxi Conservancy Bureau compared all minor flood events over the period of 1969 to 1970. As the analvsis results suggest. since various conservation measures have been implemented. there is a erosion management degree of 18.2% in the river basin, which achieves 21.4% peak flood curailment and 23.6% miinorflood curtailment at Ganguyi Hydrometric Station. I- Table 5.2-2 Summary of Water,Sedimncnt Rdcuction Intices (Qunta) hy Various Measures 0 Slope Measure EngineeringMeasuire 0 Categrory __ c_ Tennaced Sille(d Land Floodland( Forestland Orcliard C;rassland Irrigated Land Accretion by Check Dan Giilly-head Water Cellar Relelioti cr Land Land TIrainingWorks Protection Basin 2. Water 84.6 0.1544 0.1544 62.7 45.0 54.8 84.6 84.6 0.012 0.0 0.005 0.04 ; 2 Reduction (%) (l0'm'/hm ) (10"tll/hnt 2) (%) (%) (o) (%) (%) (104m2/each) (l04m2 /km) (104 m'3 each) (104mr3/each) r Index _ _ _ _ _ Sediment 76.4 146,6 0.033 59.2 45.0 55.4 76.4 62.5 0.00293 0.02515 0.00015 0.0006 Reduction (%) (10%) (l t/thrn') (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (l04 t/each) (10" tkm) (IO' Yleach) ( 1I4 t/each) OI lIndex .f Tahle 5.2-3 Calculations of Water/Sediment Reduction Benefits in 2003 Erosive PresenlCumulative SedimentReduction Benefit WaterReduction Benefit o Province ProjectArea Area Erosion Erosion Erosios Aniual Additional Additioial Present Cumulative Runolf Annual Additional Additional Present Cumulative . (km') Control Control Modulus Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Sediment Modulus Runoff Water Water Watcr Wafner ( Degree Dcgree (-kmI) Flux Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction (m'rnkm') (I0Oim') Reduction Reduction Reduclion Reduction 'i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(%)J (I/6t (I 0' 1) Benef'it(%) Beniefit(%) BeneFit(%) ______(104in') Benefitt( Benerit(%) Benerit(%~) YanheBasin 2390 20.4 40.8 5806 1387.6 442.9 31.9 26.6 58.5 36670 8764.1 1968.5 22.5 28.9 51.4 > Shaanxi linghe Basin 3396 38.4 61.4 5912 2007.5 433.3 21.6 27.3 48.8 46682 15851.3 3263.6 20.6 28.3 48.9 >I Subtotal(Average) 5786 31.0 52.9 5859 3395.1 876.3 25.8 27.0 52.8 41676 24615.5 5232.1 213 28.7 50.0 t" ErheB3asin 1339 30.5 47.0 13800 147.8 265.1 14.3 27 6 41.9 48344 6473.3 815.0 12.6 36.4 49.0 UDperFcnhe 1366 22.8 34.5 3170 433.1 116.3 26.9 24.3 51.2 4t222 5631.5 918.4 16.5 17.8 34.3 Shanxi Middle Fcnlie 878 28.3 52.9 7S25 660.6 142.0 21.5 19.3 40.8 53298 4678.7 873.9 18.7 20.4 39.1k1 Pian-BoaoSubbasin 1305 22.9 42.4 6930 904.2 162.9 18.0 43.7 61.7 22671 2958.1 471.1 15.9 53.0 68.9 JunlieBasin 1423 25.2 42.8 4352 6193 47.6 7.7 43.7 51.3 43068 6128.6 814.1 13.3 21.0 134.3 0 Subtotal(AVCFage) 6311 25.8 42.4 7212 4465.0 733.9 16.4 32.8 49.3 46483 25870.2 3902.4 15.1 31.3 146.4 JingheBasin 3S69 25.4 57.1 7644 2957.7 883.1 29.9 17.9 47.7 33457 12945.5 3201.3 24.7 19.6 44.3 Gansu WciheBasin 498 30.8 69 I 5280 263.0 78.7 29.9 47.6 77.5 33000 1643.6 468.3 28.5 43.1 71.6 _ Sublolal(AveragE)4367 26.0 60.2 6462 3220.7 961.7 29.9 21.5 51.4 33229 14589.1 3669.6 25.2 23.2 48.3 - YikeilraM 944 24 6 67.6 570 553.9 257.2 46.4 13.8 60.2 29976 2828 7 1246.0 43.0 14.8 57.8 Inner lunhe 1Basin 345 13.5 67.9 8000 275.7 109.4 39.7 32.3 72.0 37150 1280.2 488.1 38.1 19.7 57.8 Mongolia WudanggouBasirn 196 10.5 70.6 4500 88.2 41.4 46.9 S8.7 55.6 15789 309.5 131.8 42.6 14.1 156.7 Subtotal(Averagc) 1484 20.2 68.0 6123 917.8 408.0 44.5 19.9 64.4 27638 44 18.3 1835.9 41.6 16.2 157.8 Total 17948 27.1 52.2 _ _ 11998.5 2979.9 24.8 27.5 52.3 169493.0 14640.0 21.1 27.9 49.0 0g '/t co Izua UN IU:36 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE~ laO59 Loess Plateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage ll Enviro=lneDtalImpact Assessment Figure 5.2-1 Peak-Flood Hydrograph of Gullieswith/without Erosion Management 45\ 40T ! .- Peak-flood H.dro,raph in liajiacha 25 20- -~~~~.2,, .- Pezxk-flokud%-.Irkr,.!rap In A.-\riia01u 0 ° 1.0 2.023.0 . 5.0 6.0 Vinie (H) <-6 19/05 '99 10:36 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE id]060 Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservarion Project: Stage 1I EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Large volumes of flood retained by the areas with erosion management will provide adequate groundwater recharge, and increase the perennial flow of streams from year to year. Since the cornriencement of conservation activities at Jiuyuangou in Suide County, for example, the average perennial flow was increased from 28 I/s in the period of 1954-1964 to 36 I/s in the periodof 1964-1968,1.28 times more, and furtherenlarged to 65 U/sin the period of 1965-1988, an increase of 2.3 times as compared with the value in the period of 1954-1960. In large. the implementation of subbasin-based conservation measures will achieve runoff and sediment reduction in all tributaries distributed in the project area. In the view of historical rainfall, runoff and sediment at hydrometric stations located in the mouth of some tributaries (see Table 5.2-4), reduction in both water and sediment results from conservation work done in the 1970s and 1980s. The main reason is the fact that such tributaries are located in the arid and semi-arid loess part of China, where most of the runoff retained by conservation measures is consumed in situ, without return water recharge as exists in other irrigation areas, so there is seeable water reduction in such tributaries. Further in large, the development of water and soil retention benefits of various conservation measures will undoubtedlv mitigate sedimentation in the lower Yellow River, reduce sediment removal work in irrioation areas fed by the Yellow River, and avoid otherwise dike raising cost. All these will provide sigrnificanteconomic and social benefits for flood control in the lower Yellow River and construction in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain. As presented in the "National Economic Evaluation. Xiaolanedi Multipurpose Dam Project", each ton of sediment reduction in the lower Yellow River generates 1.29 RMB economic benefit approximately. Considering that the corning sediment in the project area is relatively coarse, 3/4 of it will deposit in the lower reach, with the remaining 1/4 going further into the sea, then each ton of sediment reduction in the.project area will generate some 0.97 RMB economic benefit in the downstream area. Still further, sedirnent reduction will cut down the costs for dredging and maintaining irrigation areas, and for maintaining water pumps and turbines in the downstream area. so there would be more sediment reduction benefits than as estimated above. The implementation of the proposed conservation measures wYillcause some impacts on the downstream runoff. but such impacts will be minor because the downstream runoff vaiiation is associated with manv factors. including precipitation. irrigation water use (diversion). etc. For instance, the Wanjiazhai Yellow River Diversion Project under construction is designed to import 1.2 billion m3 water each vear. In addition, large volumes are diverted for irrigation purposes in the downstream area. According to data obtained in the recent decade-of 1980 to 1989, 1.971-5.205 billion mr water was imported in the flood season, and 7.865-15.143 billion mi in the year. much more than water reduction to be achieved in the project area. Moreover, the effect of water reduction is nealigible in comparison with water retention benefits in the project area. 5.3 Impacts on Water Oualitv Implementation of the project will essentially put water and soil loss under control in the project area. Runoff retention and flood detention by various conservation measures and moisture retention by plants will allow filtration and purification of runoff, facilitating improvement to runoff quality. Major impacts on water quality will be in the foUowing aspects: 5-7 i9/Ub 99 IU:4/ VAX bZ4UU1 _ UKLU BANK BJ UFFiCE I0]01 Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage 11 Environmental Impact Assessment * Less silt and suspended load * Lower mineral deree, hardness and coliform content, higher water oxidibility and quality * Control of soil erosion and nutrient loss, reduction of non-point pollution sources During the project implementation, more pesticide and chemical fertilizer will be applied with the aim of gaining higher crop yields and cracking down plant diseases and insect pests. Considering that an additional water supply of 146.4 million m3 will be made available and a cumulative water reduction of 49% will be achieved each year after the project is completed, the quantity of pesticide and chernical fertilize entering into water courses will be also reduced to some extent, thus the possibility of water quality impacts will be minor. During the project implementation, water conservation departments at all levels will provide guidance to farners' proper application of pesticides and chemnical fertilizers as per the "Standard for Safe Application of Pesticide, PRC" (GB4285-84), for them to select efficient and low-toxic pesticides, minimize the use of pesticides, and maximum the use of natural enemies. While chernical fertilizers are used. more efforts should be devoted to producing more green manure and grass. so as to increase the content of organic fertilizer and organic matter in soil. As a result. the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers will not cause water quality impacts during the project implementation. As arranged in Stage I monitoring program, three subbasins in Yanhe and Jialuhe parts of the project area are selected for the purpose of investigating water quality impacts bv the application of pesticide and chemical fertilizer during the project implementation. Since pesticide and chemical fertilizer to be used under Stage 11 will be different from those involved in Stage I, monitoring items are arranged for different cases as shown in Table 5.3-2 and 5.3-3 respectively. According to monitoring results, there is practically no relevance to water quality since the implementation of Stage I. To sum up. the project implementation has resulted in reduction of water and soil loss. and enlargement of vegetation coverage. These will influence river water quality in a positive way' Pesticide and chemical fertilizer are small in amount. and are applied in strict compliance with specifications. With prevention and control measures prepared and accordingly. their application uAillnot affect wmter quality. 5.4 Impacts on Soil The project * ill directly improve the moisture, fertility and physical property of soil. The most obvious soil improvement will be found in basic farmland. Land terracing will interrupt the arable layer and ameliorate the soil arabilitv of existing slopeland. Also. changed sub-topography will control soil and water loss. retain surface runoff and sediment. increase soil moisture, retain soil fertility, improve soil cluster structure and microhabitat in favor of forrnation and accumulation of organic matter in soil. Slopeland vill be wetter. more fertile and more productive when terraced. 5-E r qO~~r a ~~~~~I-j LA~~~~C Tablel 5.2-4 Slatisfics, on llistorical Rtainfall, ltunoff :Bn(lSedilemnt Fltltx in SomneTrillutaries ° 0~~ . . unit: mmnn,IO m, In0 t =~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N ~~~~~I-ong-lenii I-ong-lerm L.ong-term E-stablishmeill- 1969 1970 - 1979 1980-1989 River Station Series Average Average Average Raintfall Runoff Sedimnent Rainfall Runoff Sedimenit Rainfall Runoff Sedimenw K Rainfall Riinoff Sediment Fltix n ul Mal ian Xinsl)iLuoyupingr)a 1955-1955 19891989521n0- 477.9 40}05059e8. 