6 X 10.Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 0521652073 - The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy Edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman Index More information

index

Aaron 126 aether 402 Abba Mari 237, 281, 282, 285–96 afterlife 33, 309, 419, see also Abner of Burgos (Alfonso of Valladolid) immortality 353, 393, 406 Agent Intellect, see intellect Abraham 21, 27, 60, 131, 187–8, 207–10, Aggadah 29–34, 223, 376 315–16, 328 Aix 292 Abravanel, Isaac 17, 192, 247, 420–4, Akiva, R. 22, 32 426 Alami, Solomon 245 Abravanel, Judah (Leone Ebreo) 248, 407, Albalag, Issac 270, 305, 357 424, 425, 435, 437 Albert the Great 39 abrogation 75 Albo, Joseph 17 abstract thinking 124 Alemanno, Yohanan 241–5, 424–5 abstraction 309 Alexander of Aphrodisias 55, 258, 262, Abulafia, Abraham 202, 214, 223, 226, 263, 269, 417, 427 232–6, 238, 240, 242, 243, 244 Alexandria 42, 146 Abulafia, Todros ben Joseph 222 Alfonso of Valladolid, see Abner of Abul-Afiyyah, Abraham, see Abraham Burgos Abulafia alghaz (enigmas) 50 accident 85 Alguades, Meir 349 account of the chariot, see maaseh alienation from the community 147 merkavah Alkabetz, Solomon 248 account of creation, see maaseh al-Allaf, Abul-Hudhayl 46 bereshit allegory, allegorization 20, 24, 285, 288, Ackerman, Ari 360 293, 295, 305, 315–16, 331 acquired intellect, see intellect Almagest 260 Acre, Acco 212, 214 Almosnino, Moses 249 actions 114 alphabet 204, 225 Active Intellect, see intellect Alsheikh, Moses 249 Adam 21, 26, 27, 32, 121, 129, 131, 229 Altmann, Alexander 103, 104–5 Adam and Eve 125, 431 Amos 439 adam qadmon (primordial human amr (decree) 119 being) 226 al-amr al-ilahi (divine decree) 122 adequate ideas 437 al-Amshati, R. Hananel ben Samuel Aderbi, Meir 249 212 adl (justice) 58 Amsterdam 435, 440 Adrianople 215 an est (whether) 94–5

464

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521652073 - The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy Edited by Daniel H. Frank and Oliver Leaman Index More information

Index 465

analogical methodology 99 physics 286, 358, 359, 364, 374, 391, Anatoli, Jacob 260, 288, 382 392, 397, 407 al-Andalus 5 psychology 84, 230 Andalusia, Andalusian 39, 111, 137, 158, Aristotelian–Ptolemaic cosmology 166, 204, 220, 282, see also Spain 433 angels 32, 54, 111, 115, 126, 133, 227, Renaissance Aristotelianism 244 246, 315 Theology of Aristotle 44–5, 84, 93 anniyya (being) 95, 96, 98 theory of intellect 311, see also anniyya faqat (beingonly) 94, 97 intellect anniyya mahda (pure being) 94 theory of the world’s preexistence 85, anthropocentrism 233, 436 see also eternity anthropomorphism 18, 20, 21–4, 30, 58, see also Averroes, Maimonides 148, 219, 221, 251 Aristotle 6, 7, 11, 17, 18, 20, 25, 30, 40, anthropopathism 18, 21–4, 219 41–2, 47, 50–7, 114, 118, 124, 171, antinomianism 141 174, 220, 221, 230, 233, 236, 249, Antioch 41 258, 262, 263, 267, 268, 269, 270, antirationalism 384–5, 421 287, 304, 306–7, 317, 320, 321–4, Apollonius 159, 170 350, 355, 359, 360, 361, 363, 395, apophasis 99 397–9, 400, 401, 403, 408, 416–20, apostasy 188, 245 421, 422, 426 Aqedah (sacrifice of Isaac) 21 arguments for the eternity of the Aquinas, Thomas 39, 136, 143–4, world 124, 357 148, 153, 237, 243, 246, 347, Categories 355 348, 349, 350, 358, 380, 384, De Anima 417 416 De Caelo 296, 399 Arab translators 51 De Interpretatione 350, 355 Arabic language 9, 38, 73 on dreams 114 Arabic Neoplatonic traditions 92–3 hot exhalation 162 Aragon 282, 372, 374, 392 Metaphysics 396, 435 Arama, Meir 249 Meteorology 6, 162, 258, 264 Arama, Yitzhak 25, 247 Nicomachean Ethics 14, 297, 406 Aramaic 73, 224 Physics 259, 359–60, 381, 396 aravot (highest sphere) 166 Politics 13–14 Argentiere` 292 on souls of heavenly bodies 171, see Ariotti, Piero 363 also heavens, celestial bodies Aristobulus 26 theory of natural motion 400 Aristotelian 142–5, 177–8, 179, 202, Arovas, Moses 45 218, 237–44, 246, 250, 268, 317, Arroyo, Moses 249 326, 347, 352, 353, 374, 404, 406, ascetic discipline 208 407, 414 Ashariyya 58, 73, 151 corpus 147 Asher ben Yehiel of Toledo 294 Jewish Aristotelians 305 Ashkenazi 201, see also Hasidei logic 84, 118 Ashkenaz natural philosophy 6, 174, 258, 272, asiyah (sublunar world) 227 358, 432 astral 218, 236, 373 natural science 259–61, 263, 268, 358, causality 241, 383 359 determinism 354 Neoplatonic Aristotelianism 47, 50–7, influence 312, 316 115 magic 237, 239, 384 non-Aristotelian physics 345 plan 327, 329

