DOCSLIB.ORG

Unveiling the Challenges of Curbing Wildlife Crime In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unveiling the Challenges of Curbing Wildlife Crime In View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Bolton Institutional Repository (UBIR) A PhD Thesis: UNVEILING THE CHALLENGES OF CURBING WILDLIFE CRIME IN KENYA: Evaluating the 3Cs solution. THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BOLTON, IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) Submitted by: PETER MUREITHI NGATIA JULY 2018 1 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY: I hereby confirm that this Research Thesis submitted to the University of Bolton in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents my own original work carried out at the University’s Faculty of Business and Law during my candidature as a full time PhD student. I declare that the materials in this Research Thesis have not been submitted either in whole or in part for the award of any other diploma or degree at this or any other university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this Research Thesis contains no material previously published or written by any other persons or institutions except where due reference and acknowledgement has been made. -------------------------- Peter Mureithi Ngatia DEDICATION: DEDICATED WITH EXTREME AFFECTION, APPRECIATION AND GRATITUDE TO: My Parents, my Wife and Children, my Supervisor, my siblings and our extended families and also to all the Game Wardens, Rural Communities neighboring game parks and all other dedicated Actors involved in combating wildlife crime in Africa. 2 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction - protecting wildlife Background context. Aims of the research. Research Problem, hypotheses and theme. Intended significance of the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review Conceptual framework. The Kenyan legal wildlife framework. The key themes and issues in wildlife crime. The Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Methodology The research design. The mixed research methodology. Sampling and Statistical data. Chapter 4: Research Findings Presentation of the data from the fieldwork Chapter 5: An evaluation of the current enforcement mechanisms Emerging trends and data analysis Chapter 6: The Conclusions The Dominant Discourse Unveiling the validated cause The 3Cs Concept, Test. Model and Tool kit Recommendations for future Reforms 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY Films & Documentaries Appendices Case Studies GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS ACF Conservation Foundation AWI Animal Welfare Institute CBNRM Community-based Natural Resource Management CC Community Conservation CFFC Community-Friendly Fortress Conservation CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CJS Criminal Justice System in Kenya CM Collaborative Management CPS Crown Prosecution Services EAGLE Eco Activists for Governance and Law Enforcement EIA Environmental Investigation Agency EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product HWC Human-Wildlife Conflicts ICCWC International Consortium on Combatting Wildlife Crime ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Projects IFAW International Fund for Animal Welfare IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources KWS Kenya Wildlife Services NAO Nairobi Animal Orphanage NGO(s) Nongovernmental Organization(s) PAO Protected Area Outreach PAWM Planning and Assessment for Wildlife Management SADF Southern African Defence Force SASUSG Southern Africa Sustainable Use Specialist Group SCP Selous Conservation Programme SGR Selous Game Reserve 4 TI Transparency International UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCCPCJ United Nations Commission on Crime, Prevention and Criminal Justice UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNSC United Nations Security Council UNU United Nations University UNU-IAS United Nations University Institute of Advance Studies WCO World Customs Organization WEMS Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System WSPA World Society for the Protection of Animals 5 THE ABSTRACT This is an original thematic research thesis that investigated the causes that lead to the current unprecedented escalation of wildlife crime in Africa that threatens to destroy our global environment by decimating and driving our wildlife which is a global heritage to extinction. The research study which was conducted both in Kenya and in the United Kingdom, has developed unique and distinguishable proposals, methods and recommendations, referred to as the 3Cs solutions, which can be effectively utilized in combating and curbing wildlife crime at a global scale. Nature has provided very delicate and sophisticated ecological systems where all plants and animals have very important roles that they play which keeps this planet Earth’s environment habitable. The realization that the future of this World and the entire human race is greatly linked to these global ecological systems and their biodiversity balance has caused a new global awareness and eagerness to view these eco-systems and the entire global environment as one and to halt destruction of any of these