1200019n15er 514.5;4n7.5r 4740919711.sn I 29610.14494 457.6592.9 4539411949 127601798044. 446.9 42837-10989628 986n -0 Pianguaon Piang,uani 1958-1989 415.8 43()2 1353 439.8 64fi9.8 1942.5 424.9 3719 126-6 379.9 2287 734 0- . N Xianchluan Jitixian 19S8-1989 415.8 2295 1222 441.3 3338 1535 423.3 1873 12~83~ 370 1103 738 xS Zllujia lloulitiiclin 1957- 1989 453.5 3315.7 1534 49f) 5724 2838 428 2231 ______B River StationAverage Series Average RauiifallRunoff Sediment Rainfall RunoIT Sediment965 389.8Rainfall 1361Runoff Sediment~~~~~~~C408 w Weifecn Bictin2 1956-1989 475.6} 0201.2 10I35 505.2 9030 1500 472.2 6040 1149 443.6 3034 400)> snS~ Rainfall~ Runoff~ ~ Sediment ~ Fli,x . 19 ______~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ______IL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: .hal 7655Sheijiaati 1774439.958-989 10.7 0~~ 992 270 3875 770 170 36.2 400 40 t ITal)Ic5.3-1 Stuandralrdsftw .Sa:tfc AI)p1lication of 1'esticide (G1i34295-84) r C_nommon Maximinum) Way of Max Ntmbet of Days : Crop Pesticide Fonti of Dnig D)osageor D)osageor Application Nluimber fo Laslic2)nRemarks I- DilIfmtion D)ilrmtmoum of' Rounids t avs Ž Wheat Rogor 40%odims 100-125g/mit 125g/inu spray 3 10 _. Carbendazimn50% wettable dust 75-100 g/mn 150g/mnu spray 2 20 _ Chlortolutroni 25%owettable dust 200-300 gplui 300 g/nmi spray 2 before emergence _ _ _ _ Com Parathiion 0.5% & Mogranular 1.5-2 g/lree 4 g/uree to Inimilpet I at end oflueart leaf cc ClhineseSorghum Rogor 40% emitlsinm I100g/ntml 125g/m spray 3 10 tA lluizhi Cabhage Acephiate ditto 125gtmnt. 1/1000 250 g/mn, 1/500 ditto 2 7 9-day interval in autitmn/winter . Vegetablellcan Rogor dilto _( g/_mmn.t/200( 100 gI n ru, I/Rot) ditto 5 5 - 3-day interval ror snmimerbean -i lRadisli Rogor (litto 50 g/mnu,l/2000) 100 g/mn l/800 ditto 6 5 ClhineseCarbbage Rngor di(tto 0 g/ntmi,1/2000 I (O glm. I/xRO0 dilto 6 7 8 daysin autumn& winter U - frichilorfan 90% solid 50 g/mu. 1/2000 100g/nm, 1/800 ditto 5 7 ditto DD)VP 80%0t eilsioi . 100 g/mmum,I/ 1000-2000 2()0 &ni/mu,1/500 ditlo 5 5 7 days in winter Aceplmate 40% emnolsioii 125 g/mut, 1/1000 250 g/nitu,1/500 dlitto 2 7 9 days in autimni& winter > Cartbage llogor 400%emilision 50 g/mut,III (1(0 100g/mnt, 1/800 ditto 4 10 1richliorfani. 90%,;solid 100 g/nmu,, 1/1000-2000 100 g/mu, 1/500 ditto 5 7 8 days in autumn & winter o DDVP 80% cmnilsion 100g/mnu I/1000-2000 200 /amnu1/500 ditto 5 5 7 days in winter InIT] Apple Parathiion 50%/oemiulsion 1/2000-3000 112000 ditto 3 30 to evenly spray againstthe 0 m ______dimensionof the iree enitrot(lion 50%cmumlsion 1/1500 I/(1o0 ditto 3 15 Rogor 40%Cemulsioni 1/1500 2/800 ditto 2 7 Chlortilalonil 75% wettabledust 1/600 1180(1 ditto 4 20 Pear Chiorthlnil 75% wetlable dusst 1/50 1/150) ditto 16 25 (4 0~~ tA 1)le S,i-2 , .ilu. Itivcr Waler Monitoriz,w Rtesults t 6 County Township, Village Year BO)S Nl 12-N N0 2 -N Ar-Oil C 1-A Cr + K4 MI10 4 Index CA Jilue lownshiip 1994 1.53 0.117 0.014 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.006 2 Mucliangwan 1995 1.50 0.08 0.013 0.002 0 0.006 0.009 1.9 Jiaxiai. 1996 1.40 0.07 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.006 0.01 1.9 , Zhuguanzhai 1994 1.51 0.1 0.013 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.006 1.8 Liuyayao 1995 1.54 0.08 0.013 0.004 0.001 0.007 0.008 1.9 199 1.49 0.079 0.012 0.004 0 0.006 0.009 1.9 r, Liuqianhe 1994 1.50 0.11 0.014 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.008 1.8 Yulin Lit,jiagoui 1995 1.51 0.09 0.015 0.001 0 0.006 0.008 1.8 t. 0 1996 1.48 0.005 0.014 0.002 0 0.006 0.007 2 vaccination NalIl icagent N-( I -maptihyl- 4-amninontil,yrine pynidinie. dictlulindithio- diplienyl alkaline potassiuit, 0 MtoniloritugMcthnd mctihnd phlotometery ct(ltcncdiniuiic cx(ractinui barhituuricacid silvcr rorrmate carbazide permanganancmcl)od 0 phtouoietry plmhtonletry plhotometry milethod spcctroplolometry CD C.) ;b 0 Cd 0 Taltlc 5.3-3 Yatilic Rivcr Water MinitoirthV Results T Monitoring UlJil I louijiagou in Anzhai Couinty Liinlmrgou in 13aotal)istrict Gaopiabaigouin Yanchang County Analytical Item 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 1994 1995 1996 Method (1 p11 mg/i 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.3 Acidomettry Ca mg/I 32.3 32.4 32.0 31.8 31.6 31.5 33.0 33.1 32.9 Volumetry Mg mg/I 25.5 25.5 25.5 24.9 25.1 24.8 25.8 25.9 25.7 Calculus 0 231 237 242 243 245 Acid Titrimetry 0 N1H4 C0 3 mg/I 248 246 245 239 COD mg/I 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 K4MnO4 Metlhod BODs mg/l 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 lodometry 0.104 0.105 cc-tea Colorimetry N0 2-N mg/I 0.102 0.106 0.105 0.107 0.109 0.108 0.104 t 0.47 0.46 0.48 Na4fi Colorimetry . Ni-4 -N mg/l 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.45 Metliod Fe ing/l 0.81 0.82 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.88 0.87 Atomic Absorption ______e . ~ ___ K mg/I 2.6 2.61 2.55 2.64 2.67 2.66 2.71 2.73 2.69 Atomic Absorption Mcthod P mng/i 0.064 0.068 0.061 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.063 0.06 0.061 Molybdenuni B13ueColorirnetry n 1.11 Disulfonic Acid Colorimetry N0 3 '-N mg/I 1.12 1.12 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.14 1.15 Coliform No./l 212 218 214 246 249 251 232 242 235 Fermentation Method - ,. 19/05 '99 10:49 FAX 5224001_ _ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE l1006 Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Afforestationexpresses its functionsof soil improvementnot only in the way to loosen soil with its developedroot systemsand make soil more permeableand pervious,but also in the way that the rood systemskeep secreting sorts of juices to soil, which provides soil with much more micro organismsin favor of nitrogen accumulation,organic conversion and fertility increasing. Also, tree crowns can intercept precipitatedwater, cut down nmoff flow and velocity beneath forest, and then subsequentlymitigate soil erosion.The large quantitvof the fine roots dying every year provides soil with more organic matter which is then tumed into humus through microorganic decomposition. Sorts of silted land come from siltationof slopelandtopsoil. Plentifulorganic matter of weed and animal manure contained in such soil will build up soil fertility.Also, irrigated land and floodlanddevelopment will bringabout greatimprovements to soil arability. Accordingto the interim monitoringresults of Stage I in Shaanxi Province, there have been obviousimprovement to the phvsiochernicalproperty of soil since the project implementation. a. SignificantIncrease in Soil Moisture Moistureratios of terraced land at differentdepth values are obviouslyhigher than those of slopeland.As shown in Table 5.4-1, terracedland receives and retains higher percentagesof precipitationthan slopeland,with a moistureratio as high as 16.8% in arable layers,and 12.2% in soil lasers wkitha thicknessof less than I m. The moistureration of cash forest is considerablyhigher than that of wasteslopeland. As shown in Table 5.4-2,where erosionmanaoement measures are implemented,where cash forest retains surfacerunoff in an effectiveway. The moistureratios at 3 monitoringplaces arrangedin forest are 37% hi2herthan those in wasteslopeland on the average. Table 5.4-1 Comparison of Moisture Ratios of Terraced Land and Slopeland by Depth Category\Depth 0-30 cm 0-100 cm Averaze ! Comparison (%) Average Comparison (%) Slopeland 10.1 1100 10.7 100 TerracedLand 11.8 | 116.8 12.0 112.2 Table 5.4-2 Comparison of Moisture Ratios of Cash Forestland and Waste Slopeland MlonitoringSite Type of Soil Mleasure AverageMoisture Companrson Ratio(%) (%) Kiangyanggou Loessal Soil WasteSlopeland 9.74 100 in Yanhe Basin Cash Forestdand 13.71 140.8 Shiquanfengcun LoessalSoil WasteSlopeland 4.49 -100 in Jialu Basin CashForestland 5.68 126.5 Dahuodiancun Karaburan WasteSlopeland 6.78 100 in Jialu Basin Cash Forestland 9.77 144.1 c.'V.J :U lv.Y7 ri.A >zz4UUi wUKLDBANK BJ OFFICE 1l1008 Loess PlateauSoil andWater Conservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment b. Enhancement of Soil Fertility, Improvement of Physical Property According to initial analysis of soil fertility monitoring results obtained from slopeland. cropped terraced land, silted land, waste slopeland, shrubwood and artificial grassland, terraced land and silted land enjoy much more nutrients than slopeland irrespective of soil type. The content of organic matter contained in silted land is 1-2 times of that contained in slopeland, and that in terraced land is 75.7% more than that in slopeland to the maximum. Such content of shrubwood and artificial grassland is differently higher than that of waste slopeland except for specific cases. As time passes by, the content of different nutrients will go up at a full scale (see Tables 5.4-3 and 5.4-4 for details). In respect of terraced land. deep ploughing and fertilizer application are exercised in most faces. so its physical property is better than that of slopeland. According to monitoring results from 3 different types of soil, slopeland has an average specific volume of 1.19 g/cmn3 and a total porosity of 55.1%, while terraced land has values of 1.05 g/cm3 and 60.7%, 0.14 e/cm3 and 5.6% less. Inadequate planning of engineering measures, inconsistency and interference of project lavout with geology will cause obstacle to surface and ground water, and rise of water table. resultins in rapid development of soil salinization. The following measures are proposed here for the avoidance or control of soil salinization. Table 5.4-3 Comparison of Soil Nutrients in Terraced, Silted and Slope Land Place Sampling| Soil Sarnpling r Type Organic N (%) K (%) Time I Depth of Use Matter (m) (%) Slopeland 0.37 0.062 0.141 0.77 Xianopvanocou 1996 Loessal Terrace Land 0.40 0.082 0.171 11.31 in Yanhe Basin Average Soil 0-30 Increase (%) 8.1 l5.53 21.3 [70.1 Silted Land 0.65 0.078 0.194 11.62 Increase (%) 75.7 25.8 37.6 1110.4 Slopeland 0.24 0.030 0.077 10.53 Shiquanfengcun 1996 Loessal Terraced Land 0.31 0.056 0.104 0.66 in Jialu Basin Average Soil 0-30 Increase (%) 29.2 86.7 35.1 24.5 Silted Land 0.26 0.058 0.108 0.55 Increase (%) 8.3 93.3 40.3 3.8 Slopeland 0.22 0.025 0.044 0.35 Dahuodiancun 1996 Loessal TerracedLand 0.28 0.032 0.07670.56 in Jialu Basin Average Soil 0-30 Increase (%) 55.2 28.0 72.7 60.0 Silted Land 0.42 0.051 0.096 0.65 Increase(%) 90.9 104 118.2 85.7 5-14 19/05 '99 10:50 FAX 5224001 _ __ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE b0o9 LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Table 5.44 Comparisonof SoilNutrients in ArtificialGrassland, Shrubwoodand Waste Slopeland Place Sampling Soil Sampling Type Organic N K Time Depth of Use Matter (o) (%) .