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David Zeisberger's Moravian Mission to the Delaware Indians in Ohio, 1767-1808

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David Zeisberger's Moravian Mission to the Delaware Indians in Ohio, 1767-1808 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1998 "Struck in their hearts": David Zeisberger's Moravian mission to the Delaware Indians in Ohio, 1767-1808 Maia Turner Conrad College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ethnic Studies Commons, Religion Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Conrad, Maia Turner, ""Struck in their hearts": David Zeisberger's Moravian mission to the Delaware Indians in Ohio, 1767-1808" (1998). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623926. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-t007-rg66 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. STRUCK IN THEIR HEARTS": DAVID ZEISBERGER'S MORAVIAN MISSION TO THE DELAWARE INDIANS IN OHIO, 1767-180S A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department o f History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Maia Turner Conrad 1998 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9920297 Copyright 1999 by Conrad, Maia Turner All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9920297 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Maia Turner Conrad Approved, A'AUSS James Axtell James Whittenb Maureen I Jfvl* David Holmes Jon Sensbacn ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION For John, my light. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements v List of Figures vii List of Abbreviations viii Abstract X Introduction 2 1. Our Beliefs Are Our Lives: The Moravian Church and Society 15 2. Delaware Beliefs and Social Structure 46 3. The Art of Faith 68 4. The Art of Survival 110 5. The Art of Diplomacy 138 6. "Struck in their Hearts:" The Converts 174 Conclusion 211 Appendix 218 Bibliography 227 Vita 235 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the invaluable assistance of numerous people. James Axtell has been a most generous and helpful advisor, always expecting the best 1 can produce while allowing me to work at my own pace. His faith in my ability and my determination to complete this dissertation has made working with him a wonderful and beneficial experience. The translation of the required manuscripts was made possible with the training I received at the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, under Vernon Nelson.. Susan Dreydoppel, director of the Moravian Historical Society, was always able to find copies of the TransactionsI needed, even when decades old, and I always received them in exemplary time. The reference staff at the Earl Gregg Swem Library at The College of William and Mary were always helpful and efficient when I needed their assistance, especially when the one critical microfilm reading machine frequently broke. I am grateful for James Morris's editorial expertise; my use of fanboys has greatly improved my punctuation. My parents have always been an inspiration to my work, for their love of learning and history has inspired mine. My greatest appreciation goes to my husband, John Burton, v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. and our children, Jordan and Felisa. They have always reminded me of the truly important things in life and have made this long journey worthwhile. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Total Mission Population 226 2. Baptized and Unbaptized Residents 227 3. Communicant and Baptized Residents 228 4. Adult and Juvenile Residents 229 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DeSchweinitz, Life and Times. Edmund DeSchweinitz, The Life and Times of David Zeisberger. The Western Pioneer and Apostle of the Indians. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1870. Reprint, Amo Press, 1971. Diary of David Zeisberger. The Diary of David Zeisberger, 1767-1772. trans. Tilde Marx. Merle H. Deardorff Collection, Warren County Historical Society, Warren Pennsylvania. Hamilton, History of the Church. J. Taylor Hamilton, A History of the Church Known as the Moravian Church, or the Unitas Fratrum. or the Unity of the Brethren, during the 18th and 19th Centuries. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Times Publishing Company, 1900. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1971. Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church. J. Taylor Hamilton and Kenneth G. Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church: The Renewed Unitas Fratrum. 1722-1957. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Moravian Church in America, 1967. Heckewelder, History. John Heckewelder, History. Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighbouring States. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. 12. Philadelphia, 1881. Heckewelder, Thirty Thousand Miles. Thirty Thousand Miles with John Heckewelder. ed. Paul A. W. Wallace. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1958. Henry', Sketches. James Henry, Sketches of Moravian Life and Character comprising A General view of the History. Life. Character, and Religious and Educational Institutions of the Unitas Fratrum. Philadelphia: J. B. vm Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Lippincott, 1859. Hulbert, Moravian Records. The Moravian Records, vol. 2. The Diaries of Zeisberger Relating to the First Missions in the Ohio Basin, eds. Archer Butler Hulbert and Wm. Nathaniel Schwarze. Ohio Archeological and Historical Publications vol. 21. Columbus: 1912. MMR Moravian Mission Records among the North American Indians from the Archives of the Moravian Church. Bethlehem. Pennsylvania. New Haven: Research Publications., [19787] 40 microform reels. For those records which remain in German, the translations are mine. Weslager, Delaware Westward Migration. C. A. Weslager, The Delaware Indian Westward Migration: With the Texts of Two Manuscripts (1821-22) Responding to General Lewis Cass's Inquiries About Lenape Culture and Language. Wallingford, PA: Middle Atlantic Press, 1978. Zeisberger, Diary. Diary of David Zeisberger A Moravian Missionary Among the Indians of Ohio, ed. and trans. Eugene Bliss. 2 vols. Cincinnati: Historical Philosophical Society of Ohio, 1885. Zeisbergefs History. David Zeisberger’s History of the Northern American Indians, ed. Archer Butler Hulbert and William Nathaniel Schwarze. Columbus: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society, 1910. Zinzendorf, Nine Public Lectures. Nicholas Ludwig Count von Zinzendorf, Nine Public Lectures on Important Subjects in Religion. Preached in Fetter Lane Chapel in London in the Year 1746. ed. and trans. George W. Forell. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1973. Reproduced
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