466 Index

astrology 46–7, 218, 228, 235, 236, 237, basic human needs 178 238, 239, 240–1, 246, 247, 349, 352, basic principles of Judaism 346 353, 354, 384 al-Basir, Yusuf 86 and philosophers in Castile 373, 425 Basra 72 astronomers 158 Batalyawsi 243 astronomy 157, 158, 159–67, 171, 228, batin (hidden, esoteric meaning) 60 260, 349, 435 al-Battani, Abu Abdallah 41 atah (now) 361 Battei ha-Nefesh ve-ha-Lehashim he-atid ha-efshari (contingent future) (Tablets and Earrings) 259 353 beauty 428 atomism 402, 433 Bedersi ha-Penini, Yedayah ben atomist 85 Abraham 297, 356–7 atomistic occasionalism 165 Behinat ha-Dat (The Examination of atomistic physics 74, 434 Religion) 418 atzilut (realm of sefirotic spheres) 225, behira (choice) 351, 355 227 behira hofshit (freedom of will) 351 atzmut (essence) 225 Bennett, Jonathan 436 Augustine 26 Berber 282 Aureol, Peter 362, 404 beriah (realm of separate intellects) 227 authority 123 Beziers´ 260 autonomy 177 Bibago, Abraham 247, 347, 384 Averroes 26, 43, 51–2, 53–4, 60, 236–7, Bible 81, 86, 164 238, 239, 244, 258, 260, 263, 266, biblical history 182, 183 267, 268, 269–72, 281–96, 297, 304, binah (Saturn) 238 306, 308, 317, 321, 347, 350, 396, bipolar sexual being 221 402, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420 al-Bistami 202 Commentary on Plato’s Republic 425 Bland, Kalman 418, 420 Long Commentary on Metaphysis 236 body 29, 229–30, 234, 358, 359, 423 see also commentaries, Epitomes Bologna 350 Averroist 239, 305, 318, 358, 422, 425 bondage 121, 125, 164 Avicenna 44, 52–4, 263, 266, 267, 269, Book of Beliefs and Opinions 81, 83, 272, 307, 396, 402, 405 179, 245 Avot 172, 177, see also Pirkei Avot Book of Five Substances 93 ayin (nothingness) 100, 225 Book of the Palm-Date 243 Azariah ben Joseph 349 Book of Substances 104 Azriel 222 Book of Testimony and Legal Documents 83 Babylon 30 Bradwardine, Thomas 391 Babylonian 21 Brahe, Tycho 364, 415 al-Badawi, Muhammad 206 Bruno, Giordano 392 Baghdad 41, 72, 80, 202, 203, 207 Burgos 222 Balkans 235 Burgundy 282 al-Balkhi, Abu Mashar 41 Buridan, Jean 345, 391 Balmes, Abraham de 242 Burley, Walter 350 baqashshot (spiritual concerts) 215 al-Butini, Judah 215 Barcelona 222, 281, 290, 291, 292, 354, Byzantine 41 391, 392, 393 Byzantium 89 ban 294 excommunications 293 Caballeria, Vidal Joseph 373 ben Barzillai of Barcelona, Judah 79, 225 Cain 27