______(m) _ - Slopeland 0.48 0.075 0.181 1.46 Xiangyanggou 1996 Loessal Shrubwood 0.75 0.081 0.176 1.41 in YanheBasin Average Soil 0-30 Increase(%) 56.3 8.0 2.6 -3.47 ArtificialGrassland 0.71 0.092 0.184 1.52 Increase Land (%) 47.9 22.7 1.6 4.1 Slopeland 0.39 0.059 0.107 0.20 Shiquanfengcun1996 Loessal Shrubwood 0.42 0.062 0.111 0.71 in JialuBasin Average Soil 0-30 Increase(%/6) 7.7 5.1 3.7 -1.4 ArtificialGrassland 0.27 0.067 0.121 0.78 Increase (%) -30.8 13.5 13.1 8.3 Slopeland 0.25 0.045 0.093 0.062 Dahuodiancun 1996 Loessal Shrubwood 0.34 0.048 0.087 0.62 in Jialu Basin Average Soil 0-30 Increase(%) 36.0 6.7 -6.4 0 ArtificialGrassland 0.14 0.053 0.10210.6 ______Increase % -44.0 17.8 9.7 14.8 b.1 Overalland AdequatePlanning of EngineeringMeasures Differentengineering schemes will be developedin light of differentgeographical, geological and hvdrologicalconditions in differentbasins. for the projectarrangement to suit into the local geology,thus avoiding mutualinterference, keeping both surfacewater and groundwaterfluent. and avoidingsoil salinization. In river basins where there is large perennialflow in rockvbeds, engineeringmeasures will be arrangedas illustratedin Figure 5.4-1 (a). Characteristicsof this arrangementinclude: no darn- darnor darn-reservoirinterference. fluent dischargeof groundwaterrunoff, avoidance of "chain reaction"of silted land salinization. In riverbasins with perrnanentflow in rocklvbeds of the rniddlelowerreaches but no permanenr flow in earth beds of the upper reaches, engineeringmeasures will be arranged as shown in Figure 5.4-1 (b). This arrangementis of the following characteristics:no dam-darn or darn- reservoirinterferencc, and smoothdischarge of groundwaterrunoff in lower reaches, in favor of salinizationcontrol. Without any permanent flow in upper reaches, it is hard to have oroundwaterbeneath siltedland. On the other hand, as upperdams are built in the rear of lower ones,the surfaceof siltedland is raised,and water table is relatvely lowered. In river basins without permanent flow in earth beds at steep longitudinalgradient, such measuresmay be anrangedas shownin Figure 5.4-1 (c). This arrangementallows fiulluse of the availablespace in gullies,retention of large arnountsof sediment,and siltation of laroe areas. Also,it is helpful to preventionof soil salinrization. IY/U5 99 1u:5u FAX 5224001 _ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE IO1o Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment b.2 Provisionof WaterRelease Tunnel Before Darn Retained water and perennialwater are releasedout of darnswithout delay prior to completion of siltation.Clear waterand groundwaterare drainedafter the fornation of silted land, to lower water table andprevent soil salinization. b.S Constructionof TemporaryRockfill Overflow Dam in Spillway Temporaryrockfill overflow darns are 2.5-3 m higherthan spillways.They are removed when the surface of silted land is raised to be parallel with the dam crest, then water is divertedto makceditches or manual efforts are made to dig canals, draining clear and flood water. preventingsalinization. b.4 Constructionof AdequateDrainage System Constructionof adequatedrainage systems in perennialgullies is a fundamentalmeasure to improve and preventsalmization of siltedland. Afterformation of such land, main and branch drains are properly arrangedin light of specific conditions.This can effectivelylower water table. control formation of groundwaterand rise of water table, and finally enable soil improvement,salinization control and full use of water and land resources. Such main and branch drainsare gcnerallyarranged as shownin Figure5.4-2. b.5 Combinationof Irrigationwith Drainageby Constructionof Welland StorageTank Irrigationand drainageby combiningthese facilitiesis an activemeasure for conservationand reclamation.It not onlyturn silteddryland into irrigatedfields, but also lowerswater tablesand eliminatessalinization risks. After developmentof springs,storage tanks and dams for land siltation,springs in gulliesare suppressed.However, there emergenew springs,which turn to be one of groundwaterrecharge sources, and also an important factor of salinizationdevelopment. Well digging by spring regulation,storage tank constructionby spring protection,and irrigationby water pumpingnot only reduce water tables and restrainspring overflow (which subsequently affects silted land in the vicinitv).and preventsalinization expansion. but also allow developmentof irrigatedfields, and increaseof siltedland productivity. Wells are dug in the rear of siltedland. The depthof drainsat the rear of silted land often failsto meet design requirementsas limitedby gully gradientand landslide,thus alkalineresulting from waterloggingcannot be thoroughlyeliminated. In this case,big-collar wells may be provided.as appropriate,to combinedrainage with irrigation for the conservationand reclamationpurposes. Warping activitiesare carried out. Flood water is importedfrom gullies, slopes and canals to raise around levels and reduce water tables at salinizedland. This practice washes away salt, suppressesalkaline, and improvesoil fertility. 5-16 19/05 '99 10:51 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE 1$oil Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: Stagg eI EnvironmentalImpact AJscssment. Figure 5.4-1 Proposed Arrangement of Dam Systems SPringSilted Land Reservoir Silted Land Spring r~0 0_6vater Table Spring Silted Land I Resenorvoir3 Spnng-. ataterTable ~prin Silted Land 'r !c'n Water Table 'b) Silted Land.; _: Spnng ,, ,.._ ab Tle Figurc 5.4-2 Arrangement of Silted Land Draina;c System /,\Reservoir Spng -. Darn Seepae <. /Iar Seepage ' .- '/ Dz- epa 1 :1 Access D)ikc .. , / Saline Land '| ' JNon-salineLand .t\ Placed Rockfill. .»'. ReleaseTunnel Main Drain Spill ai 19/05 '99 10:51 FAX 5224001 _ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE E$012 Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 Environmentalimpact Assessment 5.5 Impactson TerrestrialBiosphere The projectwill case significantimpacts on the terrestrialbiosphere and eco-environrnentin the projectarea. 5.5.1 Impactson TerrestrialFlora The projectarea has a long historyof cultivation,without any rare and speciouswildlife. Low vegetationcoverage is followedby eco-environmentaldeterioration. The localeco-environrnent will be significantlybettered as the projectis implemented,which will greatlyfavors the growth and developmentof terrestrial flora. Such positive effects will be mainly in the followAing aspects: (a) an increase of 96,500 lun2 in the total basic farmland area will result in large artificial floraand ecosystem;(b) developmentof forestrywill result in an increaseof 295,000 hMnin vegetation,which will enlarge vegetationcoverage; (c) developmentof pasture and animal husbandry will provide an addition of 60,700 hm2 artificial grassland; and (d) completionof conservationmeasures in a 45,jl00 hm2 will increasethe presenterosion control percentagefrom 27. 1% to 52.3%.Soil retentionand sand bindingmeasures will retain moisture, improvesoil and air quality,mitigate natural hazard. and increasenatural calamity resistance. With the abovemeasures completed. vegetation will be increasedfrom 320,000 hm 2 to 677.000 hm2, with vegetationcoverage raised from 16.4% to 34.7%. Establishedterrestrial ecosvstem will providegood habitats for and greatlyfacilitates the developmentof terrestrialplants. Major adverseimpacts will be the possibilitvof increasein plant diseasesand insect pests.Due to the enlargementof vegetation,plants will be vulnerableto plant diseasesand insect pests. especially artificial forest in the case of single species and in the absence of adequate management.Therefore. more effortswill be requiredfor the pest control. 5.5.2 Impacts on TerrestrialFauna The main focuswill be placedon the developmentarimal husbandry.After the establishmentof artificialterrestrial flora. a certain populationof small animals will emergein the flora, and wildlife willmigrate to artificialflora as time passes bv. As a result, the projectwill positively influenceterrestrial fauna in the followingwav: (a) the enlargementof vegetationwill provide good g-roundsfor the developmentof animalhusbandry; (b) the establishmentof terrestrialflora ecosystemwill providemore lebensraurnfor livestockand wildlife,helping the developmentof terrestrial fauna, (c) upon complctionof the overall project, there will be considerablesoil. ecology and air improvementsin the projectarea, providinggood habitatsand livine conditions for terrestrialfauna. The major disbenefit will be that fowl and livestock-will be vulnerableto corrmnunicable diseasesalona with the developmentof animal husbandry.It is thus required to make more effortsfor animaldisease control. 19/05 '99 10:52 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE 1l013 LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment 5.5.3 PlantDisease and InsectPest Control a. Plant disease and insect pest controlwill be based on the principleof "all-roundcontrol with stresson prevention",to upgradeplant disease and insectpest warning systems, and do well in observation and investigationof pest situation,thus protecting against potentialdiseases and pests. b. To build up plant resistanceto diseasesand insect pests throughvariety development by selection. c. To strengthenplant operationmanagement and create good conditionsfor pest control by agriculturalmeasures, and to mi-tigatepest nuisance by post-harvestploughina of farmland.and disposalof croproot, stubble and straw. d. To applYphysical measures such as hot water treatmentof seeds. e. To employ chemical controlsin the right time. First, to make every possible effort for chemicaltreatment of overwinteringsoil (because mostinsect pests are least resistant to pesticideinmmediately before they overwinter),which achievesbetter effect at lower costs, but also avoids damage to natural enemy and mitigatespesticide pollution. Second, to catch larvae by making hay while the sun shines. Third, to exercise compatibilityor altemate of pesticides,which provideshigher effectiveness and avoids insectpests from gaining resistance.Where there is rare water. flat land, short tree, and larvapest density, insecticidaldusts mav be applied beforethe dew is dry. In the event of easv access to water and tree height of more than 5 m, insecticidalfogs should be applied.In forestland with a canopy densitv of more than 0.7, insecticidal furnicants shouldbe selected. f. To take biological control measures.The first step is to protectnatural enermLies and to attract beneficialbirds. In forest are many species of predatorsand zooparasites which are natural enemies of insect pests, every effort shouldbe tried for them to settle and multiply.To effectivelvcrack down pest nuisance,planting of mingled forest will be spreadwhile the existingforestland is properlyprotected. Parasitic wasp protectors will be furnishedin winter or early spring.Chemical insecticideswill be appliedjointlv with biologicalcontrol, to avoid killincnatural enerniesas far as possible.Birds are of great help to restrictingpest multiplication.so massivepopularization is required in respect of bird protection.It is particularlyimportant not to damagenest and birdling. In addition. bacteria such as bacillus thurin2ensisand beauveria bassiana, and insects such as trichoerammacan be employedfor pes. control. O. Wherethere is a large populationof people but decentralplague of insects, labor forces maybe employedfor pickinginsect cocoons or catchingand killinglarvae. The aforesaidmeasures are furtherdelineated in Table 5.5-1. YU:t'Z FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE Z014 Loess Plateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment 5.5.4 Animal Disease Control Proaram a. PossibleDiseases Animal diseases ever found in the historyof this area inclusiveof the vicinity are as listedin Table 5-5-2. Table 5.5-1 Plant Disease and Insect Pest Control in Project Area Plant Diseaseand InsectPest ControlMeasure I. all plants wireworm,grub andother chemicalpesticide treatment of soil, plus seed dressing _underroundiurious insects with 3911 and 1605 2. all pants zokor,Citellus dauricus, etc. lure them to theirdeath withbrodifacourn and other rodenticides 3. naked oats, broomcorn cerealcrop smut sceddressing, double seed dressing millet,millet, com, Chinese sorghumr 4. millet, com |Ostrinianubilalis ploughingafter autumn harvest, disposal of root. stubble l and straw,ther. chemical pesticide application to crop whorls mmillet illetdowny mildew seed dressinm. 