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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-44968-7 - Music and Victorian Philanthropy: The Tonic Sol-Fa Movement Charles Edward McGuire Index More information

Index

Adam, Adolphe viii, 13 Bombay (Mumbai) 133 Æolian Ladies’ Orchestra 168, 184, 189, 190, 191 Boon, Bradley 120 African-American music 214 Booth, Catherine 72 Ahlquist, Karen xxi Booth, William 42 Albert Hall 205 Brahms, Johannes 169 Allen, William 40 brass bands xvii, 32, 34, 53, 120, 167, 187 Allighan, Ernest G. 120 Brayton, Lily 199 Antananarivo 137 Breitkopf und Härtel (publisher) ix, 202 Actresses’ Franchise League 197, 199 Brema, Marie 190 Arne, Thomas Bristol Orpheus Society 86 “Rule, Britannia” 169, 191, 197 British and Foreign Bible Society 117, 123 Association for the Propagation of the British and Foreign School Society 145 Faith 125 British Library, The xxiii, 222, 223 “at homes” 187–9, 197, 203 British Missionary Society (BMS) 116, Atkins, Ivor 58 117, 122 Atkinson, Diane 167 British Temperance League 70, 108 Australia 130, 162 Britten, Benjamin 33 Broadwood, Lucy 106 Bach, Johann Sebastian viii, 8, 28, 57, 58, 60, Brown, Alfred 81, 129, 130, 145 61, 120, 180, 205 Brown, Kenneth 213 “Commit Thy Way” (“Beﬁehl du deine Brown, Mrs. Langston 64 Wege”) 8–10 Brown, Major-General xiii, xiv, xv Mass in B minor (BWV 232) 57, 120 Buckley, R. Bishop xiv St. Matthew Passion (BWV 244) 57, 58 Burns, Robert 80 Bach Choir 205 Burns and Lambert (publisher) 20 Bach Society 57 Burnselm Tonic Sol-fa Choir 26 Band of Hope Union 70, 94, 100 Butler, Samuel 124 Bands of Hope 1, 76, 78, 81, 89, 90, 93–7, 98, Erewhon 124 102, 108, 109, 118, 211 Erewhon Revisited 124 Barbados 130, 132 Bayley & Ferguson (publisher) 20 Campbell, Rev. J. B. 183 Beethoven, Ludwig van xviii, 31, 34, 205 Cape Colony 130 Behnke, Emil 91 Carlile, Wilson 211 Bennett, Peggy xvi Carlyle, Thomas 63 Benson, A. C. 196 Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, The xxii, 223 Berlioz, Hector 176 Chapple, George J. 96, 97 Bernstein, Jane 168 China 130, 133, 162 Birch, James A. 68, 91, 98, 101, 103–5 Chopin, Frédéric 167, 169 Birkett, Christopher 131 “Christianity and Civilization” xx, 115, 121–2, Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival 33, 124–9, 130, 132, 134, 137, 140, 142, 144, 159, 216 154, 156, 157, 164

