A Theory of Efficiency Wage with Multiple Unemployment Equilibria: How a Higher Minimum Wage Law Can Curb Unemployment
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Elusive Development by Marshall Wolfe
Elusive Development by Marshall Wolfe . »JLL»/ United Nations United Nations Research Institute Economic Commission for for Social Development Latin America Printed by S'*! Hungary, 1981 Statistical Publishing House Contents Acknowledgments ........................................... P reface ............................................................... in CHAPTER ONE: Why Elusive Development? 1 CHAPTER TWO: The Quest for a Unified Approach 11 Background of the unified approach project of UNRISD and ECLA — Methodology and institutional constraints - Differing approaches that emerged and their underlying supposition — The changing international market for propositions on development during and since the unified approach project - The place of the unified approach project in the inter national rethinking of development - Lessons for the future and needs for international research. CHAPTER THREE: Development Images, Agents and Choices............................. 55 Images of development - Concepts, values and criteria for styles of develop ment — A digression on the practical - Choices aiming at an acceptable and viable style of development. CHAPTER FOUR: Approaches to Development: Who is Approaching what? 75 Development under question: The feasibility of national choice between alternative styles — The setting within which developmental choices present themselves — Policy approaches to the challenge of “unified”, “original”, or “human-oriented” styles of development. CHAPTER FIVE: Social and Political Structures and Development Policy -
1 Mini-Literature Review Student Identity Development Theory
Mini-Literature review Student Identity Development Theory INTRODUCTION Student development theory is an area of study that tries to identify, describe, explain and predict human behaviors as student’s transition from adolescence to adulthood. Over the past few decades, the study of student development has paid particular focus on identity development of college students. As colleges welcome a more complex and diverse student population, the study (and practice) of college student identity development now considers a more holistic approach. It is a theoretical orientation where political, historical and cultural contexts place socially constructed factors on identity development. Drawing on both foundational scholarship and current research, the purpose of this review is to present the more holistic perspective of identity development currently followed by scholars and researchers in the field to inform a more inclusive learning environment within higher education. One of the more widely used and referenced books on identity development for college students is the 1998 book, Student Development in College. Now in its 2nd edition, the book was one of the first to combine development theories into a series of categories ranging from psychosocial theories, cognitive and moral theories to typological and person-environmental theories. Each theory addressed in the book seeks to answer the following developmental questions (Knefelkamp, Widick, & Parker, 1978 in Evans, Forney, Guido, Renn, and Patton, 2010 p. 24): 1. What interpersonal and intrapersonal changes occur while the student is in college? 2. What factors lead to this development? 3. What aspect of the college environment encourage or retard growth? 4. What development outcomes should we strive to achieve in college? FOUNDATIONAL THEORIES ON STUDENT DEVELOPMENT One of the foundational theories addressed in Student Development in College is Chickering’s Theory of Identity Development. -
Efficiency Wages
1 Efficiency wages Neoclassical theory treats labor as a hired input in much the same way as • capital but workers, unlike capital, can chose levels of effort • and such choice has important effects when information is imperfect • 2 Main feature in efficiency wages: firms unilaterally set wages, and choose not to cut wages down to the market-clearing level, because of the detrimental effect that this would have on worker effort, motivation, recruitment, retention, and ultimately on firm profits. Several efficiency wages mechanisms have been put forward in the literature: Higher wages help reduce shirking when effort is not perfectly observed • (Shapiro and Stiglitz AER 1984); Higher wages improve worker morale and effort; “gift exchange” (Akerlof • QJE 1982); Higher wages reduce worker quits and labor turnover costs (Salop AER • 1979); Higher wages attracts more applicants and increase hires (Weiss JPE 1980). • 3 1 The shirking model Shapiro C. and J Stiglitz (1984) “Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Dis- cipline Device”, American Economic Review. Involuntary unemployment is driven by problems of imperfect information • characterizing employee-employer relationships: — workers (unlike capital) choose level of effort — employers are unable to costlessly monitor worker effort. In the competitive paradigm all workers are paid their reservation wage and • there is no unemployment. Whenever a worker is caught shirking, he is dismissed and immediately • rehired in the outside labor market at the pre-layoff wage. 4 With imperfect monitoring and full employment, workers will choose to shirk, • as shirking involves zero costs and saves workers some effort. A firm willing to reduce shirking would pay more than the ongoing wage, • so as to inflict a cost on those who are found shirking and need to look for jobs in the outside labor market. -
