INTEGRABILITY IN LOW‐DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM SYSTEMS 26 June - 21 July 2017

Random with conformal symmetry

Chaiho Rim Sogang University, Seoul

Some part of presentation can be found in (arXiv:1612,00348)

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 1 Usage of

• Statistics – Whishart (1928) : variance of large samples – Wigner (1955): distribution of nuclear eigenvalues – combinatorics

• topology, geometry and 2d gravity – t’hooft (1974): Feynmann diagram with topology of surface – Kazakov (1986): Ising model on fluctuating surface – Al. Zamolodchikov (2001): 2D minimal gravity on Fluctuating sphere – Penner (1988): punctured Riemann surface

• Conformal symmetry – Dijkgraaf and Vafa (2009): N=2 super Yang-Mills and Liouville conformal block – Eguchi and Maruyosh (2010) : Penner-type matrix model – Choi and Rim(2014): Irregular matrix model

2017-06-30 2 MATRIX @ Creswick Plan of talk

1. Hermitian one-matrix model 2. Conformal symmetry and Matrix models 3. Application to irregular conformal block 4. Summary and outlook

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 3 1. Hermitian one-matrix model

Partition function can be evaluated using two approaches; orthogonal polynomials and conformal symmetry.

We will concentrate on the method using conformal symmetry, emphasizing its generality to more complicated system.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 4 Hermitian one-matrix model

M is a NxN .

Partition function is given in terms of 휆퐼, diagonal components of M

Vandermonde determinant has a special role.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 5 Conventional orthogonal polynomial approach

• Introduce orthogonal polynomials (Mehta, 1967)

• The partition is given in terms of orthogonal polynomial normalizations:

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 6 Conformal symmetry approach

• Conformal symmetry in matrix model is noted (Marshakov, Mironov, Morozov ,‘91).

• Try conformal transformation:

• 훿푍 = 0 leads to an identity (called loop equation), representing conformal symmetry

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 7 Example: large N expansion

• Put 푔 = 1/푁: • resolvents 푊 푧 and 푊(푧, 푧) are finite as N goes to infinite.

• Resolvent has a branch cut as N goes to infinite:

• For Gaussian potential V(z) =푧2/2 , 푓 푧 = −1.

• Eigenvalues are distributed between 1 and -1: Wigner ‘s semi- circle law

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 8 Conformal symmetry of loop equation

• Conformal symmetry is hidden in 푓(푧).

• Case of the polynomial potential:

• 푣푎 represents (truncated) Virasoro generator (right action)

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 9 2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 10 Way to find Partition function

• Find 푑푎 from the analytic property of the loop equation

• Maintaining filling fraction constraint:

• Partition function Z is the solution of differential equation

• Conformal symmetry is the key element to the partition function

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 11 2. Conformal symmetry and Matrix models

Conformal field theory allows to construct generalized matrix models. Partition function and its correlations are found from the conformal symmetry.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 12 Liouville conformal field theory

Liouville primary field:

Free field correlation:

Back ground charge=

Conformal dimension=

Screening operator=

• Neutrality condition with N screening operators:

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 13 Beta-deformed Penner-type matrix model Dijkgraaf & Vafa (2009) Itoyama & Oota (2010)

• Liouville conformal block is given as

• Matrix model represents the screening operators effects (Vandermonde determinant)

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 14 Relation with hermitian matrix model

• Put 훽 = 1

• Special (colliding) limit ( 푧푎 ≪ 휆퐼, allow finite moments 푐푘)

• Conformal transform (휆퐼 → 1/휆퐼):

• Finally, put 푐∞ = 0.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 15 Conformal symmetry of the partition function

For the potential of the type :

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 16 Extension to multi-matrix model

• Use Toda field theory with multi-boson Φ = ( 휙 1 , … , 휙 푠 )

• Screening operator using root vector 푒푘 ; (푒푖, 푒푗) = 퐾푖푗 =

• Vertex operator with holomorphic dimension Δ훼;

• 푄෠ = background charge = 푄휌; 휌 =Weyl vector • Neutrality condition

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 17 Multi-matrix model • Partition function of s-matrix model

• Δ푎푏 is the Vandermonde determinant

• Potential has the generalized Penner-type matrix form

• The loop equation has the power of s of 1-point resolvent and possesses 푊푠+1 symmetry; 푊2 is the Virasoro symmetry.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 18 3. Application to irregular conformal block

A special case is the irregular conformal block: Number of Virasoro generators are truncated to finite

Results in collaboration with T. Nishinaka, S. Choi, H. Zhang, D. Polyakov

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 19 Definition of irregular conformal state

• Irregular conformal state with rank 푚 is a simultaneous eigenstate of positive Virasoro generators (Gaiotto state or Whittaker state).