eco-systems taking place anywhere on planet Earth. Wildlife crime is currently the greatest threat to the ecological system and its bio-diversity balance in Africa and by extension to the global environment, as it is destroying an ecological and bio-diversity system of a globally important biome and green belt area south of the Sahara. East, Central and Southern Africa have been identified as the largest source markets that supply illegal wildlife trophies to the consumer markets in the Far East Asia, Western Europe the Middle East and the USA. Yet some of these supply source countries have functioning legal systems that have failed to curb this crime. Kenya is one such country. Kenya was selected for this study because it is the region’s major logistics and trading hub for illegal wildlife crime trophies. Kenya has a functioning Criminal Justice System mandated to combat wildlife crime yet it has badly failed to do so. The three departments within that Criminal Justice System which are mandate to protect wildlife by enforcing wildlife crime laws in Kenya are Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS) warders for policing, the Prosecution and the Judiciary The main purpose of this study was therefore to investigate and understand why a functioning legal system is unable to combat wildlife crime by determining the challenges it faces in curbing this vice. The study focused on wildlife crime committed for commercial export purposes and identified 5 prime species that are targeted for their trophies for illegal export which are the elephant, rhino, lion, leopard and cheetah herein after referred to in this study as the ‘Charismatic Five. 6 The study employed Empirical research methods to conduct the research and to answer the research questions. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were utilized. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design in order to assist the researcher achieve the objective of the study. Five national parks were selected for the study being the parks where the charismatic 5 wildlife species are abundantly found and therefore the targeted parks by poachers. The population of the study were therefore Kenya Wildlife Service Wardens in the selected national parks, Magistrates and Prosecutors serving in the courts where these parks are located. A peer review of this study’s research tool was first done followed by pilot study carried out at the Nairobi National Park in Kenya, which tested and found the research tool to be suitable, reliable and valid to achieve the overall research objectives. The main survey was conducted in Kenya and took over 4 months for data collection to be completed. Data analysis was done in the United Kingdom. Inferential statistics were used in drawing conclusions. Out of the 156 questionnaires distributed, 152 were completed and returned, representing a 97% response rate due to massive interest shown on the topic by the respondents. The study identified 20 causes and challenges being experienced within the criminal justice system and made recommendations for each challenge that offers the best solution to resolving that challenge. This research study has developed and promulgates some conclusive proposals as its original contributions to knowledge. These contributions are supported by analytical and empirical evidence from this research study and are as follows: Firstly, it challenges the Apocryphal Cause that corruption is the cause of the escalation of wildlife crime. Based on the evidence collected through this research, it can now be categorically and authentically proved that the sudden upward surge of demand in wildlife trophies in the consumers markets of the Far East Countries is the leading cause of escalation of wildlife crime in the source markets like Kenya. Secondly, this study has developed a new concept called ‘The 3Cs’ concept, through which it proposes and offers new methods for combating wildlife crime. The concept is conceptualized and propounded in a pack consisting of The Concept; The 3Cs Test; The 3C’s Model; and, the 3 Cs Application Tool Kit. Overall, it is sincerely hoped that the finding of this research will dominate discussions in the global arena dealing with wildlife crime and contribute tremendously as a solution to this global cause 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: The Conceptual Frame work Figure 2.2: Mixed Theoretical Framework Structure Figure 4.1: Gender Figure 4.2: Work Experience Figure 4.3: Educational Background. Figure 4.4: Knowledge of the Wildlife Conservation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VOTING with the SHILLING the ‘Money Talks Factor’ in Kenya’S Public Policy and Electoral Democracy