Index 467

Cartesian mechanics 435 On the Physics 260 Castile 224, 228, 246, 284, 372 On the Soul 260 Catalonia 281, 284 see also Epitomes causal system 113 communion 373, see also conjunction causality by action 104 compatibilism 351–5, 383 cause condemnation of philosophy of 1277 55, efficient 318, 417 345–6, 358, 361, 363 final 318 conjunction 417, 418, 419, 425 celestial 160 constitution 178 all-encompassinghighestsphere 163 contemplation 56 bodies 233, 383, 402 contemplative activity 144 motion 401, 405, 432, 433 contingentia futura (contingent future) spheres 85, 227–8, 237, 308, 310, 311 353 see also heavens conventional 189 centrality of the Earth 433 conversion 8, 9, 12–13, 78, 121, 130, 132, character 147 136, 138, 180, 182, 188, 192, 203, as fate 144 215, 242, 353, 373, 375, 381, 420 traits 131 converso 251, 372, 393, 406 Chelebi, Evliya 214 Copernicus 363–4, 433 children of Israel 132 Cordova 136, 137 Christian, Christianity 13–14, 17, 26, Cordovero, Moses 207, 215, 248, 249 30, 38, 39 corruption 313 apologetic tradition 81 cosmological dualism 435–6 Averroists 419, 420 cosmological proof 53 belief 346 cosmology 160, 179, 423 humanists 218, 223, 242, 244 of theosophic kabbalah 227–9 intellectual tradition 80 cosmos 91, 119, 161 irrationality of 378 covenant 184 kabbalah 415 creatio ex nihilo, see creation philosophy 393, 394 creation 20, 29, 48, 49, 57, 123, 124, 126, Pietism 203 129, 145, 149, 226, 227, 234, 235, Platonists 407 305, 310, 332, 357, 360, 380, 403, scholars 391, 392 421, 423 Scholastics 145, 246, 272, 380–1 a nihilo 49 Church Fathers 75 as a story 164 circular motions 160, 233 ex nihilo 18, 25, 45, 46, 51–2, 54–5, 73, city 176 92, 100–5, 149, 150, 285, 317, 357, climate 123 373, 377, 404, 422, 423, 427 cognitive perfection 232, 235 from preexistingmatter 149 Cohen, Hermann 136, 145 in time 85 ha-Cohen, Jacob 222 of the world 139 cohesiveness of Israelites 126 process of 172 collective as community 180, 185 volitional 318–19 commandments 120, 126, 132, 188, 230, see also Averroes, emanation, 247, 375, 423 eternity, Moses Maimonides reasons for 380 creator 117 commentaries 51, 418 Cremona 249 Middle (Averroes) Crescas, Hasdai 32, 145, 245, 272, 308, On the Heavens (De Caelo) 260 309, 347–8, 349, 354–5, 359–60, On the Metaphysics 260 374–5, 391–408, 421, 432, 433

468 Index

Crete 416, 418, 431 direct sense experience 124 culmination of the Judeo-Arabic direction 400 philosophical tradition 136 disputatio 349 divination 312 Dahriyya (materialists) 57–60 divine 171–2 dalil (proof) 77 attributes 73, 117, 147 Damascus 213 election 180 darkness 163 foreknowledge 320 David 40, 190 intentions 152 David ben Joshua 211 knowledge 123, 383 ben David of Posquieres,` Abraham knowledge of particulars 353–4 (Rabad) 28, 220 language, critique of 148 Davidson, Donald 19 law 121, 126, 132, 178 Davidson, Herbert 85, 394, 420 omnipotence 314 death 34, 86, 419, 423 omniscience 354, 377 definitions of humanity 158 order 126, 129, 131, 181, 182 deism 330–1 providence 145, 310–15 del Medigo, Elijah 244, 416–20, 424, 425, revelation 74 431 speech 132 del Medigo, Joseph Solomon (Yashar) voluntarism 317 364, 415, 431 will 174, 317 physical theory of 432, see also wisdom 144, 227 Aristotle writing 132 della Mirandola, Pico 244, 392, 407, 415, dogmas of belief 188 416, 424 Donmeh 215 demiurge 48, 49 Donnolo, Shabbtai 225 Democritus 433 double-truth theory 418, 420 demonology 228 doubt 126 demonstrate 118 dream 114, 115, 117, 127, 315 demonstration 118, 124, 127 Drory, Rina 87 demythologization 226 Duns Scotus 345, 352, 354, 356, 393, Deot ha-Filosofim (Opinions of the 406, 431 Philosophers) 266, 267 Duties of the Heart, see Faraid Derekh Emunah (True Path) 347 al-qulub derekh ha-emunah ve ha-qabbalah (traditional received faith) 246 Earth 163 derekh ha-haqirah/derekh ha-hipus Ebreo, Leone, see Judah Abravanel (rationalist empirical philosophy) eccenters 158, 166 246 Eckhart, Meister 136 derekh ha-shemot (path of names) 234 ecstasy 47 Descartes 435, 436, 439, see also ecstatic experiences 201 Cartesian mechanics efficient cause, see cause determinism 351 efshar (contingency) 351 devequt (cleavingto God) 222 Egypt 79, 137, 206–12 dhat (essence) 96 Elazar ben Azaryah, R. 22 dhikr (remembrance) 201, 202, 210, 214, election 193, 439 215 Elements of Theology 45 Dialogues of Love (Dialoghi d’Amore) Elijah 220, 421, 422 425, 434 elitism 56, 153, 375, 377 diaspora 236 Elman, Yaakov 34