6. bean velvetScarabs. pea mythimna seed dressingwith methylfospholan, dusting separata 7. sweet potato Ladvbeetles methylfosphflan. chemical pesticide sprayine 8. Chinesepine dendrolirus tabulaeformnis comprehensivecontrol, spraying, dusting or fumicaring ______in litht of tree height 9. locust,popular Scarabs.caterpillar. loxostege comprehensivecontrol, different measures for different sticticalis staees 10.apple appl r scalingoff rot, smearingwound with 843 or others pearI I pear blackheart after blossomfall, spraying1:1:160 Bordeauwx mixture after blossomfall, or 1:2500methyl thiophanate or ______1:800tuzet in case of serious disease 12.'orage zrass loxoste2esticticalis chemicalcontrol Table 5-5-2 Summary of Animal Diseases in Project Area Animal Disease Cow Bang's disease, cow epidernic disease, corununicablc nose tracheitis. anthrax Sheep Bang'sdisease, sheep pox. anthrax Pin swine fever, wirus pig pneumonia,mnildew pneumonia, swine dysentery Chicken newcastle disease. fowl cholera, bacillary white diarrhoea b. ControlMeasures b. I To devote more effortsto animaldisease control, provide technical supports and training serviccsfor preventingconmunicable diseases of domesticlivestock and fowl. 5-20 19/05 '99 10:52 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE lO15 LOCSSPlateau Soil and WatcrConservation Project: Stage 1I Environmnentallmpact Assessment b.2 To closelyfollow the policyof prevention-orientedcomprehensive control, implement the "DetailedProvisions for Implementationof Livestockand Fowl Disease Control Regulation"with due care, prepare and implementanimal disease control procedures and programs. b.3 To strengthengrassroots animal disease control agencies,and mobilize more resources for such work. b.4 To providebetter management of feedfor the purposeof cuttingdown morbidityrates. b.5 To clear habitatsof domesticanimals and birds on a regular basis, so as to maintain livestockhouses in good hygiene. b.6 To provideprompt treatrnentin case of any epidemicdisease, and control epidemic situationwith the help of veterinaryand anti-epidemicagencies. 5.6 Impactson Microclimateand Air Quality 5.6.1 Prediction of Impacts The project will bnrngabout enlargementin vegetation coverage,which will subsequently change the underlyingsurface and then affect the microclimate.Vegetation will case some effectto the localclimate when it reachesa certain amount. Extensiveafforestation will first slow down wind velocity.Farmland under the protectionof forestbelts aenerallycuts down wind speedbv 10-80%,thus preventing crops fromthe adverse impacts of strong wind. Afforesration in desert is able to fix sand dunes and avoid desertification. Farming activitiesto a certain extent reduces ground and air humidity in forest, considerably affectingdaily and even yearly temperaturedifference there. In general,the amplitudeof ground humidityin forestforestland is 20 40% less than that in field,and atmospherictemperature is 4- 13% higherthan that in open field. Enlaroementof protectiveforest and vegetationcoverage at farmlandwill significantlyraise air humidityand avoid dry-hotwind disasters,which will providehigher crop yields. Tables 5.6-1 and 5.6-2 separately show observation values obtained in and out of forest networks,representing microclimnatic relevance to forestnetworks provided for farmland. Vegetationis also capableof air purification.Based on data providedby Shaanxi Province,the dust contentof air at forestlandis 20-38%less than that at bareland, and each hmn2 of pine forest absorbs36.4 t dust.Also, trees can absorb SO2 and CO2among other harmful gas. For instance, 3 2 a pine absorbs20 mg SO2from I m air each day while each hM of osier absorbs 720 km SO2 in the year. Upon the implementaEonof the project,the increased295,900 hr2 forestalone is expectedto reduce 197,000C0 2, 49,320t S02 and 18,740,000t dust containedin air each year, so that air qualitywill be somewhatimproved. 19/05 '99 10:53 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE @7016 Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: Stage II Environrental ImpactAssessment Table 5.6-1 Variationof MajorMeteorological Factors in and out of ForestNetwork at ZhoucunVillage, Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province Durincg Dry-hot Wind Days Location\Factor Air Temperature RelativeHumidity WindVelocity (°) (%) (m/s) Contrast to field 32.7 20 3.5 Average in the forestnetwork 31.2 30 1.4 Index of heavydry-hot wind 230 •25 >4 Index of lightdrv-hot wind 25 35 3 Table 5.6-2 Protection Performance Observationsof Mingled Forest in LoessPlateau Type Topography Reductionof Wind[ Humidity Increasein Relative Reductionof Surface Velocitv(°O Effect Humidify(%) E Evaporation Phylly Aphylly Phylly Aphylly Phylly Aphylly Phylly Aphylly ScatteredForest 17 30.9 20.8 +0.29 +0.47 5.2 19.5 24.9 47.3 Banded Forest 5 29.3 27.2 +0.10 +0.55 2.2 4.6 22.6 27.3 InterplantedForest 10 30.7 25.5 +0.43 -0.50 5.3 1.7 24.8 15.6 Strip Cash Forest 6 38.7 21.6 +0.10 +0.65 4.8 19.8 31.6 51.8 VillageForest 5 24.4 22.8 +0.27 +0.40 3.7 4.0 16.6 14.8 MingledForest 5 243.26.4 +0.33 +0 65 3.3 27.2 25.2 50.0 5.6.2 NMicroclimaticMlonitoring Results from Stage I During tie implementationof Stage I. monitoringwas conductedin respect of meteorological factors such as precipitation,temperature, relative humidity and wind velocitv(refer to Tables 5.6-3 and 5.6-4).As shownin these tables, there is no major variationof temperature,humidity, wind force and precipitation,yet there is a trend of decreasein temperatureand wind velocity. This is the mainlybecause both canopydensity and vegetationcoverage are relativelylow due to the limitedtime since the projectimplementation, conservation measures have not yet caused sittnificantmicroclimatic effects. Table 5.6-3 Summary of MicroclimaticMonitoring Results from Jialu Basin Annual Extreme Etreme Annual Annual Maximum Annual Annual Year\ltem Avcrage Maximum Minimum Average AverageWind Wind Average Average TemperatureTemperarure Temperature Humidity Velocity Velocity Rainfall Evaporation (°C) (OC) (°C) (po) (mis) (rm's) (mm) (mm) 1994 10.6 36 -16.8 8.7 2,1 16.7 424.1 2370.4 1995 j10.1 37.1 -16.7 7.7 2.2 15.7 459.2 2480.2 1996 19.6 36.7 -17.2 7.9 2.2 143 341.9 2140 19/05 '99 10:54 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE 1017 LoessPlateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage u EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Table5-6-4 Summaryof MicroclimaticMonitoring Results from Yanhe Basin Relative Wind AnnualMean Annual Mean County\Year\ltem Humidity Velocity Temperature Rainfall (%) (mis) (°C) (M.M) 1994 64 1.2 10.7 510.5 Yan'anCountv 1995 55 1.0 10.5 342 1996 61 0.8 9.8 478.2 1994 64 1.65 9.4 502.6 AnzhaiCountv 1995 55.4 1.85 9.2 387.8 1996 61-6 1.75 9.5 622.1 1994 64.2 1.78 9.3 606.9 BaotaDistict 1995 55.8 1.9 9.6 360.7 1996 62 1.8 9.4 464.8 1994 64.4 1.54 9.8 540 YanheSubzone 1995 55.4 1.58 9.8 363.5 1996 61.5 1.45 9.6 521.7 5.7 Change to Lnnd Use Dramaticchanges to land use in the projectarea will be broughtabout by on-farrn. foresmt, prainre.animal husbandry. and micro projectdevelopment components under the project. As proposed. on-farm development in the project area will involve land terracing, land reclaimingby silt arresters. and land accretionby river trainingworks. There is now 175.600 hmr terracedland in the project area. i.e. 0.087 hrn2/person.It is plannedto add another 87.000 im2 duringthe 5-year constructionperiod of the project.with the total area reachiing262.600 hrn by that time. i.e. 0.125 hm'/person. The proposed conservationmeasures also include constructionof 152 key projects and 335 silt arresters.which will provided2,495 hm2 silted land. Landaccretion by river trainingworks refers to developmentof basic fannland bv means of taining. warping. dredging and sediment retaining in large floodplainswhere there are wanderinamain streams. It is proposedto construct 9 such works.providing a total of 2.000 hm- floodland. The componentof forest developmenrwill include cash forest (fruit forcst).high forest. and shrubwood.As planned, a total of 295,900 hrn2 forest will be created.including 28.700 hmr fruit foresL42,000 hrn2 cash forest, 107,600hmn 2 high forest,and 117,500 hbn 2 shrubwood. Regardingpasture and animal husbandrvdevelopment. there exists 4S.200hrnm natural pasture and 36.200 hM2 artificial grasslandin the project area. With 60,700 hnm artificial grassland added during implementationof the project, the total area will be 96,900 hrn2. Also, more effortswill be made to upgrade, protectand utilize the existinggrassland, so there will be a carryingcapacity of 1.1736million sheep units in the projectarea. Artificialforage to be planted vill be predominantlvlegurninous species such as alfalfa, Ormosia hosiei. and Melilotus suavcolen.etc. 19/05 '99 10:54 FAX 5224001 _ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE .018 LoessPlateau Soil andWater Conservation Project: Stage Il EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Minor and mini irrigation projects proposed to be provided under the project include drip irrigation facilities, water-retention wells, water cellars and retention basins. It is proposed to construct 296 small and mini irrigation projects. 344 km irrigation canals. 30.000 water- retention wells, and 5,000 hin2 irricated areas. 5.8 Impacts on Living Standard The project will of great benefits to livelihood improvement of the local residents, without any disbenefit. Such benefits will be seen in the following fields: (a) the land use factor will be increased from 61.3% to 74.9%, the increase in available land areas will provide an oppormnity for agricultural development; (b) reduction in soil and water loss will allow soil to retain moisture, wlhichwill retain and curtail surface runoff in case of heavy rain, and avoid soil from craclking during non-rain days; also, enlarged vegetation will establish a good microclimate in the project area, which will mitigate flooding, drought and other natural calamities; (c) the project will improve soil qualitv, raise land productivity and unit economic perforrnance; (d) development of processina and service activities will provide farmers with higher income levels: (e) on-farrm development will enlarge farmland areas, raise the deoree of agricultural modemization. considerably increasing the local farmers' income levels; (f) introduction of science and technology will improve the overall quality of the local residents, which will greatly promote productivity and economic development; (g) better communications will allow the half-close economv to be relativelv open to the outside world. As stated above, the project will substantiallv contribute to the livelihood improvement in the project area. Mlaineconomic indices in the with-projectscenario are as show-nin Table 5.8-1. Table ;.8-1 Comparison of MlainEconomic Indices with Versus without Project Index JWithoutProject With Project Growth Rate (%) Per Capita Farmland (hrn2 ) 034 0.61 79.41 Per Capita Basic Farnland (hmr.3 10.10 0.15 36.36 Per Capita Grain Production (kg) 360.66 536.9 48.87 Per Capita Net Income (RNIB) 586.1 1205.4 105.66 Degree of Erosion Management (%) 27.1 52.3 92.99 ! As shown in the table. the per capita farmland holding is expected to be increased from 0.34 hrm and 0.61 hM2. with the basic component per capita increased form 0. I hm2 to 0. 