PV Industry: Chain Or at the Multitude of Emerging Produc- Tion Sites on the Global Scene, the Expansion Gand Creation of Capacities Takes Giant Steps

photovoltaics

rowth on the PV sector has gotten faster and faster. Whether looking at the number of companies on the different levels of the value PV industry: chain or at the multitude of emerging production sites on the global scene, the expansion Gand creation of capacities takes giant steps. Business in the PV sector simply does not seem to exist below growth across the double-digit rates. Driven by the successful course of the key European markets in Germany and Spain, market participants have been able to profit from an increasing number of countries that launch incentive schemes or board are adjusting their policies for the promotion of renewable energies and, in particular, for PV. As a consequence, new production sites are emerging wherever companies expect potential future mar- Production sites are decentralising on tomorrow’s markets. kets. Experts are not surprised to see increasingly more corporations gain an interest in the sector’s smaller play- But worldwide no more than 50 % of the ers with less turnover. Takeovers, such as the acquisition of German Ersol through the electronics company Bosch, capacities are being exhausted. Production volumes will continue to happen in the future. But the thriving are now shifting towards Asia. market does not imply success all down the line, as the example of thin film manufacturer Antec Solar from Thuringia (Germany) shows. After bankruptcy was filed in February, the company was taken over by another Production in Eastern Europe: Schott Solar German investor, Wilms GmbH. But even for acquisitions, plans to increase its capacities to 500 MW p concept, strategic alignment and product range are in Valašské Meziříčí (Czech Republic) crucial and must fit the purchaser. If not, major corpora- Photo: Schott Solar tions such as the Korean LG or Samsung tend to explore the market independently and implement their own strategies. In its annual report on the evolution of the PV industry, SUN & WIND ENERGY this spring surveyed 619 manufacturers along the value-added chain. Broken down to individual sectors, a number of 151 cell manufacturers, 513 module manufacturers and 102 producers of thin film modules were surveyed on capacity, factual production in 2007 and expansion plans for 2008. By themselves, these figures already give a clear indication of how much the market has grown since the last survey was conducted at the end of 2006. Companies in this survey are looked at separately for each production stage. If an en- tity maintains capacities in different regions or countries, that production has been subsumed under the corporate name. Capacities without specified location have been placed with the company’s headquarters. Of the companies surveyed, the names and values of 80 cell manufacturers, 133 module manufacturers and 58 producers of thin film technologies who replied either in written form, through the company’s public profile or in a personal interview have found their way into the maps (page 120 and 126). As the range of the sample does not allow for broad conclusions on the whole of the market, the calculation of the worldwide capacities has been based on an assessment of the market research in- stitute EuPD Research from Bonn (Germany). Producers of thin film modules comprise those that make use of either a-Si tandem modules, CdTE or CIS technologies and plan to begin production before the end of 2008. Still, these figures do not represent factual amounts of cell and module production: EuPD Research estimates that only about 50 % of the production capacities are currently being exhausted.