234

Index 235

Church Army 211 and temperance 68, 69, 70, 80, 81–97, 101, Church Missionary Society (CMS) 116, 117, 106, 107, 110, 215 122, 123, 127, 129, 130, 133, 136 and temperance music 69, 86–8, 94 Church of England Temperance Fete 212 and vocal music vs. instrumental music 53, Church of England Temperance Society 54 100 and women’s dresses 173–5 Clarke, Rebecca 191 Curwen, John Kenneth 213 Clegg, Edith 197 Curwen, John Spedding 24, 97, 213 Conservative and Unionist Franchise Curwen, John Spencer x, xv, xviii, xx, 17, 28, Association 199 29, 33, 46, 62, 66, 82, 83, 84, 120, 176, Corporation Act of 1661, The 37 178, 206, 208, 210, 213, 216, 220 Cousins, Rev. William Edward 144 and articles about women in the Musical Coward, Henry 25, 216 Herald 185 Cox, Gordon 29 belief in community singing and the power Craig, Edith 201 of the community xix, 48, 66 Crawford, Alice 199 defense of Tonic Sol-fa notation 28, 208 Cressal, Maud 199 and Dissent 34, 35 Crystal Palace 49, 50, 56, 76, 77, 84, 85, 91, 93, editorship of Tonic Sol-fa journals 29, 213 95, 96, 98, 100, 111, 213, 214 and the expansion/promotion of the Tonic Crystal Palace Handel Festival 60, 102, 183 Sol-fa movement xvi, 23, 26, 29, 121, Crystal Palace Temperance Festival 76, 98 133, 211, 213, 217 Curwen, John ix, x, xv, xvi, xviii, xxi, 20, 21, and Handel’s oratorios 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 23, 24, 30, 31, 42, 43, 48, 63, 66, 97, 130, and missionary work 115, 116, 121, 129, 134 133, 143, 144, 145, 148, 157, 165, 175, 178, in the London Missionary Society fields 210, 213, 216, 217, 220, 221 of Madagascar 116, 133, 135, 145, 162 anti-Catholicism of 163 through the Salvation Army 118, 120, and Bands of Hope 93–7 and music as an aid/hindrance to personal and children’s education / Ragged Schools moral reform 2, 8, 48, 63, 80 3, 5, 6, 7 and philanthropy xvi, 66, 165, 212 and congregational psalmody 114 and musical taste 49, 50, 60, 61 and the design of Tonic Sol-fa 12, 16, 17, and the “People’s Music” 7, 48, 49, 62, 215 45, 157 and temperance 68, 81, 85, 86, 97–106, 111, and domesticity 29, 178 116, 215 and missionary work 115, 116, 121, 122, 129, views of John Curwen’s achievements 22, 130, 132, 133 23, 210 in the London Missionary Society fields and vocal music vs. instrumental music 59 of Madagascar 133, 134, 135, 143, 145, and women in church choirs 182 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 156, 161, 162, and women’s dresses 175 164 and women’s suffrage 206 in other foreign fields 130, 131 Curwen Press 17–20, 24, 116, 151, 162, 165, 166, in urban fields 118 207, 211, 212, 221, 222 moral convictions of 21–3, 54, 55, 107 business documents of 220 and music as an aid/hindrance to personal design of music published by 12, 13, 120, 218 moral reform xviii, 2, 43, 63, 64, 78, 80, folk music published by 183 81, 98, 118, 212, 217 instrumental music published by 216 and musical taste 45, 49, 50, 51, 119 music of Ethel Smyth published by 200, and Nonconformity 34, 35–9, 41, 116, 163, 204, 205 217 nomenclature of x, xi and oratorios 51, 52 policy on publishing drinking songs 104 and the “People’s Music” 42–5, 47, 48, 121, prizes for musical competitions 26, 109 215 relationship to music journals xx, 25, 101, 183 posthumous reputation 208, 210, 213 services of song published by 89 and the propagation of Tonic Sol-fa 17–20, slogan of xxii 111, 132 suffrage music published/not published by and rights for the working class 43, 44 204, 206