15 hm2. and the per capita net income will be dramatically raised from 586.1 RMB to 1,205.4 RMIB, an increase of 105.66% The agriculture-based single stucrure of production will be changed in such a wav to includc agriculture, fruit forestry. arimal husbandry. processing and service activities. Also. the make- up of food will be considerably changed. so the present grain-based food structure .ill be diversified to cover meat. egZ. milk. fruit and vegetable. The project "ill result in improvements to water supply. power supply. communications and other infrastrucrures. 5-74 19/05 '99 10:55 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE 5019 Loess PlateauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage ll EnvironmentalImpact Assessment In a word,the projectwill bringabout living standard improvement and economictake off. 5.9 Impacts on Public Health Educationaland cultural facilitiesin the project area are out of data and inadequate.There are loweducation levels, the numberof illiteratesand sermi-illiteratestakes up bout 25% of the total population.Health amenities are less developed.Epidemic and communicablediseases are occasionallyfound. Also, endemic diseasessuch as fluorine disease and Keshan disease are found in someplaces. The project will cause very advantageouseffects to human health, mainly include: (a) better education,cultural and communicationfacilities will raise the overallquality and diseasecontrol competencyof people, which will reduce communicablediseases; (b) health facilities will be greatlyimproved along withthe developmentof culture,the improvementof livingstandard and educationlevel, and the increasein degreeof openness;(c) eco-environmentalimprovement, air purification.water quality bettermentand natural hazard alleviationwill reduce insect-bome diseases. 5.10 EnvironmentalTmpacts in ConstructionStage Constructionactivities under the projectwill be completed in a decentral manner, involvinga small number of constructionworkers. Most of them will be local works of considerable mobility,for the purpose of controllingsevere water and soil loss,generally they will not cause adverse environmental impacts. Construction activities will be conservation measures implementedat slopelands.waste mountains/slopes and gulliessubject to severe water and soil loss, they will neither damagethe existingvegetation, nor cause any additionalwater and soil loss due to human activities.This is alreadyproven by practice of Stage I. However. new problemsmav be caused by defaultsduring the project construction,so countermeasuresto this effectWill be taken as required. During land terracing activities,it is required to conserve superficialmellow soil, with deep ploughingand raking carriedout to mak-esoil loose in favorof cultivation.Additional fertilizers may be appliedto newlyterraced fields wherever it permits. Variousconservation measures need to be properly designedand arranged for implementation. Upon completion,borrow areas should be re-cultivatedand afforested,preventing any new waterand soil loss. Health and disease control programsshould be prepared and implementedto ensure hum.an health. 5.11 Prgiect Safety Engineeringmeasures under the projectare designedand will be implementedaccording to the Specificationsof SoUand Water Conservation(GB/T16453.3)and other standards issued bv the province or region govemments. The project designers are of rich experience in __. vVi "VK.L-'CUV mAiN nUISVi7.55vurrut WJU20 Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project: Stage If EnvironmentalInpact Assessment conservation project design. The project design completely meets applicable national standards. On this basis, the project will be fiurnishedwith a project safety monitoring system (see Figure 5.1 1-1). With this system, any problem arising out of the project operation will be identified and solved without delay, ensuring adequate safety of terraced fields, silt arresters and training works. Design standards applied to various engineering measures are as shown in Table 5.1 1-1. Table 5.11-1 Design Standards for Engineering Measures Engineering MIeasure Design Standard Terraced Land P=0.05, 24-hour MPP Silt Arrester 50-year check flood Irrigated Land P=0.05. 24-hour MPP Key Project 20-year flood, 200-year check flood Gully-head Protection Works P=0.05, 24-hour MPP Check Dam P=0.05, 24-hour MPP Retention Basin P=0.05, 24-hour MPP W2 eafo innrn5 eafo foraes in townshi To firther guarantee project safety, the following considerations are included in the project design: * In the case of any large slope catchment area above terraced land, sumps or flood ditches are designed in line with contour 10 cm upstream. Where land terracing is to be carried out in collecting depressions of gullies. each field is to be provided with an overflow weir for the sak-eor flood release and stability. * Selection of silt arresters gives adequate consideration to daamsitegeology and topography, avoiding gully bifurcaions, bends and springs. Also, silt arresters are designed to have embanlcments,release so-ucouresand spillways, meeting flood control requirements. e Bed protection and energy dissipation are considered for training works in light of structures and river courses. * Acccptance of the project is proposed to be completed by independent local construction project quality monitoring stations as employed by executive authorities, guaranteeing compliance with quality requirements. Key projects and silt arresters will attract most of the public concerns about project safety. They will be generally 5-30 m high, with a separate catchmnentarea of about 3-S kmn and storage 2 capacity of 1,000-100,000 in . For key projects, more than 2/3 storage capacity will be used for sedimentation. Prior to sedimentation, however, this part of capacity can be used to hold flood flow and curtail peak£flow, after sedimentation, sediment settles and consolidates to be land connected with dam embankments. There wkillbe a very small discharge even in the event of dam failure. Most of key projects and silt arresters will be located in out-of-the-way lateral ditches and rills at a distance of more than 3 km from residence sites, most of which are located at hizher gully sides. Therefore, the project will not cause any potential problem to the safety of residential sites. 5-26 19/05 '99 10:55 FAX 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE LoessPlateau Soil azd WaterConservation Project: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Figure 6.2-1 ProjectOrgnization Chart Central Leading Grou . Expert Consulting Group at ientral ProjectOffice _Centra Project Office | | ~~~ProvincialLeadfing Gru | . . w. Expert ConsulinsgGroup Provincial Project Office at Provincial Project Office PrefectureLeading Group PretecuPr.e PrefectureTecheniccal I Office ILrLaa I din CountyLeading Group I m-County Techenical CountyProjectOffice - LeadinnGrou Consultion Administration 5-27 lY/U5 '99 1U:5b FAX15224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE Q022 Loess Plateau Soiland Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment 5.12 Compliance with Laws The project ELAis completed under the guidance of applicable laws and regulations of China. It is considered that the project construction meets the environmental laws/regulations of China. Table 5.12-1 describes compliance with laws/regulations. Table 5-12 Compliancewith Laws/Regulations Law/Regulation Compliance EIAChapter Law of EnvironmentProtection, P.RC. Appliedto wholeEIA processfrom factor/impact 1,3,5,6 identificationto managementplanning Law of Waterand Soil Conservation,P.RC Appliedto wholeEIA process 1,2, 5,6 Law of Water,P.R.C Basisfor preparationof watermanagement measures 1,5.6 Law of Land Management.P.RC Appliedto wholeEIA process 1,2.5,6 Law of Forest,P.R.C Usedas basis for preparationof conservationpromram 5 and foresty developmentprogram Law of Grassland.P.R.C. Usedas basisfor preparationof conservationprogram 5 and pastureand animalhusbandry development Regulationfor WildlifeProtection. P.R.C. Appliedto wildlifeimpact assessment 5 Regulationfor EnvironrnenmalManaaement Appliedto developmentof environmentalmanagement 5,6 of ConstructionProject, P.R.C. programand variousenvironment protection measures LaNvof WaterPollution Control, P.R.C. Appliedto waterquality protection and environtmental 5,6 monitorinn Re2ulationfor Forest Diseaseand InsectPest Appliedto forestdisease and insectpest control 5 Control Regulationfor Implementationof "Law of Appliedto whole ELAprocess 1.2.5,6 Waterand Soil Conserva:ion" Regulationfor Healthand DiseaseControl Appliedto public healthimpact assessment 5 Guidelinesfor EIA Appliedto whole EIA process I though8 EIATermns of Rcfcrencefor Waterand Appliedto wholeEIA process I throuch8 HydropowerProject 5.13 Public Participation Public participation is a two-way information prescntation process between a project proponent or EIA auency with the public. The ultimate purpose is to objectively represent and effectively absorb the public comments on and requests for the project construction, achieving better decision making by taking advantage of their judgements. 5-28 19/05 '99 10:56 FAX 5224001 _ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE 4aiU4; LoessPlateau Soiland Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment The proposed project involves 3,350 administrativevillages, 264 townships,37 counties, 12 prefectures in 4 provinces. The project per se implies wide public participation. 5.13.1 Public Participatiou in Project Engineering, Review and EIA The project engineering, review and ELArepresent public participation in different forms. The project per se is proposed on the basis of the planning efforts made by the project provinces, and the project proposal is prepared on the basis of wide public consultation from bottom up, i.e. from farmer up to provincial government. The Project Office has repeatedly sought consultation from different sources. The project findings include the comments and recommendations made by government authorities, non-governmental organizations and consultation agencies. The project proposal, feasibility report, EIA terms of reference and EIA report have experienced manv a time consultation of experts and review of responsible authorities, thus the project is of widc representation and adequately reflects the public interests and wishes. Local farmers will be major implementors and beneficiaries of the project, and also contributors to repayment of loans under the project. The final goal of the project is to benefit these poor people, helping them raise their living standard, so common people and grassroots organizations show their adequate support for the project. The project is planned, designed and will be implemented in the presence of public participation. The responsible agencies at villaae level are completely composed of farmers. In the EIA process, the EIA Team interviewed, time and again, local environment protection. conservancy, forestry and disease control agencies. Also, they widely consulted NEPA. MWR General Institute of Planning and Design among departnents and experts. Reconmmendations made bv such experts are incorporated into this report. 