Index 469

emanation 45, 48, 53, 55, 60, 84, 92, evidence 116 100–5, 225, 227, 318, 422, 428 evil 222, 228–9 as eternal process 316–19, 357 ex nihilo, see creation see also creation, Neoplatonism exile 176–7, 180, 209, 231, 232 Empedocles 46 existence 53 empty space 359 exoteric 20, see also esoteric, emunah (belief) 346, 347, 377 esoteric–exoteric distinction Emunah Ramah (The Exalted Faith) expulsion of the Jews 192 380 extension 399 endurance of Israelites 126 Eyn Sof (the infinite) 225, 227, 238 Enlightenment 39 Ezer ha-Dat (The Support of the Faith) Enneads 44, 433 354 enthousiasmos (inspiration) 42 Ezra ben Solomon 222 Epicurean 30, 57 Epicurus 20, 433 Fall of Adam 229 epicycles 158, 160, 161, 166, 167 falsafa, falasifa (philosophy, episteme (knowledge) 322–3 philosophers) 5, 40, 44, 48–50, 86 Epitomes (Averroes) al-Farabi 7, 11, 23, 39, 43–4, 52, 59–60, Metaphysics 260 75, 150, 177, 220, 263, 265, 267, On the Physics 260 269, 427 On the Soul 260 Faraid al-qulub (Duties of the Heart) Parva Naturalia 260 204, 205, 264 see also commentaries al-Farghani 260 Eretz Yisrael (land of Israel) 180, see also Farisol, Jacob 239 Israel Fasl al-Maqal (Decisive Treatise) eschatology 86, 231–2, 236, 246, 418 315 fatalism 350 esoteric 20, 218 Feldman, Seymour 352 esoteric–exoteric distinction 141 felicity 427 esotericism 201, 286 feminine 229 esse agens (active being) 95 Fez 137 esse tantum (beingonly) 94–5 Fi Aqsam al-ulum (On the Division of esse verum (true being) 95 the Sciences) 266 essence 53 Ficino, Marsilio 407, 415, 425 essential causality 104 fides (faith) 347 essentialism 432 Figo, Azariah 244 establishment of a legal system 117 finitude 99 eternal 25, 55, 113, 272, 290, 306, 310, fiqh (jurisprudence) 38, 44 377, see also creation firmament 162 emanation 316–19, 357 first cause 318 production of the world by God First Intellect 236–8 317–19, 357 first matter 104, 105 eternity 139–40, 149–50, 167, 286, 317, First Mover 42, 53, 56–7, 59, 238 346, 361, 379, 403, 437 Flavius Mithridates 242 ethical monotheism 136, 145 Florentine 424 ethical theory 56–7 Fons Vitae (Fountain of Life) 93, 95 Ethics 434, 437, 438 Fontaine, Resianne 268 Euclid 260 form 21, 27, 98, 160, 227 Elements 260 forms 29, 233, 318 Eve 21, 26, 27, 32, 315 four elements 228

470 Index

France 282, 424 who creates literally 117 northern 285 essence of 225 South of 281, 283, 284, 373 eternal, unchanging nature of 74 southern French Jews 284–97 existence of 57 Franco, Solomon 373 foreknowledge 350 Frederick III 241 goodness of 74 free man 437 governs material things 133 free will 351, 380, 393, 400 and the Hebrews 120 freedom 101–2, 151 interactions with human beings 117 Freudenthal, Gad 262 knowledge of future contingents 21 Fustat 137, 170 knowledge of human actions and future contingents 320, 345, 352 events 305 knowledge of particulars 320–30, 373 Gabriel 54, 126 of law 186 Galen 43, 158 living 133 Galileo 39, 364, 392, 415, 431, 432, 433 as mult-layered 221 Gans, David 363, 415 of nature 186 Garden of Eden 229, 315 ‘nothing’ as a name for 103 Gatino, Ezra 373 of the patriarchs 117 gematria (numerical science) 204 a perfect being 113 general knowledge 320 is a person 11, 310–15 generation 313 provinghis existence 121, 375 and corruption 359 relationship to the cosmos 93–6 Geniza, Cairo 206 self-disclosure 226 Genoa 425 status as creator 123–5 geonic, geonim 21, 31, 76, 88, 201, see uncreated speech of 74 Glossary unity of 73, 233, 375 German Pietism 232, 234 unknowability of 224 Gerona 222, 227 his unseen spiritual kingdom 122 Gerondi, Nissim (Ran) 191, 374, 392 what pleases him 117, 123 Gersonides 16, 19, 20, 25, 35, 145, 148, will of 122, 150 261, 270, 297, 304–33, 347, 349, wisdom of 117 352–3, 354, 359, 361, 383, 422, 427 Gondeshapur 41 gevurah (fifth sefirah) 229 Gonteri, Anfredus 354 Ghayat al-Hakim (The Goal of the good 229 Wise) 243 good life 147 al-Ghazali 9, 58–9, 202, 207, 209, 213, Goodman, Lenn 76 269, 270, 272 grace 318 Gikatilah, Joseph 222 Gracia, Jorge 356 Giles of Rome 350 grammar 9, 350 gnosis 211 Granada 283 God 55, 116 Great Chain of Being 227 as above Being 96, 99–100 Greco-Arabic translation movement of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob 133 41–3 his absolute power 358 Greece 248 attachment to 121 Greek 17, 18, 27, 40 as BeingOnly 95–6 philosophy 9, 19 cannot have a body 18 Greeks 39, 123 as the cause of all being 98–9, 358 Guadalajara 222 corporeality of 27, 127–8 guidance of a master 210