    92 DOI: 10.20940/JAE/2020/v19i1aDOI: 10.20940/JAE/2020/v19i1a5 JOURNAL5 OF AFRICAN ELECTIONS VOTING WITH THE SHILLING The ‘Money Talks Factor’ in Kenya’s Public Policy and Electoral Democracy Wilson Muna and Michael Otieno Wilson Muna is a lecturer of Public Policy at Kenyatta University, Nairobi Michael Otieno is a lecturer at the Kenya Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Nairobi ABSTRACT The influence of money in elections has become an important ingredient in determining electoral outcomes worldwide. The use of money in political activities has adversely affected the nature of public policy, governance, competition, the rule of law, transparency, equity and democracy. Although there are laws, policies and guidelines governing the use of money during elections, there is little political will to implement them. This paper examines how money, or the lack thereof, determines electoral outcomes in multi-party democracies with a focus on Kenya, employing both the hydraulic theory and the push-and-pull paradigm. The study found that in most cases, victory in elections follows those with money; in other cases, it is the potential for victory that attracts money from self-interested donors. The study calls on electoral bodies such as the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission to honour their mandate and demand compliance with set laws and regulations in a bid to entrench governance and create a level playing field for contestants. Keywords: campaign financing; campaign spending; election money; electoral outcomes; Kenya; public policy INTRODUCTION The role of electoral campaign money in shaping public policy has become the new focus among policy analysts and political scientists.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Influencing Commercial Motorcycle Accidents in Kenya
    FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMERCIAL MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS IN KENYA: A CASE OF BUNGOMA SOUTH SUB COUNTY. KIPNGETICH MARITIM SHADRACK A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2017 1 DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for the award of degree in any university. Signature...........................................Date................................................. Kipngetich Maritim Shadrack L50/86744/2016 This research project has been submitted with my approval as the university Supervisor. Signature.....................................Date................................... Mr. Vincent Marani Department of extra mural studies University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION I dedicate my research project to my dear wife Teresa and children namely Javan, Mishelle and Marlon. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to register a heartfelt gratitude by acknowledging the support, advice and profound efforts of my supervisor Mr. Vincent Marani whose wise guidance, counsel and encouragement that make this study to succeed. Special thanks to the course Lecturers for the knowledge imparted to me especially Dr. Cheben who taught me Research Methods, Dr. Stephen Okello, Mr. Elias Owino and professor Toili. I also acknowledge the University of Nairobi for giving me the opportunity to study including making Lecturers available to teach. Without forgetting the staff of Bungoma extra mural centre who facilitate the teaching/learning materials at the library. Special thanks to my classmates‟ namely Bonny Maloba, Phanice Wepukhulu, Emmanuel Masakhe among others in the various class discussions. I also acknowledge the support of my colleagues namely:Galma Happi; Base Commander Bungoma, Lydia Melly,Samwel Kioko and Thomas Kegode for their understanding, moral support throughout the entire process including making police documents available.
    [Show full text]
  • Inspection Panel Report and Recommendation on a Request for Inspection
    Report No. 135477-KE The Inspection Panel Report and Recommendation On a Request for Inspection KENYA Transport Sector Support Project (P124109) and its Additional Financing (P146630) March 22, 2019 The Inspection Panel Report and Recommendation on a Request for Inspection Kenya: Transport Sector Support Project (P124109) and its Additional Financing (P146630) Summary 1. This Report and Recommendation responds to a Request for Inspection alleging harm from the construction of a highway interchange in Webuye, Kenya, financed by the World Bank. During its eligibility visit in March 2019, the Panel observed that the implementation of an Action Plan agreed with the community one year earlier to address many of the harms, was nearing completion. Community members expressed concern about whether all the actions would be fully implemented in a timely manner and added that certain livelihood impacts experienced by mobile traders and small business operators had not been reflected in the Action Plan. 2. Shortly after the Panel’s eligibility visit, Bank Management informed the Panel of its commitment to expand the terms of reference and extend the timeline of an existing Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Audit to include the alleged livelihood impact not covered in the agreed Action Plan. In light of this development, the Panel is deferring its recommendation as to whether an investigation is warranted. The Panel will reassess the situation once these actions are implemented and will inform the Board of its recommendation within a period not exceeding six months. A. Introduction 3. On December 17, 2018, the Inspection Panel (the “Panel”) received a Request for Inspection (the “Request”) of the Transport Sector Support Project and its Additional Financing (the “Project”) in Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • Undeveloped Adaptation: Climate