118 Sun & Wind Energy 4/2008 USA – a future market

Different from last year’s survey, the answers this year comprise four additional countries. While thin film pro- ducer Centennial Solar submitted corporate statistics from Canada, PV Enterprise Sweden AB included information on a manufacturing site in Poland, module manufacturer Korax Machinary Ltd. from Hungary and two thin film producers from Switzerland, Q-Cells and Pramac on their production sites. These four “new- comers” add to the 32 countries and 151 locations com- posing last year’s survey. The world map now comprises a total of 217 production sites. Solar energy is the energy Looking at the cell capacities worldwide, a strong tendency towards Asia becomes apparent. While capacities in Germany in the last year reached 1.4 GWp and of the future! will this year even exceed 2 GWp, the development of 36 % is compared to Asian countries still rather moder- ate. Especially in China, for example, 5.1 GWp will be available until the end of the year adding more than 66 % to the cell production capacity of 2007. China therefore reinforces its leadership. With 19 % growth, Japan is a close follower. But the „land of the rising sun“ in terms of capacities still only slightly exceeds 1.6 GWp. The strong expansion of cell capacities is not restric- ted to Germany but emerging all over Europe. Accord- ing to data submitted, Europe in total – i.e. including Germany – is expecting capacities in the range of 3.5 GWp meaning an increase of almost 54 % compared to the previous year. At the same time, the USA, which in view of the presidential election in November 2008 is per ceived by many experts as the key future market, is strengthening. While the country had reached a cell capacity of 368 MWp in 2007, this volume might in 2008 almost redouble to 745 MWp. Similar perspectives arise for the total module production capacity. In China alone, a multitude of new companies has in the last years entered the market through module manufacturing. Often, however, it is the same companies or individuals that close their busi- nesses in one place to reopen later under a new name. At the end of 2007, China looked at a total module ca- ... SOLARWATT AG is engaged in pacity of 3,756 MWp. In the opinion of EuPD Research, production, transformation and utilization this figure will mount to 5,630 MW before the end of p of renewable energies, especially the 2008. Germany and the USA were the two countries to photovoltaic, to contribute to a sustainable step ahead most in this survey. While Germany could ar- future society. rive at a total 1,798 MWp module capacity when the year ends – a 105 % increase compared to the 874 MWp of the previous year – the USA are matching up with an Since its founding SOLARWATT AG has equal growth rate from 250 MWp in 2007 to a projected been a continuously growing corporation. 514 MW until the end of 2008. Germany, however, is p The name SOLARWATT is associated not alone to expand production capacities. Essentially, all of Europe is about to experience massive increases of with quality, innovation and reliability. up to 78 %. Most of that new capacity arises from the growth markets in Spain and Italy. Mediterranean com- Solarmodules – made in Germany. panies such as Moncada from Italy, which has until now been active only on the wind market, are currently planning to enter the solar module production. Moncada Visit us at 23rd EU PVSEC in Valencia. closed a contract for a SunFab thin film production line Hall 3, Stand A18 with Applied Materials at the beginning of July to be started in Campofranco (Sicily) before 2010. But pro-

_anz_SUNWindEner102x297_RZ.in1 1 03.07.2008 11:27:09 Uh photovoltaics

Belgium / The Netherlands / Germany / Austria / Czechia Japan Conergy 275 | 250 PB Solar Centro- Solara solar 30/85 Dopt Alfa Solar Solon 70/200 14/14 Global Solar Energy 35 Ubbink Scheuten Solar- Aleo Solar 90/170 10/40 nova Solon 40/60 12/16 Kyocera 240/300 (2 Standorte) Centrosolar 35/35 | 50 EverQ 100/100 | 90/100 Sharp 716/820 (3 Standorte) Solland 60/170 Ersol 100/120 Q-Cells 516/760 80/80 7/7 Ersol 80/100 Heckert 20/60 Photovoltech Sunways 30/60 REC Scancell 50/150 20 Alfa Solar Schott Solar 75/250 20/30 Articsolar GSS Solarwatt 100/110 n67Solar 5/24 MSK 200/200 Schott Solar 137/290 30/45 GPV 16/16 Solar Factory 110/155 Kyocera Mitsubishi 150/220 150/220 Solarwatt 16/25 Centro- Solartec 710/710 Sharp Luxor Solar 3/6 solar 5 Solar-Fabrik 50/130 40/125 Schott Solar 43/43 Res Solar 100/150 Powerquant Jocasol 60 260/350 | 260/350 Sanyo 2/2 n67Solar 30/35 PV Enterprise Deutsche Cell 10/25 240/300 Kyocera 16/16 Romag 20/20 Danish Solar 2 Telecom-STV Sunways Solon Hilber 30/30 185/305 1 Gaia Systaic Sharp 7/40 Webasto Solar Energetica 25 4/7 2/4 3/35 PV Enterprise 12/90 GB Sol 15/25 Day4Energy Photowatt Bisol 10/10 Korax Machinary 3/4 Centinnial Solar 45/60 Tenesol 15 60/60 15/15 | 15/15 Schott Solar Tenesol 12 Energy Solutions Solar Power Industries 50 | 2 15/80 | 15/80 Evergreen 20/20 KD Solar Advent Solar 43 | 40 BP Solar Symphony 2/30 25/70 25/70 30/50 S-Energy Solarworld 100 KPE 36/86 30 Millinet 10 Sharp Alpex Solar Photowatt 40/60 CEL 10 Solon Portugal / Spain Italy Microsol International 80/80 Moser Baer 4/40 Vidursolar Pa.Sol 45/45 Global Solar Cuantum Solar 2 Waaree 8 Energy 3/21 Titan Energy Systems 50/200 Sunpower ERDM Solar 10 Sol3G 50/150 SE Project XL Telecom & Energy 5 Solar Semicondactor 50/210 214/414 | n/a Helios 10/30 10/30 Solartron SMD 30/150 Solon BP Solar 47 45 Zytech Zueco & Technology 20/30 Tata-BP 52/180 105/105 10/10 Ekarat Solar 10/10 0.5/0.5 Renergies Italia 25/25 Ekarat Solar 5/15 USL Photovoltaics 6/6 10 BP Solar Sunerg Solar Udhaya Energy Photovoltaics 5 12/12 UPV Solar 80 50 30 30 Solsonica Emmvee 30/30 22/24 KL Solar 2/7 5 Open 45/90 Atersa 10/45 10/45 Renewables Gahelios Eni Power 50/70 Solar-Fabrik 10/10 Solaria 150/250 Siliken