Index 471

Guide of the Perplexed 12, 17, 24, 75, language 234–5 136, 138, 139, 145–53, 159, 162, translations 283, 306 166–7, 177, 187, 213, 221, 223, 258, hekhalot (palace) 219, 221, 222, 223, 259, 265, 283, 284, 290, 295, 297, 227 312, 317, 357, 395, 421, 423 heliocentric 433 Gundisalvo, Dominico 349 Hellenism 30 Guttmann, Julius 140, 142, 371, 420, 434 henads (intermediate realities in Neoplatonism) 45–6, 94 Habillo, Elijah 349, 381 hereafter 74, 130 hadith (traditional saying) 38 heresiography 84 haecceitas (thisness) 356 heresy 188, 233, 346, 374, 375 Hai Gaon 31 heretical 379, 406, 440 haim/utrum (whether) 360 heretics 57, 394 Halakhah (religious law) 147, 187, 188, Hermes Trismegistus 44, 113, 115 190, 191, 193, 239, 241 Herrera, Abraham Cohen 250 Halevi, Judah 14, 19, 88, 111, 178–80, hesed (Jupiter) 221, 229, 239 189, 194, 204, 225, 239, 244, 380 Heshek Shlomo (The Desire of Solomon) al-Hallaj 207, 213 244 happiness 56, 426 hexis (disposition) 54 al-haqq (true) 157 Hezekiah bar Halafta 350 harkavah (letter combination) 234 hierarchical structure of reality 121 Harmonization of the Opinions of the highest human good 193 Two Wise Men: Plato, the Divine highest type of life 113 and Aristotle 49–50 hikma (wisdom) 5 harmonization of Plato and Aristotle Hillel of Verona 349 142, see also Neoplatonism Hippocrates 158 harmonizingreason and revelation 141 historicity of revelation 150 Harvey, Warren Zev 29–30, 354, 359, 394 historicity of scriptural accounts hashalah (borrowinga term) 24 315–16 he-Hasid, Abraham Abu Rabia 212 hitbodedut (meditation) 214, 215, 216 Hasidei Ashkenaz 220 bar Hiyya, Abraham 17, 31 Hasidic 202, 216 Hobbes 435 Hasidim 205 Leviathan 13 hasidut (pietism) 207, 211 hod (sun) 239 haver (sage) 180–6, 354 ben Hofni, Samuel 88 havurot (brotherhoods) 215 hofshi (free) 351 haysharah (guidance) 305 hokhmah (sphere of the fixed stars) 228, Hayy ibn Yaqzan 52, 238 238 hazkarah (meditative technique) 202, Holy Land 133, 215, see also Israel 214 household management 176 healthy life 157 human heart 211 and divine knowledge 148 heavens, heavenly bodies 157, 163, 312 excellence 179 heavenly spheres 240 free choice 320 heavenly things 99 freedom 150 incorporeal movers of 433 intellect 54, 234, 235, 237, 247, 306, see also celestial 307, 308, 417, 426, see also Hebrew 39, 73, 221 intellect alphabet 222, 223 knowledge 147 encyclopedias 269, 429 perfection 379