Employer's Moral Hazard and Wage Rigidity
Facoltà di Economia di Forlì Laurea Magistrale in Economia Sociale Working Papers 118 Employer moral hazard and wage rigidity. The case of worker-owned and investor-owned firms. Marina Albanese University of Naples, Federico II Cecilia Navarra University of Turin and Namur, Belgium Ermanno Tortia University of of Trento Febbraio 2013 Info: AICCON - Tel. 0543.62327 - [email protected] - www.aiccon.it Employer moral hazard and wage rigidity The case of worker-owned and investor-owned firms Marina Albanese, University of Naples, Federico II: [email protected] Cecilia Navarra, University of Turin and Namur, Belgium: [email protected] Ermanno Tortia, University of Trento: [email protected] Abstract The standard explanation of wage rigidity in principal agent and in efficiency wage models is related to worker risk-aversion. However, these explanations do not consider at least two important classes of empirical evidence: (1) In worker cooperatives workers appear to behave in a less risk averse way than in for profit firms and to accept fluctuating wages; (2) The emerging experimental evidence on the employment contract shows that most workers prefer higher but more uncertain wages to lower fixed wages. Workers do not appear to express a preference for fixed wages in all situations and different ownership forms, in our case worker cooperatives and for-profit firms, behave in different ways when dealing with the trade-off between wage rigidity and employment fluctuations. More specifically, worker cooperatives are characterized, in relative terms, by fixed employment levels and fluctuating wages, while for-profit firms are characterized by fixed wages and fluctuating employment. -
What We Know and Do Not Know About the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 11, Number 1—Winter 1997—Pages 51–72 What We Know and Do Not Know About the Natural Rate of Unemployment Olivier Blanchard and Lawrence F. Katz lmost 30 years ago, Friedman (1968) and Phelps (1968) developed the concept of the "natural rate of unemployment." In what must be one of Athe longest sentences he ever wrote, Milton Friedman explained: "The natural rate of unemployment is the level which would be ground out by the Wal- rasian system of general equilibrium equations, provided that there is imbedded in them the actual structural characteristics of the labor and commodity markets, in- cluding market imperfections, stochastic variability in demands and supplies, the cost of gathering information about job vacancies and labor availabilities, the costs of mobility, and so on." Over the past three decades a large amount of research has attempted to formalize Friedman's long sentence and to identify, both theo- retically and empirically, the determinants of the natural rate. It is this body of work we assess in this paper. We reach two main conclusions. The first is that there has been considerable theoretical progress over the past 30 years. A framework has emerged, organized around two central ideas. The first is that the labor market is a market with a high level of traffic, with large flows of workers who have either lost their jobs or are looking for better ones. This by itself implies that there must be some "frictional unemployment." The second is that the nature of relations between firms and workers leads to wage setting that often differs substantially from competitive wage setting. -
Political Development Theory in the Sociological and Political Analyses of the New States
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY IN THE SOCIOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL ANALYSES OF THE NEW STATES by ROBERT HARRY JACKSON B.A., University of British Columbia, 1964 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Political Science We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, I966 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission.for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Polit_i_g^j;_s_gience The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date September, 2, 1966 ii ABSTRACT The emergence since World War II of many new states in Asia and Africa has stimulated a renewed interest of sociology and political science in the non-western social and political process and an enhanced concern with the problem of political development in these areas. The source of contemporary concepts of political development can be located in the ideas of the social philosophers of the nineteenth century. Maine, Toennies, Durkheim, and Weber were the first social observers to deal with the phenomena of social and political development in a rigorously analytical manner and their analyses provided contemporary political development theorists with seminal ideas that led to the identification of the major properties of the developed political condition. -
Concepts of Inequality Development Issues No