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Worldmap of the PV Industry 2 Saiphil Sunny Crystallines cells and modules China 213 factories in 33 countries Era Solar 15/30 Hope 25 | 30/60 7 | 7 Tianjing Jinneng Solar 12 Quoncion Solar Energy Soltech Aide Solar Publisher: Sun & Wind Energy Chiner New Energy 20/50 100/250 | 180/400 www.sunwindenergy.com Kyocera CSI Solartron Zhejiang Yingli 200/400 200/400 100 Erquan 15 | 24/40 Sunworld 30 Layout: Eilers-Media 30/60 | 30/70 Shangpin Kaifeng Solar Cell Factory Tenesa Manufacturing 175/500 JA Solar BPSolar www.eilers-media.de Trina Solar 150/350 Wuxi Jaje 3/5 100 Sunowe Photov. 52 9 Date: July 2008 40 Eopily 120 | 40 450/1000 | 450/1000 Suntech Source: manufacturer´s instructions, own investigation BP Solar 24 25/25 | 25/25 Chint Solar Origin China Sunergy 192/320 50/50 Alex Solar Energy Solarfun 240/360 | 240/360 24 United Power Capture Solar Technology 30/40 Kingnote 100 100/200 | 100 production site for crystalline cells SSEC 100 | 80 Ulica 50 | 100 Sunflower Taiwan 30/50 | 30/50 NESL 25/50 30/60 Mosel production site for crystalline modules Perfect Energy Sunvalley 30 5/10 SinoSolar 150/300 Trina Delsolar 10/100 LPT Solar Enertech 25 Era Solar 25 100/120 50 production capacity at the end of 2007 in MWp Jumao 50/100 10/25 | 10/25 Solarig 10/40 Ligitek Tianda Sky Solar 4 Sun Tech Solar 30/90 210/660 Gintech 50 production capacity at the end of 2008 in MWp Big Sun Sunworld 20/30 12/24 Quoncion 3 Formosun 100 | 100 BP Solar 12 Solar Energy 30/90 Example Tynsolar 3 Sun Energy The Photowatt plant featured a cell production 30/210 6 EPV Photowatt 200/230 E-Ton Solar capacity of 42 MW at the end of 2007, along NSP 42/60 45/45 p 60/90 Solartech with a module capacity of 45 MW . By the end cells modules p 240/580 Motech of 2008, the production capacity for cells are 20/95 Gloria forecasted to reach 60 MWp. The production capacity for modules 10/50 ASCE will stay at 45 MWp. 30/90 Bigsun

