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Corpus Bilingüe Tomo I Vol. 1 Orígenes del constitucionalismo americano Corpus documental bilingüe Selected Documents Illustrative of the American Constitutionalism Bilingual edition Orígenes del constitucionalismo americano Corpus documental bilingüe Volumen 1 Periodo Colonial, 1606-1663 Edición de Luis Grau Selected Documents Illustrative of the American Constitutionalism Bilingual edition Volume 1 Colonial Period 1606-1663 Edited by Luis Grau UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID 2009 © Universidad Carlos III de Madrid c/ Madrid 126 - 28903 Getafe (Madrid) Tlf. (+34) 91 624 95 00 internet: http://www.uc3m.es Venta: Editorial Dykinson c/ Meléndez Valdés, 61 - 28015 MADRID Tlf. (+34) 91 544 28 46 e-mail: [email protected] internet: http://www.dykinson.com Diseño Cubierta: Antonio Lozano ISBN: 978-84-9849-813-4 (Obra completa) 978-84-9849-814-1 (Vol. 1) Depósito Legal: M- Versión electrónica disponible en e-Archivo: http://hdl.handle.net/10016/5669 “Ancora imparo...” (Michelangelo) ÍNDICE INTRODUCC I ÓN � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Bib L I OGRAFÍA � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 35 DOCUMENTOS � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 47 Primera Carta de Virginia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 49 Segunda Carta de Virginia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 71 Tercera Carta de Virginia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 109 Petición de Carta para Nueva Inglaterra � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 135 Autorización de Carta para Nueva Inglaterra � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 143 Carta de Nueva Inglaterra � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 147 El Pacto del May Flower � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 191 Primera Patente de Plymouth � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 197 Decreto de Virginia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 211 Concesión de Maine a Gorges y Mason � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 221 Carta de la Bahía de Massachusetts � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 237 Letras Patentes para Sir Robert Heath � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 279 Carta de Nueva Plymouth � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 303 Concesión de Río Saco a Thomas Lewis � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 321 La Antigua Patente de Connecticut � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 331 Carta de Maryland � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 339 Encargo real para regular colonias � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 383 Declaración de renuncia de Nueva Inglaterra � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 395 Humilde petición para la devolución de Nueva Inglaterra � � � � � � � � � 403 Renuncia a la Carta de Nueva Inglaterra � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 407 Comisión del Gobernador Gorges � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 413 Órdenes Fundamentales de Connecticut � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 419 9 ÍNDICE Carta de Maine � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 433 Artículos Fundamentales de Nueva Haven � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 469 Asociación de Exeter � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 483 Acuerdo del asentamiento de Providencia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 487 Asociación de los habitantes de Piscataqua � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 497 Devolución de la Carta de Bradford � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 503 Cuerpo de Libertades de Massachusetts � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 511 Gobierno de Rhode Island � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 545 Artículos de Confederación de Nueva Inglaterra � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 553 Gobierno de Nueva Haven � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 569 Patente de Providencia � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 581 Ley de tolerancia religiosa de Maryland � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 589 Petición de Carta para Connecticut � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 599 Carta de Connecticut � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 605 Carta de Carolina � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 625 10 INTRODUCCIÓN La presente obra es una colección de documentos producidos durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Los cien documentos que forman el corpus comparten