236 Index

Curwen Press (Cont.) Fryer, John 130, 131 temperance music published by 69, 93, 98, Fuller, Sophie 179 101, 105, 106, 111 Fuller Maitland, John Alexander 106 Cutts, Thomas 118 Gallinei, Gen. Joseph S. 159 Dale, John 107 George Gallie (publisher) 20 Dare, Phyllis 199 German, Edward 189 Davidson, Emily 167 Gibson, S. O. 85 Debussy, Claude 188 Gilbert, William Schwenck 189, 216 del Riego, Teresa ix, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, Gillington, M. C. 182 204, 205, 206 Girls’ Friendly Societies of London 184 “Awakening, The” ix, 197, 199, 200, 201, Glover, Sarah xiv, xix, 13–16, 17, 18, 64, 70, 204, 205 110, 220 Dissenting Conscience xix, 8, 30, 217, 218 “God Save the King” 169 Dissenting philanthropy 34, 39, 40. See gospel temperance 76 also moral philanthropy; paternal Gounod, Charles 13 philanthropy Gow, Bonnar A. 128, 137, 138, 160 Dobson, William 1, 2 Graham, John 213 domestic missions and missionaries 117–20 Grahamstown 131 Dryden, John 92 Green, Rev. Samuel 39 Dvořák, Antonín 13 Greenwood, James 28 Grieg, Edvard 169 Eaton’s Temperance Hotel 91 Griﬃths, Robert 101 Edelston, J. 108, 109 Grove, George 208 Edinburgh Temperance Choral Union 84 Gush, William ix, 210 Egypt 130 Elementary Education Act, The 1870 7 Hamilton, Cicely 201, 203, 204 Elgar, Edward 13, 25, 33, 34, 58, 168, 190, 196, Handel, George Frederick xviii, 13, 20, 25, 27, 205, 210, 211, 212, 213, 218, 219 33, 34, 51, 52, 53, 64, 75, 92, 111, 131, 134, Dream of Gerontius, The 190 157, 176, 218 “Land of Hope and Glory” 168, 169, 196, 207 Alexander’s Feast 92 Elite White and Gold Ladies’ Orchestra 189 Israel in Egypt 61 Elliot, J. H 215 Judas Maccabaeus 51, 60 Ellis, Rev. William 136, 139, 140, 141, 146 Messiah 31, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 75, Ellyn Vannin Quartet 190 134, 176 Emoﬀ, Ron 142 “Hallelujah” Chorus 64, 134, 157 English Ensemble 191 and the “People’s Music” 56–61 English Ladies’ Orchestra Society 183 Solomon 51 English Musical Renaissance, The33 , 210, 212 Harraden, Beatrice 169 Enoch and Sons (publisher) ix, 197 Harvard University Library xxii Espérance Club 183 Haweis, Hugh Reginald 48, 215 Exeter Hall 65, 101, 134, 173 Haydn, Franz Joseph xiv, xviii, 13, 20, 27, 52 Creation, The xiv, 52 Faber Music (publisher) 200 Seasons, The 52 Fawcett, Millicent Garrett 167, 186, 203, 205, 206 Hayward, Marjorie 191 Fitzroy Teetotal Association viii, 73, 75 Heavy Woolen District Temperance Foster, Stephen 31 Union 75 “Hard Times, Come Again No More” 31 Helmstadter, Richard 41 Foxwell, Arthur J. 85, 97, 98, 101–3, 105 Herbert, Lady Maude Elizabeth 205 Frampton, George 199 Hibberd, C. 105 Free and Easys 30, 68, 79, 80 Hogarth, George 57 Free Library of Philadelphia, The xxii, 223 Holst, Gustav 29, 33, 210, 211, 213 Frere Town 127 Hymn of Jesus, The 211 Friends’ Foreign Mission Association (FFMA) Hong Kong 130 115, 134, 142, 149, 153, 155 Hova 141

Index 237

Howe, Julia Ward 204 official publications of 146, 149, 162 “Battle Hymn of the Republic, The” 191, as a predominantly Congregationalist 204, 206 organization 122, 123, 163 Howlett, H. F. 184 supported by Tonic Sol-fa journals and the Hullah, John 17, 20, 21 Tonic Sol-fa Association 116, 129, 130, Hyde, Derek xvi, 17, 220 162, 163 use of Tonic Sol-fa 114, 115, 143, 144, 145, 151, India xiii, 127, 162, 170 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164 International Women’s Congress 184 London Society for Women’s Suffrage ix, 191 jazz, 215–16 London Symphony Orchestra 205 Johnston, Helen 57 London Tonic Sol-fa Temperance Choir 84 Jones, Neville 141, 142, 154 Long, Kathleen 191 Juvenile Choral Festival 84 Love, Mabel 199 Lovedale Missionary Institute 127, 162 Kaufman, Sarah xvi, xxi, 221 Lovett, Richard 122 Kent, J. W. 84 Kingdon, Abraham Notontainy 134 Macaulay, F. E. M. 194 Knauff, George xiv MacCunn, Hamish 33 Kodály, Zoltán 218 Macfarren, George 24, 27, 28, 29, 33 Macirone, Clara 179–81 La Cigale Band 190, 191 Mackenzie, Alexander 33 Ladies’ Mascotte Band 190 Mackie, Dr. W. 149, 158 Lane, G. W. 101 Madagascar xx, 114, 116, 139, 141, 146, 159, 161, Layton, Margaret 192 162, 163, 164 Leeds Triennial Musical Festival 159, 210 as a mission field xix, 123, 130, 135–8, 163 Lehmann, Liza 182, 188 early Christians in (1820s) 145 Leigh, Mary 167 Jesuits in 114, 136, 159, 161 Leith Hill Musical Festival 58, 210 London Missionary Society (LMS) mission Leslie, Henry 57 fields in 113, 116, 127, 128, 134, 145, 148, Lewis, Wyndham 216 157, 160, 162, 164. See also London Library of Congress, The xxii, 197, 222, 223 Missionary Society (LMS) Livesey, Joseph 72, 73, 74, 77, 102, 109 direct support by John Curwen and the Livesey Collection xxiii, 110, 111 Tonic Sol-fa Association 148, 149 Livingstone, David 124, 126, 132 discussions about and support of the LMS London City Mission 117 mission in Curwen Press publications London Missionary Society (LMS) ix, 116, 123, 115, 133, 134, 145, 147, 151, 162 127–30, 145, 164 missionary musical aesthetics 116, 139–44, archives of 117, 145, 146, 157 146–7, 153–8, 162. See also missionaries’ fundraising lectures and exhibitions for views of Malagasy music and musicians 128, 134 under London Missionary Society (LMS) LMS Education Committee 135 Tonic Sol-fa in 134, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, London officials of the 136, 143, 153, 158, 162 159, 162 Madagascar mission field 113, 114, 116, 127, Malagasy Christians 113, 136, 138, 141, 142, 128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 149, 155, 144, 153 157, 159, 160, 162 Malagasy music 139–43, 145, 148, 153, 154, 155 church construction in 137 post-London Missionary Society (LMS) creation of the Malagasy alphabet 136 Tonic Sol-fa publication history 161 cultural control 137, 138, 143, 144, 155, 156 published accounts of missionary work in first missionary delegation (1820s) 135–6, 113, 114, 139–43, 149, 156, 158 141 Madras 130 LMS schools in the 136, 148, 155, 157, 159 Mainzer, Joseph 17, 20, 21 Malagasy hymnology 153, 161 Malecka, Miss 189 missionaries’ views of Malagasy music Manchester Central Library 190 and musicians 140, 141, 153, 154, 156 Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward 182