120 Sun & Wind Energy 4/2008 PHOTOVOLTAICS

135/180 90/130 15/30 Isofoton Eurener

Sun & Wind Energy 4/2008 121 photovoltaics

Production capacities (MWp) worldwide in 2007 and predicted capacities for 2008 duction capacities are further expanded also in the Czech Republic. Schott Solar has increased its capacities Cells Crystalline modules Thin film in Valašské Meziříčí significantly and in mid-term plans 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 to build up a capacity of 500 MWp. Germany 1,475 2,011 874 1,798 290 836 As one might expect, the growth tendency is strongest Europe 2,271 3,492 2,472 4,390 351 1,028 for thin film technology. With exception of the USA, all China 3,068 5,113 3,756 5,630 109 757 other regions are more than redoubling their produc- Japan 1,374 1,638 1,250 1,664 202 437 tion capacities. As for the mono and polycrystalline cell USA 368 745 250 514 328 618 sector, market leadership is taken by China. The People’s Republic in 2008 expects about 757 MWp equalling an increase of almost 600 % compared to last year’s Top 10 of the cell producing companies in 2007 and 2008 (BP did not provide any data 109 MWp. While, as far as total capacities are concerned, on capacities for 2008) this does yet not push China to the top, Germany with „merely“ 189 % growth and 836 MWp compared to 290 2007 2008 MWp in 2007 stays world-class. Sharp’s announcement to Sharp 710 MWp SunTech Power Co., Ltd. 1,000 MWp expand on the thin film sector in 2008 to 160 MWp has SunTech Power Co., Ltd. 540 MWp Q-Cells 760 MWp been responsible for most changes occurring on the Q-Cells 516 MWp Sharp 710 MWp sector in Japan. Shifting capacities in individual countries result from Conergy 275 MWp Gintech Energy 660 MWp the differences in growth of the major players. In parti- Sanyo Electrics 260 MWp Motech Industries 580 MWp cular, companies with a focus on PV tend to be more Kyocera Solar 240 MWp JA Solar (JingAo Solar Co. Ltd.) 500 MWp successful in planning for the future than large corpo- Motech Industries 240 MW SunPower Corp. 414 MW p p rate groups with activities in different business areas. Es- SolarFun Power 240 MWp Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited 400 MWp sentially, this also has an effect on the order of the list of BP Solar 222 MWp SolarFun Power 360 MWp „largest players worldwide“. SunPower Corp. 214 MWp Sanyo Electrics 350 MWp Trina Solar Energy Co. Ltd. 350 MWp Top 10 ranking: “who is who” on the winner’s podium Top 10 of the module producers in 2007 and 2008 (BP did not provide any data on During many years, Sharp held the global leadership for capacities for 2008; MSK has been bought in June 2008 by Suntech and will not be cell production. But while the Japanese electronics treated separately for 2008) group in 2007 confirmed its lead with 710 MWp, these capacities were far from exhausted. In view of the last- 2007 2008 ing silicon shortages, the philosophy of Japanese com- Sharp 716 MWp SunTech Power Co., Ltd. 1,000 MWp panies to avoid long-term supply contracts has lead to SunTech Power Co., Ltd. 540 MWp Sharp 820 MWp an immense production slow-down. In the time when Sanyo Electrics 260 MWp Solon AG 500 MWp other competitors, especially from China, were forced to buy additional silicon from the spot market at more than SolarFun Power 240 MWp Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited 400 MWp US$ 300 per kilo, Sharp decided to slow down produc- Kyocera Solar 240 MWp CSI Canadian Solar 400 MWp tion and instead expand the worldwide distribution net- Solon AG 210 MW SolarFun Power 360 MW p p works. Considering that the world market will soon be- Yingli Green Energy 200 MW Sanyo Electrics 350 MW Holding Company Limited p p come more demand than supply driven, this was certain- ly not a bad strategy. In its last consequence, however, MSK Corporation 200 MW Trina Solar Energy Co. Ltd. 350 MW p p this will send the previous year’s second Suntech and BP Solar 180.7 MW Kyocera Solar 300 MW p p German Q-Cells outreaching Sharp by the end of 2008. CSI Canadian Solar 180 MWp Schott 265 MWp But not only have the first three on the podium changed. Increasingly entering the Top 10 list have been Top 10 of the thin film module producing companies in 2007 and 2008 companies from China. While a capacity of 210 MWp had sufficed to be among the ten largest cell manufac- 2007 2008 turers at the end of 2007, the bar is meanwhile lifted to 308 MWp First Solar 495 MWp 350 MWp for the end of 2008. Seven out of eleven com- United Solar Ovonic 80 MWp Nanosolar 220 MWp panies will then be Chinese. Only a short guest appear- Kaneka Solartech 75 MWp Sharp 160 MWp ance in the ranks of the “selected few” was made by Ger- Nanosolar 60 MWp United Solar Ovonic 120 MWp man Conergy in 2007. After the struggles the company Miasole 50 MWp Kaneka Solartech 90 MWp faced at the beginning of 2008, market analysts are cur- Ersol 40 MWp Mitsubishi Heavy 64 MWp rently not expecting a further expansion of the production plants. More positive has been the development of Schott Solar GmbH 40 MWp Sinonar Corp. 62 MWp Q-Cells AG, the second German player. The company de- Sinonar Corp. 30 MWp Sunfilm AG 60 MWp fends its leadership through additional production sites Honda Soltec Ltd. 27.5 MW SunTech Power Co., Ltd. 50 MW p p in Malaysia and Mexico. It is interesting to note that in- Mitsubishi Heavy 24 MW Bangkok Solar 50 MW p p vestments are made less in Germany than in the reach Source: EuPD Research of promising future markets. After Suntech, Q-Cells is

