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Land Use History ABORIGINAL LAND USE HISTORY OF THE AREAS BEING CONSIDERED FOR SEA BREEZE VICTORIA CONVERTER CORPORATION’S PROPOSED JUAN DE FUCA CABLE Prepared for: Sea Breeze Victoria Converter Corporation & The Esquimalt Nation Prepared by: Dr. Dorothy Kennedy and Randy Bouchard Bouchard and Kennedy Research Consultants Victoria, British Columbia 5 June 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Report Organization ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3 The Study Area ................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 SUMMARY OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE ESQUIMALT HARBOUR AREA . 4 2.1 First Contact Between Europeans and the Local Aboriginal People .................................. 4 2.2 Arrival of the Hudson‘s Bay Company ............................................................................... 5 2.3 Alienation of Lands in the Esquimalt Harbour Region by the Puget Sound Agricultural Company ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Initial Alienation of Lands in the Esquimalt Harbour Area for the Royal Navy‘s Use .... 11 2.5 The Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway Company‘s Right-of-Way ....................................... 13 3.0 IDENTITY OF THE ABORIGINAL OCCUPANTS OF SOUTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND ........................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Identity of the Aboriginal Occupants ................................................................................ 16 3.2 The Douglas Treaties ........................................................................................................ 17 3.3 Lekwungen Local Groups‘ Association with the Study Area ........................................... 20 4.0 ABORIGINAL USE OF THE JUAN DE FUCA CABLE ROUTE ................................. 21 4.1 Lekwungen Settlements and Resource use in the Vicinity of the Proposed Cable Route 21 4.1.1 Macaulay Point to Craigflower ..................................................................................... 21 4.1.2 The Gorge and Craigflower .......................................................................................... 26 4.1.3 Portage Inlet .................................................................................................................. 27 4.1.4 The Highlands ............................................................................................................... 28 5.0 A FEW REMARKS ON THE ABORIGINAL CULTURE OF THE LEKWUNGEN .... 30 5.1 Subsistence Quest ............................................................................................................. 30 5.2 Lekwungen Need for Wilderness ...................................................................................... 32 6.0 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 35 ADDENDUM—NOVEMBER 2010 ............................................................................................ 37 2.1 First Contact Between Europeans and the Local Aboriginal People ................................ 37 Aboriginal Land Use History of the Areas Being Considered for Sea Breeze Pacific’s Proposed Juan de Fuca Cable Page 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION In November 2005, Sea Breeze Converter Corporation invited the Esquimalt Nation to provide information concerning their aboriginal use and occupancy of the areas being considered for the placement of Sea Breeze‘s Juan de Fuca Cable. The Esquimalt Nation requested that Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants undertake research relating to the aboriginal presence in these areas and convey the results of that research in a report. The present report presents the findings of this research.1 1.1 Scope and Objectives Sea Breeze Victoria Converter Corporation submitted a CPCN application to the National Energy Board on 30 November 2005 (Hearing Order EH-1-2006). As part of the regulatory requirements of this application, Sea Breeze initiated consultation with the Esquimalt Nation regarding their aboriginal use and interests in the proposed route of the Juan de Fuca cable. This report contributes to this consultation on behalf of the Esquimalt Nation. The objective of this report is to provide a review of the known and available published and unpublished ethnographic, linguistic and ethnohistorical literature relating to Lekwungen2 land use – and particularly Esquimalt Nation land use – in areas between Macaulay Point and the environs of Pike Lake, along the proposed route for Sea Breeze‘s Juan de Fuca cable. This review and assessment is based exclusively on archival and library research, including a review of previously-compiled and available ethnographic accounts. No new interviews with Lekwungen people have been undertaken. Also included in this review is historical documentation that is deemed pertinent within or adjacent to the study area. While most of the documentary materials were already on file with Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants, due to their on-going research on behalf of the Esquimalt Nation, a limited amount of additional research was undertaken, at the following institutions: 1 Institutions where Bouchard and Kennedy have undertaken research on behalf of the Esquimalt Nation over the past 11 years include: British Columbia Archives, Victoria; Hudson‘s Bay Company Archives, Provincial Archives of Manitoba, Winnipeg; National Archives, London, England; and, Hydrographic Office, Ministry of Defence, Taunton, England. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants 5 June 2006 Aboriginal Land Use History of the Areas Being Considered for Sea Breeze Pacific’s Proposed Juan de Fuca Cable Page 2 British Columbia Indian Language Project (Bouchard & Kennedy) Archives, Victoria; British Columbia Archives, Victoria; Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria; Esquimalt Municipal Archives, Esquimalt; Crown Land Registry Vault, Surveyor General Division, Land Title and Survey Authority, Victoria; and University of Victoria Library. Additionally, the authors were assisted by personal communication with the following individuals having knowledge of the area and/or the documentary sources: Chief Andy Thomas, Esquimalt Nation; Grant Keddie, archaeologist, Royal British Columbia Museum; Dave Parker, archivist and historian, Esquimalt Municipal Archives; Sherri Robinson, local historian and former archivist, Esquimalt Municipal Archives. 1.2 Report Organization This report is divided into five sections. Section 1.0 outlines the scope and objectives of the study and sets out the study area. Section 2.0 provides a brief summary of the early history of the Victoria area, including the arrival of Europeans in the 1790s and the establishment of the Hudson‘s Bay Company‘s Fort Victoria in the 1840s. Section 3.0 identifies the aboriginal people who used and occupied southern Vancouver Island. Section 4.0 examines the aboriginal people‘s specific use of the lands in the vicinity of the proposed cable route, and Section 5.0 provides an overview of aboriginal land use and occupancy. Section 6.0 provides a summary of the report. As the source materials used are identified in the footnotes, no separate list of references is provided. 1.3 The Study Area The present report focuses on the route(s) proposed for the Juan de Fuca cable. In general terms, the study area lies between Fleming Beach west of Macaulay Point in Esquimalt, where the cable 2 ―Lekwungen‖ refers collectively to the Esquimalt Nation and Songhees First Nation together (see section Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants 5 June 2006 Aboriginal Land Use History of the Areas Being Considered for Sea Breeze Pacific’s Proposed Juan de Fuca Cable Page 3 will connect with Vancouver Island, and the environs of Pike Lake/Munn‘s Road in the Highland District of the Town of View Royal. More specifically, two routes were initially proposed within this study area. Both routes proceed north from the foot of Lampson Street, northwest along Craigflower Road and, in the initial application, continue along the Old Island Highway to a point about .3 kilometres northwest of Helmcken Road. From this location, the more westerly route proceeds in a northwest direction to Burnside Road, where one potential route then proceeds up Highland Road to the site of a proposed HVDC Converter Station situated east of Pike Lake. Another leg of this route extends from Burnside Road along Creed Road and joins a more eastern route that runs along the western boundary of Francis King Regional Park to the area of Munn‘s Road. Since the initial application, Sea Breeze has proposed a route amendment for Section 16. The proposed change applies to the portion of the route between Burnett Road and the Old Island Highway, with the amendment relocating the cable to a trench adjacent to the south side of the E&N Railway line. Bouchard & Kennedy Research Consultants 5 June 2006 Aboriginal Land Use History of the Areas Being Considered for Sea Breeze Pacific’s Proposed Juan de Fuca Cable Page 4 2.0 SUMMARY OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE ESQUIMALT HARBOUR AREA This section provides
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