238 Index

Marchand, Madame Blanche 168 New Zealand 162 Martineau, Harriet 40 Newman, Ernest 216 Marsh, Peter 62 Norwegian Missionary Society 159 Marylebone and Paddington Women’s Social Norwich Women’s Suffrage Society 187 and Political Union 187 Novello, Vincent 21 Marzials, Theodore100 Novello and Company (publisher) 13, 20, 31, Matthews, Thomas T.139 , 154 216, 218, 221 McNaught, William G. 26, 27, 28, 29 Meerut 130 Oberlin College Conservatory Library 222 Mendelssohn, Felix xviii, 13, 20, 25, 27, 33, 51, Old Calabar 130 52, 61, 131 Olde Englishe Glee and Madrigal Companie, Elijah 52, 61 Ye 104 St. Paul 51, 52, 61 Olwage, Grant xvii Merina 135 oratorio xvii, xxi, 13, 19, 20, 25, 26, 31, 51–6, 58, Mile End Musical Association 60 59, 60, 61, 64, 104, 106, 175, 217, 218 Miller, W. M. 95 Owen, David 40 Mills, Theodora192 Owen, John 61 missionaries and missionary work xvi, xix, xx, 3, 7, 24, 34, 37, 66, 67, 110, 115, 116, 121, Pankhurst, Christabel 167, 170, 186 165, 166, 167, 207, 212, 217, 218, 220, 221 Pankhurst, Emmeline 167, 186, 200, 201 and control 127, 128, 153, 159, 160, 164 Pankhurst, Sylvia 167, 168 and technology 126–7, 137 Pankhurst Centre xxiii, 167 Missionaries of the Holy Heart of Mary 125 Parkinson, Rev. H. W. 79 Moffat, Robert 124 Parrish, J. H. 208, 209 Moody, Dwight L. 114, 211 Parry, Hubert 13, 25, 33, 205, 206, 217 moral philanthropy xvii, xix, 2, 31, 34, 62, 65, “Jerusalem” 205, 206, 207, 217 67, 69, 133, 134, 176, 186–206 See also pastoral 79, 80, 86, 95, 96, 172 Dissenting philanthropy; paternal paternal philanthropy 39–41. See also philanthropy Dissenting philanthropy; moral moral perfectionism 165, 170 philanthropy moral progress 42 Paxton, Stephen 91–2 Morris dancing 184, 213 Pearsall, Ronald 69, 70 Moss, A. W. 76 Peill, J. 155, 156 Moss, Charles F. 154, 158 People’s Concerts 48 Mukle, May 191, 200, 201 People’s Music, The xv, xxii, 31, 42, 45, 46, 48, Musgrave, Michael 69, 70, 76 121, 215 music and masculinity 90 and improving musical taste 49 music and morals xv, xix, 215 as morally improving 8, 31, 47 Music for the Masses. See People’s and oratorios 51, 59 Music, The philosophy of 46, 47 Music for the Million. See People’s Music, The power of the 61 Music of/for the People. See People’s Music, as promoting class equality 48, 49 The as a slogan for Curwen Press publications 47 Nash, John 85, 97 Pickersgill, W. C. 151, 156, 158 National Portrait Gallery, The ix,20 8, 209, 210 Plymouth Brethren 39 National Temperance Choral Union 103, Poole, James 134 105, 111 Post Office Savings Bank, The8 1 National Temperance Fete 85, 100, 101, 109 Preston Temperance Hall 108 National Temperance Society 103 Preston Temperance Society (PTS) viii, 71, 72, National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies 73–4, 77, 108–9 (NUWSS) 167, 187, 188, 189, 192, 197, Price, Charles 149, 151, 153 199, 201, 202, 203 Proffitt, J. 108 Neal, Mary 183, 184 Proudman, Joseph, 25, 64, 101, 176–8 New York Public Library, The xxii, 223 “Clarando Clearklang” 177