Development Strategy and Policy Analysis Unit w Development Policy and Analysis Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs Concepts of Inequality Development Issues No. 1 21 October 2015 Inequality—the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities1—is a concept very much at the heart Summary of social justice theories. However, it is prone to confusion in public debate as it tends to mean different things to different The understanding of inequality has evolved from the people. Some distinctions are common though. Many authors traditional outcome-oriented view, whereby income is distinguish “economic inequality”, mostly meaning “income used as a proxy for well-being. The opportunity-oriented inequality”, “monetary inequality” or, more broadly, inequality perspective acknowledges that circumstances of birth are in “living conditions”. Others further distinguish a rights-based, essential to life outcomes and that equality of opportunity legalistic approach to inequality—inequality of rights and asso- requires a fair starting point for all. ciated obligations (e.g. when people are not equal before the law, or when people have unequal political power). Concerning economic inequality, much of the discussion has on poverty reduction. Pro-poor growth approaches made their boiled down to two views. One is chiefly concerned with the debut and growth and equity (through income redistribution) inequality of outcomes in the material dimensions of well-being were seen as separate policy instruments, each capable of address- and that may be the result of circumstances beyond one’s control ing poverty. The central concern was in raising the incomes of (ethnicity, family background, gender, and so on) as well as talent poor households. -
Development, Post-, Anti-, and Populist: a Critical Review
Environment and Planning A 2000, volume 32, pages 1033 ^ 1050 DOI:10.1068/a3251 Development, post-, anti-, and populist: a critical review Piers Blaikie School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England; e-mail: [email protected] Received 2 April 1999; in revised form 9 September 1999 Abstract. The notion and practice of development have been severely critiqued from both modernist and postmodernist perspectives, yet the global development industry flourishes. The latter have afforded important insights, but also suffer from unexamined ideological agendas, a disinclination to undertake detailed research into development processes and policy, a preoccupation with texts and representations by the development industry, and from perpetuating an indulgent and agenda-less academic cul-de-sac. Instead, the postmodern critique of development could lead to a more politically astute and practical reconstruction of certain aspects of `development', particularly in the neopopulist mode of developmentalism. Three powerful development paradigms are identified, and the ways in which they are constructed, promoted, and adapted are discussed in the light of conflicting modernist and postmodern accounts. Postmodern engagement with development There has been a profound sense of disappointment and reappraisal in the global development project since the 1960s, yet the project continues. This has come about after a long history of modernist critiques, which have judged the results of develop- ment in their own terms (it failed to deliver what it promised), as well as the more recent postmodern turn which social science has taken, which has sought to portray development as a metanarrative ripe for deconstruction, and to interrogate its intellec- tual and epistemological foundations, but, I argue, has led development debate into some confusing and exposed terrains. -
Nber Working Paper Series
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES GOOD JOBS, BAD JOBS, AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION Donald R. Davis James Harrigan Working Paper 13139 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13139 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2007 Much of this paper was written while Davis was visiting, and Harrigan was employed by, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. The authors are grateful to Elhanan Helpman and Oleg Itskhoki for very helpful comments on an early version of this paper, and to seminar participants at Columbia, Fordham, Harvard, Princeton, Yale and the NBER. © 2007 by Donald R. Davis and James Harrigan. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, and Trade Liberalization Donald R. Davis and James Harrigan NBER Working Paper No. 13139 May 2007, Revised July 2010 JEL No. F1,F16,J2,J31 ABSTRACT How do labor markets adjust to trade liberalization? Leading models of intraindustry trade (Krugman (1981), Melitz (2003)) assume homogeneous workers and full employment, and thus predict that all workers win from trade liberalization, a conclusion at odds with the public debate. Our paper develops a new model that merges Melitz (2003) with Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984), so also links product market churning to labor market churning. Workers care about their jobs because the model features aggregate unemployment and jobs that pay different wages to identical workers. -
Participatory Research: an Annotated Bibliography Center for International Education