5.13.2 Questionnaire and Result Analysis In addition to popularization and consultation activities, the EIA process also includes distribution of questionnaires and analysis of results (see Table 5.13-1). According to the results, all the people in questionnaires say they are for the project, most of them (89%) are very interested in and aware of the project at a varying deeree, 97% believe the project mwillpromote the local economic development, and 90% feel the project will provide them wth a better living standard. Also, they expressed some wishes and requests, mainly request for more technical guidance and financial supports. Public participation and expert consultation adequately reflect the scientific nature and also feasibility of the project. As standing organizations, project offices and EL4 agencies at different lcvels will be ready to render direct services for public participation. Any ideas in respect of the project may be reflected up to the project office through organizations at various levels. 5.14. Sumtmary As predicted and analyzed in this chapter, the project is an environment improvement and econornic development with huge environmental benefits. Table 5.14-1 is a summar) of the previously stated EIA findings. 19/05 '99 10:56 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE [lA 24 Loess PlateauSoil andWater Conservation Project: Stage II EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Table5.13-1 StatisticalData on PublicParticipation Questionnaires Subject Answer % of Inquired Do you know of the project? yes 93 no 7 much 37 How much do you know? average 52 no 11 Are you for the project? yes 100 ______no 0 verymuch 9 How muchdo you knowabout much 12 environmentprotection? some 67 no 12 verymuch 92 How will projectpromote economic development? much 5 some 3 no 0 verymuch 83 How will the projectimprove living standard? much 7 some 10 ______no 0 verymuch 5 How will the project impactthe environment? not much 20 little 75 money 6 How will you supportthe project? labor 85 eitheror both 9 Willyou contibute to repayment? yes 99 no Table 5.14-1 Environnmental Impact Matrix r Construction Activity Activity in Operation Period Environmental Issue\Tactor I 11 III IV V VI Farming Cilture Pesticide Flertilizer *cn Application Application 1. Impact on Water & Sediment Regime + + + + + + 2. Impact Water Quality -A -A 3. Soil Impact + + + -A -A 4. Impacts on Terrestrial Biosphere + + +A +A O 5. Impacts on Microclimate and Air Qdality + + S.0 6. Clianges to Land Use + + + + + 7. Impacts on Living Standard F + - + + + + - + + _ R.Environmental Management 9. Project Safety A A A o 10. Environmental Management + + - + Note: "I" on-farm development, "if" forestry development, "Iff" pasture and aniinal lhusbandry development, "IV" gully development works, 1111 3 mini and mini irrigation works, "VI" conservation product storing and processing facilities, "+" positive impact, "-" negative impact, "A" needing control measures, Blank Cell=wilhout signiFicant impact. 0 0 0 U's *i: U: Yl A 5224001 WORUDBANK BJ OFFICE l026 Loess Plateau Soil and Water ConservationProject: Stage U EnvironmentalImpact Assessment 6. ENVIRONMENT1AL MANAGEMENT PRO!GEAM To bring full play to the project environmentalresults, it is required to prepare detailed enviromnentalmanagement programs and to establish complete environmentalmanagement systems, especially envirorunentalmanagement offices (EMO) at different levels. Various environmentprotection measures proposed herein will be implemcntedas guided by EMOs to be established,and as assisted by professionaland technical agencies,as well as local and foreignpanels of experts. 6.1 General The first prioritiesof environmentalmanagement during the project preparation,construction and operationstages are describedin the followingparagraphs: a. PreparationStage - To make institutionalarrangements. establish environmentalmanagement organizations. and identifvresponsibilities of andrelationships between them; - To select agenciesresponsible for differentenvironment protection activities, and provide necessaryorganization and coordination; * To prepare environrnentalclauses in accordancewith the EIA report,incorporate them into the projectfiles includingcontract documents and projectmanagement prograrms; and * To perforrnbackground environmental monitoring in the projectarea. b. Constructionand OperationStage * To conductwork qualitvand environmentalsupervision in respect of constructionactivities, to develop environrnentalmonitorina prograrns, and provide trairing prior to and during implementationthereof; * To provide environmentalfeedback regarding the project on the basis of supervisionand monitoringfindings. and deal uith any negativeimpacts in a timelymanner, with the focus in the operationstage placed on providingfarmers with guidancein respect of pest control and pesticide/fertilizerapplication. * To carrvout follow-upstudies toward increasingly improve the projectbenefits; and * To keep on improvingand updatingthe environmentalmanagement program on the basis of performanceof environmentprotection measures. The generalplan is as illustratedin Figure6.1-1. lYV/VD 7.w A ... 0 rtiA a4,44UU*1 vr,,, wr Loess PlateauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Figure 6.1-1 EnvironmentalManagement Outline ProjectOffice EnvironmentalManagement Office Inclusionof Implementation Implementation Remedy Environrmental of Environment ofEnvironment Measures Clauses in Protection Protection (during Design Measuresduring Measuresduring Construction Documents Construction Operation & Operation) Temporary Temporary Temporary 1-37 Years I Year 2-6 Years 7-37Years Notes: (1) It is requiredthat environmentprotection measures be incorporated,as stated in the EIA, into desig documents,contract documents. construction programs and specifications; (2) Both engineeringand environrentalsupervision will be requiredduring coastruction of the project; (3) Environmentalmonitoring will be performedduring the projectoperation stage, to ensurecompliance with environmentprotection requirements, feedback of information,identification and solvingof any remainingproblem; and (4) Control measureswill be taken,as approvedby responsibleauthorities, to mitieate or offset adverse environmentalimpacts. 6.2 Organisations andResponsibilities The institutionaLframework for the project is completed project leading groups and project officesat central govermmentdown to villagelevels. Consultantswill be assignedby the central and provincialleading groups to advise on technicalissues under the project.The organization chart is as shownin Figure6.2-1. The centralleadinc group will be headedby a vice Ministerof Water Resources,members will include directors of rninistries, departments(bureau) and basin managements as mav be concerned,as well as responsiblevice provincegovemors, central and provincialproject office directors. Accordingly, leading groups will be set up at prefecture, county and township governments. A centralproject office will be set up at the central leadinggroup. Provincial project officeswill be establishedat provincialconservancy and conservationbureaux and put under the leadership of provincialleading groups. Prefectureand county projectoffices will be set up at conservancy and conservationagencies at the sarnelevel. Project implementationagencies will be provided at townshipgovernments. 6-2 IV/U:, y9 Iu:38a AAA Z24001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE _ 1g1028 LoessPlateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage 11 EnvirorunentalImpact AssesSmnent Figure 5.11-1 OrganizationChart of ProjectSafety Supervision . I ~~~~~~~Resources Rver Conservatio 1~~~~~ Yellow C Co mmission -- Co-unt-yG-ovemment 0 0 0 0 0 ~~c C0 010 0 =00 00 LC0 0 C3~~ 0. CJ) =0 Mlainresponsibilities of above organizations: a. Water and soil conservationbureau, project office: to organizeor implement constructionsupervision, project acceptance, and operationmanagement. b. Flood control office: standingorganization of governmentat differentlevels and under NWR. major responsibilitiesinclude flood forecasting,flood emergencyorganization and implementation,participation in constuction supervisionand acceptanceof capital constructionprojects. 6-3 19/05 '99 10:58 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE Q029 LoessPlateau Soil and WatcrConservation Project: Stage II EnvironmenEalImpact Assessment 6.2.2 Environmental Management Organizations and Responsibilities a. InstitutionalArrangements EMOs will be provided at project offices to be in charge of environment protection work under the project. There will be project implementation agencies at township level, with full-time staff provided to take environment protection responsibilities. Details are as shown in Figure 6.2-2. Figure 6.2-2 Organization Chart of Environmental Management ProjectOffice at DifferentLevel EEn:vironmentalManagemnent Office There will be two panels of experts: one panel of engineering experts to provide consultation regarding technical issues, and one panel of environmental experts to provide consultation in respect of environmental results. possible impacts and necessary measures. b. Responsibilities The basis responsibility of EMOs is to initiate and complete environmental management tasks. mainly including preparation. implementation and examination of environrnental management proraams. EM10Oat central project office: to formulate environment protection policies, prepare general proerams, review action programs by subzone, guide and supervise environmental work by provincial project office, conduct inspection and acceptance of project quality and performance. do well in environrmentalassessment. EMO at provincial project office: to take overall responsibility for environmental management and monitoring work within separate province, prepare action plans. guide and supervise environmental work by prefecture and county project office. EMO at prefecture project office: to be responsible for environmental management and monitorinn work by prefecture, guide and supervise environrmentalwork by county project office. EMtOat county project office: to be responsible for environmental management and monitorinct wvorkby county, organize implementation of approved environrmentprotection measures. make arran2ements for environmental monitoring. provide technical transfer and training service for farmers, report requests by farmers and environmental issues encountered during construction. 6.3 EnvironmentalMonitorno Program Environmental monitoring is not only required for the project implementation and management, but for responsible departments of the Govermmentand the World Bank to keep aware of the 1i/05 99 10:59 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE Q030 Loess Plateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment project implementation,make decision and providemicro guidance.Monitoring items cover all aspects of the environmentalimpacts to ariseout of the project.Environmental monitoring will enableearly identifyingand solvingproblems, gaining experience, and ensuringachievement of the projectobjectives. 