472 Index

human (cont.) Ibn Paquda, Bahya 17, 204–6, 264 political nature 177 Ibn al-Rawandi 57 rational excellence 178 Ibn Rushd 38, see also Averroes rationality 73 Ibn Sahula, Meir 222 reflection about divine things 118 Ibn Shamun, Joseph ben Judah 221 humanists, Christian, see Christian Ibn Shaprut, Shem Tov 237, 373 humility 145, 147, 437 Ibn Shem Tov, Shem Tov 245, 375 huqqim (ritual laws) 152 Ibn Shoshan, Joseph 375 hylomorphism 402 Ibn Sina, see Avicenna hypostatic potencies 233 Ibn Tamim, Dunash 225 Ibn Taymiyya 9 Iamblichus 42, 46 Ibn Tibbon, Jacob ben Makhir 271, ibda (innovation) 45, 46, 48, 49, 103 291 Iberian peninsula 204, see also Spain Ibn Tibbon, Judah 264, 283 Ibn Adham 205 Ibn Tibbon, Moses 258–9, 260, 263, Ibn Adi, Yahya 41 268 Ibn Adret, Solomon (Rashba) 191, 210, Ibn Tibbon, Samuel 25, 139, 191, 220, 222, 232, 234, 236, 237, 271, 281, 258–9, 262, 264, 270, 283, 284–95 286, 373, 374 Ibn Tufayl 47, 56, 238 Ibn Aflah, Jabir 158 Ibn Waqar, Joseph 238 Ibn Aqnin, Joseph 13–15, 205 Ibn Yaish, Solomon ben Abraham 373 Ibn Arabi 48, 61, 202, 204, 214 Ibn Yaish, Solomon ben Meir 373 Ibn al-Arif 207 Ibn Yunus, Matta 41 Ibn Ata Allah 206 Ibn Zaddiq, Joseph 88 Ibn Ayyub, Solomon 260 Ibn Zarza 237, 238, 243 Ibn Bajja 56, 158, 269, 399 Ibn Zuhr, Abu Marwan 158 Ibn al-Bitriq, Yahya 264 ideal philosopher-king 425 Ibn Daud, Abraham 17, 352, 380, 402 ideal political leader 424 Ibn Ezra, Abraham 20, 71, 162, 225, 236, Idel, Moshe 244, 248 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 373 identity 345 Ibn Ezra, Moses 264 and individuation of particulars 345, Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov 18, 95, 162, 355–7, see also Moses Maimonides 265 idolatry 149, 188 Ibn al-Farid, Umar 206 Iggeret ha-Vikkuah (Epistle of the Ibn Gabbai, Meir 249 Debate) 265 Ibn Gabirol, Solomon 17, 20, 84, 91–100, ignorance 116 204, 225, 227, 402, 426 Ihsa al-ulum (Enumeration of the Ibn Gaon, Shem Tov 214 Sciences) 265 Ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali 40, 170 ijtihad (independent reasoning) 86 Ibn Hud, al-Hasan 158, 213 ikhtira (invention) 103 Ibn Ishaq, Hunayn 41, 264 Ikhwan al-Safa (Brethren of Purity) 93 Ibn Kaspi, Joseph 16, 17, 270, 297, 305, ilham (inspiration) 42 314, 353 ilzam (ad hominem argument) 72 Ibn Khaldun 38 imagination 18, 23, 54, 60, 128, 130, Ibn Kimhi family 220 234, 240, 439 Ibn Malka, Judah ben Nissim 238 imam (leader of the Islamic community) Ibn Masarrah 204 42, 44 Ibn Mashita, Daniel 77 iman (faith) 116 Ibn Meir, Shem Tov 373 imitatio Dei 153 Ibn Motot, Samuel 238, 243 imitation 14, 117

Index 473

immortality 55–6, 132, 139, 173, 231, order 122 235, 272, 293, 305, 306, 307, 308, perfection 169, 219, 226, 238, 375, 310, 315, 347, 373, 374, 375, 377, 422 406, 417–18, 419, 420, 421, 423, understandingof the whole of reality 425, 426 115 individual 55, 308, 417, 422 intelligence of species 160 of the soul 18, 346 intelligibilia 377 Incarnation of Jesus 372 intelligibles 307, 308, 315, 318 The Incoherence of the Philosophers 133 intermediary 126 incompatibilism 351–5 inverted tree 226 indeterminism 351 Iraq 79 India irrationality of Christianity 378 as God’s dominion 119 Isaac of Acco 214 kingof 121, 183 Ishmael, R. 22 individual ethics 176 ishraq (illumination) 207, 212 individuality 425 ishraqiyyun (illuminationists) 44 individuation 345, 355–7 Islam 13, 38, 39 infinite 354, 359 Islamic cosmos 391 Neoplatonists 78 regress 395 philosophers 39–61 universe 399 philosophy 11, see also falsafa infinity 246, 397, 403 rationalism 219 innate ideas 430 sciences 9 inner meaning 162 thought 17 instant 361–2 Ismaili 222 institutionalized brotherhoods 201 Israel 116, 117, 121, 129, 132, 133, 209, intellect 18, 21, 85, 86, 96, 114, 130, 228, 229, 230, 231, 241, 247, 405 306, 347, 353, 383 election 30 acquired 54, 294, 307, 308–9, 315, 406, reality of God’s interactions with 417 116 Active or Agent 21, 54–5, 60, 113, rebelliousness 129 115–16, 126, 129, 133, 228, 232, Israeli, Isaac 77, 79, 91, 101–5 233, 234, 235, 236–7, 239, 240, 306, Israelite kings 190 307, 309, 312, 327, 373, 417, 422, Israelites 126, 164 425, 426 israiliyyat 203 in art 417 Isserles of Cracow, Moses 363 material or passive 20–1, 54, 306, 309, Italy 17, 218, 242, 245, 248, 414, 416, 417 418, 420, 424 perfect 231 southern 236 plurality of intellects 418 itiqad (belief) 116 potential 54 ittihad (union) 56 Separate 115, 227–8, 229, 233, 236, ittisal (contact) 56 238, 239, 406, 432 Ivry, Alfred 142 intellectual 377 contemplation 32 Jacob 21, 131 excellence 150 Jacob of Beaucaire 292 joy 309 James II of Majorca 295 love 435 Jehu, General 313 love of God 437 Jerusalem 201, 213 mysticism 233 Jesus’ resurrection 372