Index 239

“Experiences of Miss Tremolo Dolce, The” Scholes, Percy 57 176–7 Schumann, Robert 60 “Mr. Mortimer Motivo” 176 Scott, Derek 33 “Mr. Staccato Spirto” 176 Scottish Temperance League 106, 107 Musical Lectures and Sketches 176 Sergison, W. de 27, “Sonata Silvertone” 177 service of song 85, 98, 117, 153 Prout, Ebenezer 24 Sewell, J. S. 142 Purcell, Henry 205 Sharanpur 130 Sharman, Annie 115 Queen’s Hall 169, 202, 205 Sharp, Mrs. William 180 Shaw, George A. 113, 114, 140 Radama I, king of Madagascar 135, 136 Shaw, George Bernard 13, 51, 52 Radama II, king of Madagascar 136 Shedlock, John South 60 Ragged Schools xvi, 1, 4–7, 43, 118, 165 Shinn, George 85 Rainbow, Bernarr xvi, 220 Sibree, James 142, 154, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164 Rakotonirina, Rachel A. 138 Sibree, Miss 114 Ranavalona I, queen of Madagascar 136, 137, 141 Simon, Herbert 111, 220 Rasoanaivo, Charles 161 Singing for the Million. See People’s Music, Ratamy 158, 161 The rational recreation 1, 31, 32–4, 53, 66, 73, 74, Smyth, Ethel ix, 33, 169, 190, 201, 206 77, 178 as a composer of suffrage music 197, 200, Reading Temperance Society 76 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 217 Reed, Charles 132 correspondence with the Curwen Press 204, Reform Act of 1832, The 37 205 Reform Bill of 1895, The 110 in Curwen Press publications 165, 166, 205 Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) “March of the Women, The” ix,169 , 187, Act 166 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 217 Richardson, James viii, ix, 135, 140, 142, 149, memoirs of 201 153, 157, 160, 161, 162, 164 relationship to the women’s suffrage discussed in Curwen Press journals 115, movement 200, 201 147–51, 154, 160 in women’s suffrage histories 168, 169 discussed in London Missionary Society Social Purity Alliance 170 (LMS) publications 143, 144, 157, 158 Society for the Promotion of Christian experience with Malagasy music and Knowledge (SPCK) 122 musicians 140, 154, 157 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in and Tonic Sol-fa 154, 157, 158 Foreign Parts (SPG) 115, 116, 117, 122 Roberts, Gwladis A. 202 Society of Women Musicians 184 Rockstro, William Smith 208 South Africa 124, 127, 131, 133, 148, 162 Roddie, William Stewart 101 Stainer, John viii, 13, 26, 27, 29, 33 Romberg, Andreas Jakob 52 The Crucifixion viii, 13, 26 Room, Filmer 101 Stanford, Charles Villiers 13, 25, 27, 28, 29, Roper, Edward 131 33, 185 Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph Sterndale Bennett, William 57 “Marseillaise” 168, 169, 194, 204, 206, 207 Stock, Eugene 123 Royal Academy of Music 99 Stodart, M. A. 43 Royal College of Music Library xxiii, 221, 222 Straeten, Edmund Sebastian van der 191 Rudersdorf, Madame Erminia 55 Stranger’s Hall, Norwich xxiii, 220 Stroud Haxton’s Orchestra 189 Sabbath Schools 118 Stuart, Marie 199 St. George’s Working Girls’ Club 184 Sullivan, Arthur 24, 189, 191, 210, 216, 219 St. Ives Temperance Society 104 St. Martin’s Hall (Acton) 188 Tananarive 161 St. Martin’s Hall (London) 55 temperance cantatas 97, 98 Salvation Army 39, 72, 117, 118–19, 211, 218 Temperance Choral Society 103 Sankey, Ira D. 113, 114, 151, 154, 155, 211 Temperance Jubilee 103