6.3.1 Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities The project monitoringframework under the projectwill includemonitoring center, subcenter, ceneral station, station and substation at central, provincial,prefecture, county and township levels respectively,which is put underthe leadershipof the projectoffice at the samelevel. The project is an environmentalimprovement, most of the project monitoringitems will fall within environmentalmonitoring, so there will not be any special agency for environmental monitoringunder the project.Instead, environmentalmonitoring will be incorporatedinto the projectmonitoring as an integralpart of the projectmonitoring system. The central monitoringcenter will be responsibleto make generalarrangements for monitoring work. provide technicalrequirements, review monitoring results by province, summarizeand analyzemonitoring data, and prepare monitoringand evaluationreports. Provincial subcenters will make arrangementsfor monitoringactivities with the province, develop technicalrequirements, check and causeperformance of monitoringwork bv prefecture and countv, review, sumnrnarizeand analyzemonitoring data obtained from the province,and submit monitoringand evaluationreports. Prefecture general stations will focus on developine work plans, checking and causing performancebv countv. review and reportmonitoring results from countyin a timelymanner. Countv stations will focus on monitoringthe qualityand progressof differentmeasures. and also studyingand censuringthe projecteconomic benefits and social achievements. Townshipsubstations will highlightmonitoring of work qualityand progressat each work site, payingadequate attention to observationat each monitoringsite. 6.3.2 Monitoring Program The pr,ncipalsubjects of environmentalmonitoring will includewater and soil retentioneffect. soil physiochemicalproperty, biological effect and pest control.climate, pesticide and chemical fertilizer. project safety. health and disease control. economic performance and social achievement.A round of back-groundvalue monitoring will be arrangedin the preparatorystaae. MNonitorine activitiesin the operationstage will be arrangedas discussedbelow. a. fvlonitorin2of Waterand Soil RetentionEffect Mlonitoringitems: runoff, flow, runoff modulus,runoff depth, rainstorn, silt content,sediment flux, erosionmodulus total sedimentdischarge. 6-5 19/05 '99 10:59 FAX 5224001 _ WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE l031 LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Projecc: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Monitoringfrequency: 1-3 times/monthaccording to the specificationsfor hydrologicaland sedimentmonitoring as issuedby MWR. Arrangementof monitoringsites: to arrange control station at the month of river basin, with monitoringsite arranged accordingto type of erosion and measure,thus forming a complete monitoringnetwork. b. Monitoringof Soil PhysiochemicalProperty Monitoringitems: specific density of soil, contentof clay, pH, contentof organicmatter, water contentof soil.plus toxic residueanalysis as per the varietyof pesticideand chemical fertilizer. Monitoringfrequency: 1-2 times/year. Arrangementof monitoringsites: 1-2observation sites for each typeof soil. C. Monitoringof BiologicalEffect and PestControl Monitoringitems: plant disease,insect pest,weed nuisance, and animaldisease. Monitoringfrequency: 2-3 times/year. Arrangementof monitoringsites: on-test-basisinvestigation, not less than 3 times for plant and 2 timesfor animalby countv. d. Monitorincof WaterQuality 2 2 Monitoringitems: water temperature.pH, BODs, COD. NI-b, NO3 , Fe. P, hardness. C03 . 2 2 2 S04 , Ca ', Mg -, K-, As, CH, and coliform. Monitoringfrequency: 1-2 times/month. Arrangementof monitoringsites: at least one stationon the main stem. e. Mionitoringof Climate Monitoringitems: precipitation, temperature, and humidity. MIonitoringfrequency: 1-3 times/year. Arrangement of monitoring sites: 1-2 sites selected in each province for long-time positional observation(or to utilize existingobservation sites). f. Monitoringof Pesticideand ChemicalFertilizer Guidanceand supervisionwill be provided for compliancewith standards,with 1-2 times of monitoringcarried out each year. -"'.IA Dono DiJ urrMLL UJ2 LocssPlatcau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment C. Monitoringof ProjectSafety Monitoringitems: climate(precipitation, flood), failure-resistanceindcx (soil content,storage capacity,etc.). Monitoringfrequency: 2-3 times/monthin floodseason. ad hoc investigationin specialcases. Joint forecastingand wamingsystems will be establishedand maintainedby provincialflood control and meteorologicalauthorities. h. Monitoringof Healthand DiseaseControl Monitorina items: mosquito density, rat density, food hygiene, and enteric disease at construction area. Monitonrngfrequency: on a test basis, once a year. i. MonitoringoL Economic Performnance and SocialAchievement Monitorinaitems: income level, public ideason projectimplementation. Monitoringfrequency: once a year. Arrangernentof monitoringsites: such sites for monitoringof typicalfamilies and land plots vwillbe arrangedon a countybasis by takingaccount of the typeof geomorphology,the category of measures.and the differencebetween the projectarea and "withoutproject" areas. 6.4 Training, and NextSteps 6.4.1 Training Environmental training uill be arranged, as required, during the project implementation. Such training will cover environmental management and monitoring staff, and also construction workers, for the former to be competent for their responsibilities. and the latter to care for environment protection and prevent possible damage to the environment. Types of training will include overseas study tours and local technical training. Overseas study tours will mainlv cover the following subjects: * Project management * Conservation monitoring * Environmental irnpact assessment * Environmental monitoring * Environmental concept, law and standard * Computer information system and its application 6-7 19/05 '99 11:00 FAX 5224001 WORLDBANK BJ OFFICE l033 Loess PlatEcauSoil and Watcr Conservation Project: Stage 11 Environmental Impact Assessment Table 6.4-1 Schedule of Main SpecialSubjects under the Project Province No. Subject Descriptionand Finding I Orchardupgrading and To conductscientific management and technicaltests such asformnula fertilization reclamation for existingorchards, with focus placed on splitgrafting. for the purposeof higher productivityand betterfruit quality. and to set up exampleorchards. 2 Comprehensivedevelopment of To studyproper development and utilizationof large areasof gully slopelandin slopeland the JingheRiver basin,to develop adequat: and efficientcomprehensive Shaanxi _m_ ranaerment and developmentmodes. 3 Water/sedimentchange and To studywater/sediment changes and thcir causeson the basis of large quantities waterlsoilretention of of recordeddata. focusing on waterand soil conservingeffect of the proposed conservationmeasures project 4 Plateauprotection and gully To proposeeffective measures for controllingextension of-gully heads and consolidation expansionof gullysides throughstudy of engineeringand biological measures. 5 Counterparttechnology for To retainand utilizelimited surface runoff by constructingsmall rainwater wvatercollecing and checking, collectingworks, and to explorehigh-yield ways applicable to terracedland indry highyield and effici:ncYof farmingareas by improvementof soil,application of improvedvarieties, and high- terracedland vieldcropping techniqucs. Shanrxi 6 Relativestabilirv and consistent To studyprocesses and conditionsfor formation of relativelystable dam system, efficiencyof dam system find out the relationshipbetween silted land depth and crop yield, exploreproper ______flood/sedimentutilization, flood protection and harvestguaranteeing modes. 7 Optimizationof drought-proof To exploreforest culture and managementtechniques and modes applicableto afforcstationtechniques, differenttypes of erosionthrough studies of drought-resistantafformsting increaseof forestsurvival rate technology.mainly runoff forety technology. 8 Enginceringstandardization To developmathematical models toward efficient, standardized and adequate and projectmanagement subbasinplanning and designingby usingcomputer-aided design technology.to modemizationfor subbasin improveinformation collecting, processing, presenting and feedbackingspecd and manaemcentin cast Gansu qualitv. 9 Conservation-basedeco- To maxirniz utilizationand protectionof naturalresources through studv of agriculture subbasinmanagement integrity with eco-agricultural development, and establish Gansu an eco-agriculturalproduction mode with water-conserving characteristics. 10 Sustainableeconomic To studysubbasin management economy and policy,explorc the methodsand developmentin subbasin waysfor sustainableeconomic development in subbasins,and achieveconsistency of economicperformance. ecological rcsults and social benefits. II Up-to-datetechnology for TDraise forest/grasssurvival and preservingrates by introducingand breeding forest/grassdrought protection drought-resistantvarieties, applying drought-resistant pesticides on the basis of runofffo . 12 Production-increasingbenefit To quantitativelyanalyze production-increasing benefits of diffcrentmcasures ofbasic farmland throughstudy of production-increasingmeasures for terraced land. siltedland and Inner irrigatedpockets. NMongolia 13 Technologyfor vegetation To introducedrug planting,container and mulchseedling growingtechniques. to development studysizeable and factorialcontainer seedling growing and surface runoff utilizationtcchnology, for the purposeof higherforcst survival rates and runoff utiiizationfactors. 14 Optimizationof comprehensiveTo sumup and analyzecomprehensive water and soil conservationexperience in erosionmanagement measures differenttypes of erosion,and put forth optimalerosion control measure frameworkfavorable for givingfull play to economic,ecological, water and soil Central conservationbenefits. Subprojec: 15 Approachto harmonious To findout waysfor harmoniousdevelopment of conservationand regional developmentof conservation economy,forgiving full wingto advantagesin resources,promoting regional and regionaleconomy economicdevelopment and socialproaess. 16 Conservationindustry policy To explorepolicies for conservationindustry and social progressthrough study of _ and socialized development policiesin associationvith consmation industrvand socializeddcvelopment , . 6-8 Il/U5 YY 11:UU tPA 5224001 WORLD BANK BJ OFFICE JU34 LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage ll EnvironmentalImpact Assessment It is advisable for local training to be performed in the following way: central training at training centers under the project, short-term technical sessions given relevant agencies, universities or scientific research institutes, reference to foreign environrmental management experience introduced by the World Bank at appraisal meetings and in exchange of documcnts. Centralized short-term training will be arranged to popularize environmental know-how arnong construction workers, for them to have higher environment awareness. 