• Irregular conformal state is not an eigenstate of 퐿0. • Irregular state is a special combination of primary and descendants.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 20 Free field representation of Irregular vertex operator

• Define irregular operator 퐼 푚 푧 so that irregular operator satisfies

H. Nagoya and J. Sun (1002.2598) J. Gomis, B. Le Floch (1407.1852) Choi, Rim and Zhang(1510.09060), Polyakov and Rim (1601.07756, 1604.08741 )

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 21 Irregular state as a Heisenberg coherent state

• Irregular state is defined in terms of the irregular vertex operator.

• The irregular state is the Heisenberg coherent state.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 22 Adjoint state

• Conformal transform (푧 = 1/휍 ) and define adjoint operator

(푛) • 푅0 is a normalization for the adjoint state to exist:

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 23 Inner product

• Irregular vertex operator and its adjoint defines inner product

• Symmetric property holds due to the conformal symmetry

• Inner product obeys neutrality condition (푐0Ƹ + 푐0 = 0)

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 24 Virasoro constraint on the inner product

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 25 Dressing with screening operator

• Screening operator (operators with conformal dimension 0) commutes with positive Virasoro operators.

• Screening operator with 휓 푧 conformal dimension 1.

• Lioiuville screening operator with background charge 푄 = 푏 + 1/푏:

• Primary operator:

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 26 Insertion of screening operator modifies eigenvalues

• Irregular vertex operator and its state is defined as in the free field case

• Only eigenvalue of the irregular conformal state is modified:

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 27 Inner product as random matrix model

• Inner product between regular and irregular state • Screening operators induces Vandermonde determinants

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 28 Symmetry of inner product

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 29 Adjoint and scaling factor

• Background charge modifies the scaling factor in the adjoint operator

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 30 Random matrix model as inner product of two irregular states

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 31 Symmetry of the inner product

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 32 Equivalent picture: Colliding limit

• Free partition function (‘U(1) factor’) appears at the colliding limit

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 33 (푛;푚) Flow equation of 푍푁 (푐0; 풄ො, 풄)

• Flow equations:

• Consistent condition of 푑푎 : Virasoro commutation relation.

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 34 (0;푚) Explicit example: 푍푁

• Moment 푑푎 is found from the analytic structure of the loop equation. • Partition function is the solution of flow equations.

• Useful limit (Nekrasov-Shatashivili limit): ℏ → 0, ϵ = ℏ푄 =finite. • Loop equation reduces to Riccati equation (deformed spectral curve).

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 35 Polynomial expression at NS limit

• One point resolvent is given in a monic polynomial of degree N,

• Filling fraction fixes the integration range (N can be finite)

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 36 (0;2) Matrix potential of 푍푁

Rank 2 with 2-cut solution: N = 푁1+ 푁2

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 37 • Smooth limit of 푐2 →0 exits when 푁2 →0

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 38 Irregular state of rank m

proposed by Kanno, Maruyoshi, Shiba, Taki (1301.0721)

• Note that inner product:

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 39 Inner product and irregular conformal block

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 40 Comparison: Irregular conformal block and inner product

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 41 Perturbative evaluation of

• Perturbation potential at z=0

• Perturbation at z=∞ : change of variable 휆퐽 = 1/휇퐽

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 42 Connection with gauge theory: Irregular state as Argyres-Douglas limit of N=2 super Yang-Mills gauge theory

AGT

2d Liouville 4d, N=2 Argyres-Douglas Conformal block SU(2) SCFT gauge theory

Matrix model

Colliding limit

Irregular conformal block Irregular matrix model of Irregular state

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 43 Connection with gauge theory

• Seiberg-Witten differential 휆 = 푥 푑푧 provides the scaling dimension so that [x]+ [z]=1.

• Use the Seiberg-Witten curve (loop equation at classical limit) to find the scaling dimension.

• Coulomb branch parameter: 푎푎 = 휖 푁푎 + 휖/2

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 44 Summary and outlook

• Matrix theory is a convenient tool to investigate conformal symmetry: flow equations.

• Conformal symmetry: (imaginary) Liouville conformal field theory • W-symmetry: Today field theory. • Super-conformal symmetry: super-conformal field theory.

• Analytic structure of partition function (tau function)? • Multi-correlation? • More physical examples?

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 45 Thanks

2017-06-30 MATRIX @ Creswick 46