    UNDEVELOPED ADAPTATION CLIMATE RISKS, VULNERABILITY AND HOUSEHOLD WELL-BEING IN MWINGI/KENYA Serah Wambui Kiragu Thesis submitted to Universität Bayreuth in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Doctor of Sciences in Social Geography Supervisor Prof. Dr. Detlef Müller-Mahn 15 May 2013 Dedication To my son Kiragu Kimani. For making do with telephone parenting. i Acknowledgements In my childhood days, my dreams and interest in pursuing doctoral studies were silently nur- tured as I listened to stories of, and admired the persona of Prof. Wangari Maathai. She was the most educated woman in my home district, Nyeri-Kenya by then, a renowned environ- mentalist who would later be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. It was no wonder that when I joined Kenyatta University in 1994, I chose environmental studies as my degree course and continued with the same focus at master’s level in Moi University, Eldoret. My first major engagement, at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was enriching. It is here that the debates on climate change came close to my mind. I had to sup- port programmes of adaptation to climate change in the water sector in Tanzania. I felt inade- quate beyond the managerial roles and thought that a PhD topic on climate change and adap- tation would equip me with better skills to be able to make worthwhile contributions to cli- mate change programmes. So, in 2008, through the support of Moi University, I gave up a promotion at IUCN to start my studies in Germany. Moi University had entered into a part- nership with University of Bayreuth to support a Graduate School of African Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya: Agricultural Sector
    Public Disclosure Authorized AGRICULTURE GLOBAL PRACTICE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized KENYA AGRICULTURAL SECTOR RISK ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized Stephen P. D’Alessandro, Jorge Caballero, John Lichte, and Simon Simpkin WORLD BANK GROUP REPORT NUMBER 97887 NOVEMBER 2015 Public Disclosure Authorized AGRICULTURE GLOBAL PRACTICE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PAPER KENYA Agricultural Sector Risk Assessment Stephen P. D’Alessandro, Jorge Caballero, John Lichte, and Simon Simpkin Kenya: Agricultural Sector Risk Assessment © 2015 World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank Group or the governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clear- ance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone: 978-750-8400, fax: 978-750-4470, http://www.copyright .com/.
    [Show full text]
  • Maize Lethal Necrosis - the Growing Challenge in Eastern
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public Date: 12/11/2014 GAIN Report Number: Kenya Post: Nairobi Maize Lethal Necrosis - The growing challenge in Eastern Africa Report Categories: Agricultural Situation Grain and Feed Approved By: Kate Snipes Prepared By: Kennedy Gitonga Report Highlights: The spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) in the maize growing regions of Eastern Africa has intensified since the first outbreak was reported in September 2011 in Kenya. FAS/Nairobi estimates that the disease will reduce Kenya's estimated maize production by about 10% during the 2014/2015 marketing year. The Government of Kenya (GOK), and the national, regional and international research organizations have commenced initiatives to mitigate the spread and adverse impact on food security. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) through the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is providing technical support to the tolerance screening initiative, and capacity building for scientists under the Borlaug Fellowship Program (BFP). Maize Lethal Necrosis Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN), also known as Corn Lethal Necrosis (CLN), is a result of a combination of two viruses, the Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and any of the cereal viruses in the Potyviridae group, like the Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) or Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV). The first outbreak of MLN was reported in 2011 in Bomet County in the South Rift-Valley Region Kenya. The disease has since been identified in other counties in the main maize growing areas. The disease has also been reported in the other East African Community countries, as well as in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), South Sudan and Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]
  • FGM in Kenya Is a Trend That Has Been Documented, Particularly Among the Kisii