determi- nadas características comunes: Desde su aspecto temporal, todos se produjeron con anterioridad a la redacción de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de 1787. Aunque muchos tienen su origen en Inglaterra, todos están directamente relacio- nados con las colonias británicas que inicialmente formaron los Estados Unidos y con éstos una vez independizados, marcando así un claro límite espacial. Todos son de carácter jurídico: leyes, estatutos, contratos, etc. Todos tienen, en sentido amplio1, un carácter constitucional. Para mayor conveniencia de los lectores, se presentan en su versión original en inglés2 y traducidos al castellano. Estos documentos, en su conjunto, son ciertamente el acervo original del cons- titucionalismo americano. Sin perjuicio de sus veintisiete enmiendas, la Constitu- ción federal de 1787 aún rige hoy la organización política de los Estados Unidos. Novedosa como sin duda lo fue en su momento, esta Constitución no se produjo en un vacío jurídico sino que los constituyentes que la redactaron llevaron con ellos a la Convención de Filadelfia, además de la tradición cultural racionalista de su momento, sus experiencias constitucionales anteriores tanto como nuevos estados pero también como antiguas colonias británicas. Son muchas las obras de todo tipo –filosófico, social, religioso, político, etc.– cuya influencia se puede encontrar en dicha Constitución3. Pero ésta es, por encima de todo, una norma jurídica y, como tal, estuvo inevitablemente sometida a la influencia de las nor- mas jurídicas que la precedieron (de la misma forma que ella ha influido en las normas que la han seguido). No se puede negar la influencia en la Constitución de 1787 de otras normas anteriores como la Magna Carta de 1215, la Petition of Rights de 1628, el Habeas Corpus Act de 1679 o el Bill of Rights de 1689; pero éstos son documentos que pertenecen más genuinamente al constitucionalismo 1. Maurizio Fioravanti, Constitución. De la antigüedad a nuestros días, Madrid, 2001, p. 11. 2. La Carta de Maryland se incluye también en su versión original en latín. 3. Entre los cientos (si no miles) de trabajos sobre la Constitución de 1787, considero imprescin- dibles America’s Constitution. A Biography (2005) y The Bill of Rights (1998) de Akhil Reed Amar y The Creation of the American Republic 1776-1787 (1969 y 1998) de Gordon S. Wood. Ambos autores tratan extensamente dichas influencias. 13 INTRODUCCIÓN británico, fuente innegable del americano pero no específicamente de éste y que, por tanto, no son parte de este corpus. Con este concepto, y desde su aspecto jurídico, los orígenes del constitucionalismo americano se puede establecer más específicamente en aquellas normas constitucionales que rigieron ese país desde sus primeros asentamientos, y de las que estos cien documentos son su conjunto más representativo. A esa limitación espacial y jurídica se añade aquí otra de carácter temporal: todos estos documentos pertenecen al periodo entre 1606 y 1787. Otras recopi- laciones, como la de Thorpe4, se inician con los Privilegios y Prerrogativas de Cristóbal Colón de 1492 y la Bula del Papa Alejandro de 1493, e incluyen Cartas y Letras Patentes reales anteriores a 1606 como las otorgadas a Sir Humfrey Gyl- berte en 1578 y a Sir Walter Raleigh en 1584 para iniciar la colonización britá- nica del continente americano; pero esos asentamientos no llegaron a fructificar (perdiendo incluso Gylberte la vida en el intento). El fin último de esas recopila- ciones era marcar un tractus continuo en la posesión británico-americana de los territorios ocupados, lo que no es este caso pues aquí sólo se pretende identificar los textos representativos del constitucionalismo americano. En 1607, sin embar- go, se estableció el primer asentamiento inglés que, pese a enormes dificultades iniciales, sobrevivió y se convirtió en la colonia de Virginia. Dicho asentamiento había sido autorizado por una Carta real fechada el 10 de abril de 1606, documen- to con el que se inicia esta compilación. El periodo termina, como se ha apuntado, en 1787 con la redacción de la actual Constitución de los Estados Unidos, enten- diendo que los orígenes constitucionales alcanzan a hasta ese momento. Así pues, esta compilación ha quedado formada por Cartas reales y Letras Pa- tentes reales, por contratos privados (que transfieren los derechos adquiridos en las anteriores), por otros documentos afines a todos los anteriores, como los rela- cionados con sus peticiones o renuncias, o los que aclaran determinados aspectos o condiciones de los primeros, o los nombramientos de los gobernadores en los que se especifican o alteran los presupuestos establecidos en las Cartas reales ini- ciales. A esos documentos
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