240 Index

temperance halls 72–3, 74, 82, 84 University of London 18, 145 temperance movement xix, xv, xvi, xx, 7, 24, University Test Act of 1871, The 38 37, 66, 67, 77, 94, 109, 112, 115, 116, 121, Upton, George P. 180, 181 122, 133, 165, 166, 167, 185, 207, 211, 212, 217, 218, 220 Vaughan Williams, Ralph 29, 33, 58, 205, 210, and biblical passages supporting temperance 89 212, 213 and Bands of Hope 77 Venables, L. C. 56 and Chinese missionaries 130–1 discussed in Curwen Press publications 2, W. G. McNaught (publisher) 20 22, 86, 90, 101 Wagner, Richard 50, 51, 60, 180 and drinking songs, 79–80 Wagnerism 208 and folk songs 80 Wakefield, Mary 26 John Curwen’s opinions on 82, 91 Walker, Rev. J. 107 and missions 72, 82 Walker, Mrs. Fred 169 and music 76, 88 Walton, William 33 music teaching methods 88–9, 95 Ward, Clementine 182 Spencer Curwen’s opinions on 99 Ward, Mary August (Mrs. Humphrey Ward) 184 stories 97 Wareham, Fred W. 28 testimonials 72 Watson, Rosabel 184, 189, 191 Tonic Sol-fa and 96, 101 Western College 145 Tennyson, Alfred Lord 80 Wigmore Hall 201 Test Act of 1673, The 37 Wilcox, Ella Wheeler 197 Thomas, Adelaide 185 Wilde, Oscar v Thompson, David M.3 8 William Hamilton 20 Thornley, Rev. J. J.133 Williams, John 124 Thorne, Susan xv, 117, 123, 124, 128, 163 Wilson, A. W. 158 Thorpe, Elliot 197 Wollstonecraft, Mary 170 Three Choirs Festival33 , 159, 175 Wolverhampton Temperance Society 84 Tonic Sol-fa Women’s Institute 186 and dancing 178 Women’s Library xxiii, 167, 190, 192, 197 and domesticity 90, 170–85 Women’s Press 202, 206 and female musicians 179–82, 183, 184, 185 Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) links the temperance movement 89 167, 168, 188, 194, 196, 197, 201, 202, links to missionaries 129–34 203, 204 in Madagascar 144–51 women’s suffrage movement ix, xvi, xx, xxi, and masculinity 90 xxiii, 7, 67, 110, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, notation 8–13 191, 207, 217, 220 and taste 100, 143–4 class divisions within 166, 167, 168, 207 and tea 85, 86 in Curwen Press publications 166 temperance music in 84, 86 the Curwens’ lack of support for 170, 185 temperance methods in 88–9, 93–4 and Ethel Smyth 166 testimonials 83–4, 107, 131, 146 and moral perfectionism 170 wall sheets 149 and music 168–9, 185, 207 Tonic Sol-fa Association 6, 17, 19, 25, 28, 35, 52, suffrage meetings 169 69, 70, 82, 97, 103, 117, 129, 130, 132, 135, suffrage music in fiction 169 148, 149, 161, 213 and Tonic Sol-fa 166 Tonic Sol-fa Choral Association 176 Women Workers 169 Tonic Sol-fa College 17, 25, 28, 47, 48, 54, 99, Wood, Elizabeth 168, 169, 170, 201 103, 109, 110, 214, 221, 222 Working Men’s Institute 81 Tonic Sol-fa Prize Choir 177 Tottenham Home for Little Boys 176 Xhosa (language) 131 Toulson, R. K. 61 Toy, Robert 134, 136, 142, 145–7, 148, 156, Yale University Music Library xxii, 223 162 Turner, Richard 72 Zenana Bible and Medical Mission 127