    1 | P a g e 2 | P a g e CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 BACKGROUND 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 INTRODUCTION 9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10 INTRODUCTION TO FGM 11 NATIONAL STATISTICS 12 POLITICAL BACKGROUND 15 1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 16 COUNTRYWIDE TABOOS AND MORES 16 SOCIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 17 HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 17 EDUCATION 18 RELIGION 18 MEDIA 19 FGM PRACTICES IN KENYA 20 REASONS FOR PRACTISING FGM 26 RELIGION AND FGM 26 WOMEN’S HEALTH AND INFANT MORTALITY 27 EDUCATION AND FGM 27 AGE 28 PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO FGM 29 LAWS RELATING TO FGM 31 INTERVENTIONS AND ATTEMPTS TO ERADICATE FGM 33 CHALLENGES FACED BY ANTI-FGM INITIATIVES 44 CONCLUSIONS 44 APPENDIX – LIST OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 46 REFERENCES 48 3 | P a g e FOREWORD North East Kenya in 2008, with over 250,000 Somali IDPs. This led to my research paper that was published in March 2012 (Wilson, 2012). In organisations, annual appraisals, and monitoring and evaluation reports show a measure Having seen first-hand over 10 years the trauma, of progress towards a goal. With an aim to pain and health consequences of FGM, I am eliminate a harmful traditional practice such as pleased 28 Too Many has been able to undertake FGM, which has been in existence across Africa for this research and see progress. The photograph over 2000 years, it is hard to assess measures of below shows a Maasai community that used to progress. practise FGM but has now abandoned it. This was due to two older girls attending school and joining This country report on FGM across Kenya shows a health club.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Society and the Post Handshake Politics in Kenya
    May 2019 REPORT: VOLUME 1 2019 CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POST HANDSHAKE POLITICS IN KENYA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The paper explores the nature of civil society in politicians and civil society appears to have no Kenya in the changing political environment by role in it. An observation was made that civil examining the impact of the ‘handshake’ as well society in Kenya is deeply divided and therefore as the internal and external capacities of civil unable to realize its potential, including failure to society organizations to articulate responses to mobilize mass support in addressing challenges challenges facing the country today. Individual facing the country today. The study also found and focus group interviews were conducted with out that a recent crackdown by government and thirty six members from selected organizations inadequate funding have significantly affected with ongoing programs in different parts of the civil society activities. The study concludes country focusing on democracy, governance that despite all these, the role of civil society and human rights. The study found that there in Kenya remains critical especially now in the is flooding of organizations engaging in work absence of a formidable political opposition, but aimed at raising public awareness compared to civil society organizations should forge a unity of advocacy work. Interviewees pointed out that purpose and formulate a strategy of taking up the power to control and give direction to the this opportunity. political agenda of the country is dominated by INTRODUCTION The Concept of Civil Society social life networks, norms and trust that enable participants to act together more effectively There is no agreed meaning of civil society; to pursue shared objectives”1.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Warning and Conflict Prevention by the EU: Learning Lessons from the 2008 Post-Election Violence in Kenya
    IfP-EW Cluster: Improving Institutional Capacity for Early Warning Early Warning and Conflict prevention by the EU: Learning lessons from the 2008 post-election violence in Kenya Sébastien Babaud, James Ndung’u March 2012 This initiative is funded by the European Union About IfP-EW The Initiative for Peacebuilding – Early Warning Analysis to Action (IfP-EW) is a consortium led by International Alert and funded by the European Commission. It draws on the expertise of 10 members with offices across the EU and in conflict-affected countries. It aims to develop and harness international knowledge and expertise in the field of conflict prevention and peacebuilding to ensure that all stakeholders, including EU institutions, can access strong, independent, locally derived analysis in order to facilitate better informed and more evidence-based policy and programming decisions. This document has been produced with financial assistance of the EU. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of IfP-EW/Saferworld and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the EU. To learn more, visit http://www.ifp-ew.eu. About SAFERWORLD Saferworld is an independent non-governmental organisation working to prevent violent conflict and encourage co- operative approaches to security. For over 20 years we have been working towards international conflict prevention by contributing to the development of a range of policies and programmes in the areas of small arms control, security and access to justice, conflict sensitivity and peacebuilding. We work with local communities, civil society, governments and international organisations to encourage and support effective policies and practices through advocacy, research and policy development and through supporting the actions of local actors.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Trends and Persistence of Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya
    Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online) DOI: 10.7176/RHSS Vol.9, No.16, 2019 Emerging Trends and Persistence of Inter-Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya Rev. Julius Guantai Mwamba 1, Dr. Dickson Nkonge Kagema 2 & Dr. Benjamin Mugambi Kanga 3 1. PhD Candidate, Department of Humanities, Chuka University, Kenya. He is the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa. 2. Department of Humanities, Chuka University, Kenya 3. Department of Education, Chuka University, Kenya Contact: Dr. Dickson Nkonge Kagema, Chuka University, P.O Box 109-60400 Chuka, Kenya Abstract Ethnic conflicts remain the biggest setback to the development of many African nations today, Kenya included. This study analysed the emerging trends and reasons for the persistence of inter-ethnic conflicts in Kenya. It was undertaken in the context of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA) and was done in inter-ethnic prone Counties in Kenya including Nakuru, Eldoret, Laikipia and Mombasa. The study population was 1,624,345 PCEA members drawn from Nakuru west, Nakuru East, Njoro, Elburgon, Laikipia, Eldoret and Mombasa Presbyteries which are perceived as inter-ethnic conflicts dominant. A sample size of 384 respondents obtained through random sampling was selected from the presbyteries in the study locale. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design employing mixed methods of data collection. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires for the Church elders and members, structured interview guide for Church ministers and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) for victims. The study established that the major reasons for the persistence of inter- ethnic conflicts in Kenya are radicalization, economic imperialism, elite manipulation, deep-rooted cultural practices and language prejudices.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Daily Nation' Newspaper
    A Comparative Study of Print and Online Media Content in Kenya: A Case of ‘Daily Nation ’ Newspaper BY TINEGA GEOFFREY NGOGE K50/60591/2013 SUPERVISOR DR. SAMUEL SIRINGI A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION STUDIES NOVEMBER, 2014 i Declaration This is to certify that this research is my own original work and is in no way a reproduction of any other work that has been previously presented for award of a degree in any University. No part of this proposal may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author or the University of Nairobi. TINEGA G. NGOGE ……………………….……. ….……….……………… K50/60591/2013 SIGNATURE DATE This research has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor. DR. SAMUEL SIRINGI ……………………….……. ….……….……………… SIGNATURE DATE ii Dedication To my dad, Mr. David Ngoge, who put in me the desire to enroll for a postgraduate degree. He was my greatest inspiration as I embarked on my studies and his wisdom and words of advice have propelled me this far. iii Acknowledgements I thank the Almighty God for the gift of life and above all for his abundance. His grace has been sufficient to me thus far. My sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Samuel Siringi of the University of Nairobi’s School of Journalism and Mass Communication. As my supervisor, he provided valuable insights that simplified the challenging aspects of research work and all the time proved helpful as I was undertaking and writing this research.
    [Show full text]
  • Gendering Our Understanding of Kibera's Post-Election Violence Vol. 9
    urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2015163 IJCV: Vol. 9 (1) 2015 “Go Back and Tell Them Who the Real Men Are!” Gendering Our Understanding of Kibera’s Post-election Violence Caroline Wanjiku Kihato, School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. Vol. 9 (1) 2015 Editorial (p. 3) Focus Section: Xenophobic Violence and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa: Introduction to the Focus Section Xenophobic Violence Laurent Fourchard / Aurelia Segatti (pp. 4 – 11) and the Manufacture of Difference in Africa “Go Back and Tell Them Who the Real Men Are!” Gendering Our Understanding of Kibera’s Post-election Violence Caroline Wanjiku Kihato (pp. 12 – 24) A Reappraisal of the Expulsion of Illegal Immigrants from Nigeria in 1983 Daouda Gary-Tounkara (pp. 25 – 38) Collective Mobilization and the Struggle for Squatter Citizenship: Rereading “Xenophobic” Violence in a South African Settlement Tamlyn Jane Monson (pp. 39 – 55) Protecting the “Most Vulnerable”? The Management of a Disaster and the Making/Unmaking of Victims after the 2008 Xenophobic Violence in South Africa Lydie Cabane (pp. 56 – 71) Open Section The Domestic Democratic Peace in the Middle East Uriel Abulof / Ogen Goldman (pp. 72 – 89) Group-based Compunction and Anger: Their Antecedents and Consequences in Relation to Colonial Conflicts Ana Figueiredo / Bertjan Doosje / Joaquim Pires Valentim (pp. 90 – 105) The Secret Society of Torturers: The Social Shaping of Extremely Violent Behaviour Jürgen Mackert (pp. 106 – 120) Validation of the Greek Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) Scale: Examining Its Relationships with Sexist and Conservative Political Beliefs Alexandra Hantzi / Efthymios Lampridis / Katerina Tsantila / Gerd Bohner (pp.
    [Show full text]