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Suntech and Yingli rank first and fourth among the key players. Another notable head start was accomplished by Solon AG from Berlin (Germany) targeting a total of 500 MWp through its international subsidiaries until the end of 2008.

116 active thin film manufacturers In reaction to the high number of new companies and production approaches, the thin film technology sector has for the first time been removed to an additional map. According to the study “PV Thin Film Industry Analysis” recently conducted by EuPD Research, the worldwide market is currently shared among 116 companies situated at different development levels of the Katsuragi – the Japanese cell five thin film technology types. and thin film production site the second company in the PV sector trying to arrive at Perhaps Suntech’s importance on the cell and mod- of Sharp. 1 GWp production until 2010. Besides Sharp, there will ule sector for “conventional” crystalline technology is Photo: Sharp only remain one of the three Japanese companies comparable to the distinction that First Solar (USA) has among the top at the end of 2008: namely Sanyo. After gained for thin film technology. After First Solar main- the company had in the last year overcome its difficul- tained the world’s highest capacity with 308 MWp ties in the core business, a volume of € 500 million will in 2007, the company now announced an additional now be invested in PV until 2010 to strengthen the 187 MWp for 2008 totalling 495 MWp before the year leadership in cell efficiency. But also Kyocera is am- ends. New arrivals in the thin film leadership are Sharp bitious to return to world class. Until 2011, the compa- and Nanosolar. Especially Sharp wants to further invest ny’s capacities will be inflated to 500 MWp and fitted in the sector. Corporate management announced that with long-term supply contracts for silicon. Sharp’s new flat screen plant will also produce 1 GWp of After the company went public in 2005, Suntech thin film with latest triple-junction technology. Existing chairman Zhengrong Shi had kept to his promise and production for thin film a-Si tandem modules will grow channelled major investments into the company’s pro- to 160 MWp. But also Nanosolar from California is mak- duction capacity achieving an 86 % expansion. Suntech ing a head start. With a projected capacity of 240 MWp is now the first to tap the GW mark even though ca- CIS technology, the company could become second glo- pacities are currently exhausted by only 60 %. When bal leader at the end of 2008. United Solar Ovonic, cur- Suntech in 2009 begins production from in-house sili- rently taking that position, will equally expand its con, its head start will be easy to keep up. a-Si tandem module production from 80 to 120 MWp. This year’s biggest climber seems to be manufactur- Suntech might for these technologies also enter among er Gintech from Taiwan. Compared to 2007, the compa- the Top 10, as the overview for 2008 reveals. While ny today strives to more than triple its cell capacities and Suntech’s projected capacity for the new factory to be could in 2008 leap to position four. But also Motech, the started up 2008 in Shanghai does not exceed 50 MWp of second company from Taiwan, sustains its leadership a-Si tandem modules, the company’s strategists and with an increase of 140 %. Interestingly, the company market experts think that a similar landslide for crystal- will construct part of its new production sites on China’s line products could be possible. mainland. Trusting in an integrated approach spanning Most of the new manufacturers that will this year cell and wafer production, Motech representatives also start their pilot production or enter the market trust in expect efficiency to increase in the future. a-Si tandem and CIS technologies. Only three competi- New entrant on position eight of the Top 10 is Yingli tors, Ava Solar and Prime Star, both from the USA, and Green Energy Holding Company Limited. Yingli, too, has Calyxo-Solar, a subsidiary of Q-Cells, will follow the mar- placed an integrated wafer, cell and module production ket leader with a production based on CdTe technology. on the market and equally aims at expanding its capac- Of course, the developments on the global PV mar- ities in course of the next few years. ket will continue to evolve as the year goes on altering Suntech’s leadership, however, is also strengthening also the situation depicted on these world maps. Not all on the module sector with a massive growth of about companies will be able to expand their production ca- 85 % projected until the end of 2008. After Sharp has no pacities as intended; others will try to surpass their ini- plans to expand module production by more than 15 % tial targets. Especially in the crystalline sector, statistical in 2008, the company is now even here outrun by figures will be shifting as silicon shortages relax. New Suntech. companies will be entering the market, others will be CSI Canadian Solar announced to significantly ex- taken over. But even today one thing seems definite: a pand by more than redoubling its capacities this year. danger that growth on the PV sector could stagnate or With production sites located in China, the Canadian only weaken presently does not exist. ✹ company aims at increasing its module capacity by Michael Forst 122 % positioning itself slightly in front of Yingli who looks at 100 % increases. These capacities would make Research: Stefan Hausmann