474 Index

Jewish kehillah (communal body) 177 esotericism 232 kelim (instruments) 225 history 173 Kellner, Menachem 147, 346 and beingJewish 7–8 Kepler, Johannes 415 kalam 71, 382 keter (First Mover) 238 peoplehood 182 Keter Malkhut (The Royal Crown) 100 philosophical agenda in Christian khalwah (meditation) 209, 214 lands 136 al-Khawwas, Ibrahim 203 philosophy, concept of 3 Khazars, kingof the 111, 180 Jews 176 questions on the origins of Judaism as best possible fruit 131 125–6 distinctiveness of 130 skepticism 121–2 in Hellenistic cultures 17 khirqah (master’s cloak) 208 see also Israel Kifayat al-Abidin (Compendium for the jihad (struggle) 43 Servants of God) 207 Job 11, 20, 24, 151–2 Kimhi, David 17 Joram, King 313 al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yaqub 41, 42, 45, 48 Joseph of Polonnoy, Jacob 205 kinnuyim (lexicons) 202 joy 348, 437 Kitab al-Huruf (Book of Letters) 265 Judah ben Moses Romano 350 knesset Israel (collective symbol of Judah ben Solomon ha-Kohen of Toledo Israel) 239 268, 270–1 knowledge 29, 233, 234, 311, 347, 406, Judah ben Yechiel Messer Leon, see 437 Messer Leon of future contingents 320, 383 Judah the Prince 18, 186 of God 187, 193 al-Junayd 205 revealed 179 justice 11, 113, 117, 185, 312 of the true realities 113 of the universal 151 kabbalah 20, 201, 218–52, 375–6, kol (all) 233, 237 415–16, 423, 424 al-Kostantini, Solomon 237, 373 of divine names 233–4 al-Kurani 213 and Joseph del Medigo 364, 431, 433–4 al-Kutubi 213 prophetic and ecstatic 218, 232 Kuzari 19, 111, 178–86, 239, 245, 297, of the sefirot 233 380, 429 theosophic 218, 224–32, 238 and forms of reasoning 118, 124, 125 theosophic and prophetic 223 kahal (community) 177 la min shay (not from a thing) 45, 103, kalam (theology) 38, 44, 56–7, 59, 71, see also creation ex nihilo 85–6, 149, 380, see also Jewish land of Israel 30, 129, 131, see also Israel kalam special quality of 131 proof 82–4 Langermann, Tzvi 359 kallah (symbol of the collectivity of Languedoc 297 Israel) 239 Lasker, Daniel 348 Kalonymus ben Kalonymus 260, 263, Lates, Issac de 239 269 Latin 348 Kalonymus ben Todros 292 latitude 160 Karaites 30, 76, 80, 86–7, 111, 213, 219 law 9, 117, 121, 124, 132–3, 152–3, 177, Karo, Joseph 249 186–91, 193, 194, 220, 226, 231, 242, kashf (unveiling) 61 305, 314, 378, 392, 405, 418, 439 Kaspi, Nethanel 239, 240 ceremonial 186