6.4.2 Next Steps To better realize the project objectives, a total number of 16 case-specific test and research subjects are selected, as shown Table 6.4-1, according to the World Bank requirements and in light of the regional economricdevelopment plan and the present status of research work. 6.5 Environmental Cost Estimate Environmental management staff is-a part of the Project Office, with relevant costs included in the project overhead. Training and research are covered by research and training programs. Manv items of environmental monitoring costs are included in the project monitoring cost estimate. Monitoring components to be separately considered include biological effect and pest control. safe use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer, project safety, health and disease control (see Table 6.5-1 for details). Table 6.5-1 Environmental Monitoring Cost Estimate (Excluding Project Monitoring) _unit: 10I Item Cost Gansu Shaanxi Shanxi Inner .Monolia Biological effect and pest control 5.55 1.65 1.2 1.65 1.05 Safe use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer 3.7 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.7 Project safety 1.8 0.3 0.3 I 1.75 0.45 Health and disease control 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 Total 12.25 3.25 S 4 2.5. 19/05 '99 11:01 FAA 5224001 WURLD BANK BJ OFFICE Loess PlaEeauSoil and Water ConservationProject: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment 7. ENVIOMENTAL COSI/ENEEIT ANALYS 7.1 EcologicalBenefit Analysis Upon completion,the project will significantlyimprove the local eco-environment.This is mainlyreflected in the followingaspects: Practicalcontrol of water and soil loss: With 5-yearintensified erosion management completed under Stage II, various water and soil conservancymeasures will cover a total land area of 453,100 hnm2, i.e. in increaseof 25.2%, the grand total land area put under control will reach 938,700hmn 2, i.e. 52.3%. There will be an annualreduction of 75.27 milliont sedimentinto the YellowRiver. As a result, soil and water loss in the project area will be essentiallyput under control. Remarkableimprovement of agriculturalproduction conditions: During implementation of the project.the basic farrnlandarea in the projectarea will be enlargedby 96,500 in,2, there will be thus a total of 304.500 hm2 high and stable-yieldfarmland, i.e. 0.15 hrn/person rather than 0.1 hm2/person. The total slopelandarea will be reduced from the present472.000 hn 2 to 282,000 hmn,a reductionof 190,000hm2, and the proportionof slopelandwill be cut down from 69.4% to 48.1%/o.Slope and gully protectionworks will be arrangedto effectivelycontrol soil erosion. thus providingfavourable conditions for amiculturalproduction. Expansionof vegetation and bettermentof eco-environrnent:Upon completionof the project. veoetationin the project area will be enlargedfrom 320,000 hm2 to 677,000 hm2, with the vegetationcoverage increasedfrom 16.4%to 34.7%.The provisionof shelterbeltnetworks will check the wind and fix the shifting sand, reduce the wind speed, preventdesertification, and finally improvethe micro-climateof farmland.The enlargementof vegetationand vegetation coverageuill effectivelvretain moisture,reduce surface runoff and soil erosion,miti2ate water and soil loss, increase land productivitvand sustainableproduction increasingcapacity, and promotefavorable eco-environmental evolution. Mitigationof possible losses accruing from various natural hazards: The establishment of shelterbeltnetworks for subbasin-basedcomprehensive erosion managementwill effectivelv check the wind and fix the shifting sand, mitiaate sandstormnuisance, regulate river runoff. curtail sand content,increase regular clear waterflow, alleviateindustrial and agriculturallosses due to floodsand waterloggings,allowing reasonable utilization of waterresources. 7.2 Social Benefit Promotionof agriculturaldevelopment: When the projectis implemented.grain productionBill be increasedby 54.9%, with the total output increasedfrom 726,000t to 1,124,500t. and the unit outputfrom 1.,374.5ko/hmn2 to 2.682.7kZ/hMn 2. A total land area of 70,800hm2 fruit forests %ill be created,pro%iding an arinualaverage fruit output of 1,402,000t. There will be 563,000 hm2 forestliand.Improved natural and artificial grassland will amount to 146,000 hmn. supportine4.763,000 sheep units each year.The gross social productionvalue will be increased from 3.04 billion RMB to 5.801 billion RMB. The industrialstructure in rural parts of the projectarea will be so changed that the grain-basedagricultural structure will tend to be more reasonable. 7 1 I Zu>UZ) vu X.Ul rAA 3zz4uul 'UKLIJ BANhK BJ UFFICE Qu4b Loess Plateau Soil and Water Conservation Project: Stage 11 Environmental Impact Assessment Increase in labor productivity:Witlh 103,000hrn 2 slopeland returned to afforestationupon completionof the project,the total farmlandarea will be reducedby 93,500 hmn2, but the grain outputwill be increasedby 398,500 hm2 to the contrary.With the farmlandarea per labor force reducedfrom 0.72 'mn2 to 0.6 hn 2, there will be lower work intensitybut higherproductivity. The mode of farning will be changedfrom extensive to intensivemanagement. which will result in less croppedland areas but higheryields. 2 2 More employmentopportunities: There will be additionally28,730 'hm fruit forest,42,045 nm cash forest. 107,628bnm 2 high forest,and 117,515hr 2 shrubin the projectarea. Alongwith the development of fruit forestry, knitting industry, animal husbandry, fruit handling and processing.timber production and processing,manual knitting and fir processingactvities will provide more jobs for the local residents,especially women in rural areas. This will greatly contributeto social stability. Highe living standard: The project implementationwill get the local farmersout of poverty and lead them to a well-offlife. At the end of Stage IL,the rural per capitagrain holdingwill be increasedfrom 361 kg to 537 kg. and the per capita incomrewill be increasedfrom 586.1 RNB to 1.205.4RMB. The annual output of meat,egg and milk will be 180,000t, or 45 kg/person. There *willbe 586 kg/personfruit products.The living standardof farmerswill be significantly bettered. Wh`Iileproviding the local farmers with considerableeconomic incomes, the project will also result in improvementsto residential,sanitation, cultural and educationalamenities. Changes to bad sanitationconditions and habits will representless possibilityfor diseasesto occur and for cormunicable diseases to spread. Better cultural and educationalamenities will allow more childrenof schoolage to go to school,and also enrich the spare-timecultural life of farmers. 7.3 EconomicBeneft The total project cost is estimatedat 2.075 billion RMB (including150 million USD World Bank loan. and 830 million RMB local counterpartfind). As estimated,the intemal financial rate of return will be 16.7%, a net present value of 1.362807billion RMIB, and the intemal economicrate of return will be 20.4%, a net present value of 1.946494billion RMfB.With indirectbenefits considered, the internalfinancial rate of return will be 17.4%,a net present value of 1.54204 billion RMB, and the internaleconomic rate of return will be 21.3%, a net presentvalue of 2.125727billion R'1IB. details see Tables 7.3-1and 7.3-2. As seen from the above indices,the projectWill be of relativelygood financialprofitability and _reat economicperformance. 7.4 Cost/Benefit Analvsis Environmental costs main.y include administrative expenses for environmental management staff, and environmental monitoring,traininga and special study expenses. Manv items are includedin the project cost estimate.Notwithstanding, a separatecost estimate of 12.25million R-NIB%%ill be rcquired. .7 LtY/ Ua Yu EL:Uj r,& aZZ4uol WURLD BANK BJ OFFICE . l037 LoessPlateau Soil and WaterConservation Project: Stage 11 EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Environmental monitoring is a guarantee for achieving expected benefits of the project, and a support for the project management. Environmental monitoring does not generate any direct benefit, but obvious indirect benefits. There is not yet any available method for quantifying environmental monitoring benefits. As estimated in Stage I E1A, without environmental monitoring, the loss of project benefits plus the increase of environmental management expenses would at least account for 5-10% of the total project benefits. On this basis. environmental monitoring vill generate 69-138 million RMB benefits each year, much more than environmental costs. Table 7.3-1 Economic Performance Analysis Results Measure Including Sediment Excluding Sediment MR (%) NPV (10 RMB) IMR (%) N-PV (106 RMB) Terraced Land 38.3 731.78 37.5 712.471 Irrizated Land 43.3 74.27 42.3 71.968 Silted Land 36.4 29.28 27.2 21.448 High Forest 15.9 92.735 15.0 73.957 Brushwood 20.7 74.491 18.5 56.752 Cash Forest 24.2 584.102 23.9 576.613 Orchard 26.0 634.915 25.9 629.238 Grassland 7.7 -15.197 6.3 -19.817 Total 21.3 2125.727 20.4 1946.494 Table 7.3-2 Financial Performance Analysis Results Measure IncludinE Sediment Excludin Sediment _IR (%) NPV (106 RMB) IRR (%) NPV (106 RM9B) Terraced Land 18.0 191.294 17.4 171.986 LrrigatedLand 26.8 55.033 26.2 52.732 Silted Land 24.3 17.662 17.9 9.831 Hizh Forest 14.8 79.56 14.1 60.782 Bmushwood 26.4 128.06 24.2 110.32 Cash Forest 23.9 648.865 23.8 641.376 Orchard 29.5 852.009 29.4 846.332 Grassland 1 19.4 30.119 18.3 25.499 Total ', 17.4 1542.04 16.7 1362.807 '7_: Loess PlateauSoil and WaterConservation Project. Stage 11 EnvironmentalITnpact Assessment 8. C OQNCLIISINS As an enviromnentalimprovement and enhancement,the project will generate enormous environrnentalresults. The project implementationwill cause somenegative impacts. However, such impacts may be mnitigatedor offset by appropriateremedy measures. On the basis of EIA, detailed environmental management programs have been developed, environmental manacement organizationshave been established,and correspondingenvironment protection measures have been proposed. These will ensure compliancewith environment protection requirementsin respectof the projectconstruction and operation. The project will provide high economicbenefits and wide wide-rangingsocial achievements, and good ecological results. Main functions of the project are to (a) enable reasonable developmentand utilizationof water and soil resourcestoward economic development in the project area; (b) increasevegetation coverage to a considerableextent, mitigate water and soil loss. retain moisture,regulate micro-climate, effectively restrain variousnatural disasterssuch as drought, sandstormand waterlogging,and finally improve eco-environment;(c) greatly reduce sedimentyield into the YellowRiver, and help mitigateaggradation in the lowerreach. The project constructionwill promote the developmentand managementof the entire Loess Plateau, providing experienceand setting an example for environmentalreconstruction and other projects in China In surnmary.the projectis beneficialto environmentalreconstruction and protection. The project may cause some adverseenvironmental impacts, which, however, can be mitigated or offset provided remedymeasures are taken as appropriate.Furthermore, the EIA includesa detailed environmentalmanagement program and appropriateenvironment protection measures. which will ensure constructionand operationof the project in compliancewith environment protectionrequirements. 8-1