124 Sun & Wind Energy 4/2008 Conferencia de la Industria Solar - España 2008 (CIS-ES 2008) Politics, Market & Finance, Marketing & Sales, Public Relations www.solarpraxis.de 23rd and 24th October 2008 in Madrid

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SunWindEnergy 210x144.indd 1 09.07.2008 12:38:35 Uhr photovoltaics

France / The Netherlands / Germany / Switzerland Japan

Sulfurcell 3 30 Johanna Solar

Odersun 30 Nanosolar Nuon Scheuten Inventux Helianthos Pvflex Solar 10 CSG 10/10 176/180 First Solar Q-Cells 80 5/5 Odersun Antec 10/10 25 EPV Mitsubishi Heavy Ind. 40/40 30/30 Sunfilm Solems Ersol 24/64 Fuji Kaneka 20 Signet Solar 12/40 Electric Calyxo 8/25 20 Avancis 0.1/0.1 Kaneka 75/90 20/20 Showa Shell Würth 15/30 Sanyo 5/5 15/160 Sharp Avancis 27.5/27.5 Honda Solar Frontier Q-Cells 30/30 G24innovations Pramac

Heliogrid United Solar Ovonic 80/60 1/2 Centennial Solar United Solar Ovonic 60 First Solar 132/135 Daystar 5/5 5/5 EPV 20 EPV Miasolé 50/50 1.5/1.5 Ascent Nanosolar 60/220 15 AVA Solar

4/40 20 Heliovolt Global Moser Baer Solar Portugal / Spain Italy EPV 40 Tsolar Shurjo Energy 2.5/5 6 Arendi Titan Energy Systems Bangkok Solar EPV Sunerg Solar 6/6 20/50 6 0.5/0.5

First Solar 180

China Worldmap of the PV Industry Thin film modules 68 factories in 17 countries 7.5/25 Jinneng Solar Cell

Publisher: Sun & Wind Energy www.sunwindenergy.com Polar Photovoltaics 5.5/10 27/50 Suntech Power (MSK) Layout: Eilers-Media Suntech Power 50 12/15 Shanghai ST www.eilers-media.de

Date: July 2008 Source: manufacturer´s instructions, own investigation Taiwan 5 Sichuan Apollo Solar Capture production site for thin-film modules 30/62 Sinonar

50 production capacity at the end of 2007 in MWp 20/40 Trony S&T 3 Formosun 50 production capacity at the end of 2008 in MWp 6 EPV Example The Global Solar plant featured a thin-film modules production capacity of 4 MWp at the end of 2007. 4/40 By the end of 2008, the production capacity is Global forecasted to reach 40 MWp. Solar 40 Sun Well Solar

126 Sun & Wind Energy 4/2008 PHOTOVOLTAICS