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Participatory Research & Practice Center for International Education 1991 Participatory Research: An Annotated Bibliography Center for International Education Peter Park David Kinsey Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ cie_participatoryresearchpractice Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons Center for International Education; Park, Peter; and Kinsey, David, "Participatory Research: An Annotated Bibliography" (1991). Participatory Research & Practice. 5. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cie_participatoryresearchpractice/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for International Education at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Participatory Research & Practice by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Participatory Research: An Annotated Bibliography By Center for Community Education & Action & t"------~-- C enter for International Education 1991 Cover and inside graphics by Mansour Fakih Participatory Research: An Annotated Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Center for Community Education and Action, Inc. Northampton, MA Center for International Education University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 1991 This bibliography has been printed with the assistance of the University Store's Textbook Annex at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Copyright 1991 by the Center for Community Education & Action, Inc., Northampton, MA and the Center for International Education, Amherst, MA. Acknowledgements This bibliography is an attempt to bring together references on participatory research for the purpose of sharing them with interested practitioners and scholars. It began as a project of the Center for Community Education and Action, Inc. (CCEA) to annotate and disseminate its resource materials. -
Student Development Theory
Student Development Theory Carolyn Farley Michael Walker Why is Student Development Theory Important? Justifies our profession and legitimatizes relevance of Student Affairs Professionals Helps us understand our audience; talk their language Helps us “meet students where they are” Teaches us how students rationalize, behave and develop as human beings Helps us understand opportunities and limits 2 SDT also… Helps us: understand where students are within a human development continuum (where they were and where they are going developmentally); understand how to address the “whole person” complement academics with co-curriculars; account for the development and needs of special populations Provides “description, explanation, prediction, and control” (DiCaprio, 1974, in Forney, Evans & Guido-DiBrito, 1998). Characteristics of Millennials Through their research, Howe and Strauss (2000) found that seven key characteristics define today’s 18-22 year old college students (as well as 23-25 year old graduate students). These traits include: Special - many from smaller families with fewer siblings to compete with, so received greater attention and increased security from mom and dad (known as “helicopter parents” due to their constant hovering around their children). Sheltered - more than previous generations, parents kept them closer to home with a focus on safety and connection to family, but also involved with many organized activities and sports. Confident - increased parental involvement and coaching/external adult involvement gave them lots of support and self-confidence. Student Affairs: Creating Experiences for Life Millennial Characteristics cont. Team-oriented - grew up among most diverse American population ever, and learned to be civil and less “me-oriented” than previous generations. -
Exploring Paradigms of Human Resource Development
EXPLORING PARADIGMS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT A Dissertation by ANDREW CHRISTOPHER HURT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2010 Major Subject: Educational Human Resource Development EXPLORING PARADIGMS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT A Dissertation by ANDREW CHRISTOPHER HURT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Co-Chairs of Committee, Gary N. McLean Susan A. Lynham Committee Members, Toby M. Egan Manda H. Rosser Head of Department, Fredrick M. Nafukho August 2010 Major Subject: Educational Human Resource Development iii ABSTRACT Exploring Paradigms of Human Resource Development. (August 2010) Andrew Christopher Hurt, B.S., Purdue University; M.S., Purdue University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Gary N. McLean Dr. Susan A. Lynham This study focused on the issue of paradigms in Human Resource Development (HRD). Its purpose was to validate the HRD Cube as a synthesized model of HRD and to explicate some of the extant paradigms of HRD. The study was carried out by examining the text of articles published in Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD)-sponsored journals. Purposeful, stratified, and random sampling was used to select 16 articles published in AHRD-sponsored journals. Articles were treated as if they were the representative voice(s) of their author(s). Data units from within each article were identified and coded using two sequential techniques. First, units were axially coded and sorted into one of seven pre-determined categories based on the axioms of theory, research, and practice.