Index 475

establishment of a legal system 117 macrocosm 228, 234, 239 hearing 132 Maghreb 39, 158 Mosaic 75, 194 magic 235, 240, 241, 243 oral 87 and Alemanno 425 revealed 125 and philosophers in Castile 373 laxatives 169 magical 424 legal code 178 magicians, Egyptian 240 legalism 201 magnitude 362 Leibniz 438 Mahdi, Muhsin 266 Leon, Moses de 223, 224 Maimonidean 245, 251, 421 Levi ben Abraham of Villefranche 239, controversy 239 240, 259, 305 Maimonides, Abraham 31, 202 Levi ben Gershom, see Gersonides Maimonides, David 212, 214 Leviathan 13 Maimonides, David II 213 Levinas, Emmanuel 4 Maimonides, Moses 6–8, 11, 12, 13, 14, Levine, Hillel 363 17, 18, 19, 20–1, 22, 23–5, 27–8, Levirate marriage 423 31–3, 75–6, 88–9, 136–54, 157–74, Liber de Causis 45, 93 176–80, 186–94, 206, 218, 219–20, liberation 121, 126 221, 223–4, 227, 228, 229, 230–1, of slaves 117 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, liberum arbitrium (free will) 352 248, 249, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, Libro d’Amore (Book of Love) 426 270, 284, 285, 286, 290, 293, 295, Liebes, Yehuda 231 296, 307, 311–12, 315, 317–18, light 48, 54, 104, 163, 212, 222, 225, 434 321–4, 330–1, 332, 346–7, 354, Light of the Lord 347, 354–5, 374, 391, 357, 375, 379–80, 383, 391, 395, 399, 405, 407 396, 401, 406, 416, 420, 426, 427, Lilith 228 439 lineage 122, 129 Book of Commandments 187 lived experience 117 Book of Knowledge 139 Livyat Hen (Wreath of Grace) 259 coherentist interpretation of 139–40, logic 78, 133, 138, 184, 260, 263, 345, 143 349, 350, 383 Commentary on the Mishnah 177, of medicine 170 186 logos (reason) 45 ‘Laws concerningIdolatry’ ( Mishneh longitude 160 Torah) 187 Lorki, Joshua 372 Letter on Resurrection 173 love 20–1, 24, 48, 56, 154, 205, 405, 406, and philosophers in Castile 373, 374 423, 425, 426, 427 proofs of God’s existence 375 of God 193, 375 Treatise on the Art of Logic 176 loyalty 117 on water 162–3, 164 of Israelites 126 see also Aristotle luck 144 Maimonides, Obadyah 210, 211 Lunel 292 Maimonides family 211–12 Luria, Isaac 202, 214, 249 malkhut (Venus) 228, 233, 239 Lurianism 202 Malter, Henry 80 al-Mamun 41 maaseh bereshit (account of creation) man in His image (tzelem) 21 31, 159, 221, 286 Manekin, Charles 348, 349, 352, 353 maaseh merkavah (account of the Mantino, Jacob 244 chariot) 31, 159, 234, 286 Mantua 249

476 Index

Maqasid al-falasifa (Intentions of the Minhat Qenaot (An Offeringof Zeal) Philosophers) 272 353 Marrano (new Christian) 435 min la shay (from no thing) 103, see also masculine 229 creation Mashaallah 41 miracles 74, 115, 125, 172–4, 237, 240, mashal (parable) 20, 24 305, 314–15, 316, 317, 436, 439 al-Masudi 80 Mishnah 31, 138, 286 material intellect, see intellect Mishneh Torah 138, 159–61, 164–5, mathematics 133, 157, 159, 170–2 166–7, 178, 187, 189–91, 220, 283, matter 21, 27, 98, 160, 162, 227, 308, 393 422, 427, 428, 429 see also Maimonides mazzal (astrological flow) 34 al-Misri, Dhu al-Nun 206 McInerny, Ralph 143, 153 mitzvot 30, 226, 230, 377, see also me on (non-being) 49 commandments ‘mean’ as normative in moral matters modern science 435 144 modernity 177, 194 medical regimen 169–70 monarchic politics 190 Medici, Lorenzo de’ 424 monotheism 187, 228 medicine 157, 158, 167–70, 237 Montpellier 281, 290, 291, 295, 356 meditation 211, 214, 215 moral and intellectual virtues 144 Mekor Hayyim, see Fons Vitae moral and political action 153 Menahem ha-Meiri of Perpignan 191, morality 439 259, 288, 292–3, 294 Mosaic law 75, 194 Mendelssohn, Moses 332 Moscato of Mantua, Judah 244–5, 429–31 meon zedek (Mercury) 239 Moses 21, 26, 32, 74, 117, 120, 122, 126, merkavah (chariot) 171–2, 219, 221, 222, 128, 150, 181, 191, 226, 233, 240, 223, 227 393, 438, 439 Mesopotamia 203 Moses of Burgos 222 Messer Leon, David 242–3 motion 53, 157, 160, 161, 250, 360, 361, Messer Leon, Judah ben Yehiel 241, 242, 362, 375, 395, 397–9, 401, 403–4 350 circular 160, 233 Messiah 190–1, 235, 315, 438 theory of natural 399–401, 403 Messianic 74, 177, 190, 231 movement of the spheres 86, see also political doctrine 192 spheres, motion redemption 178 movements of the head 214 messianism 231, 236 mubdi (creator) 46 metaphor 23, 113, 117, 310 Muhammad 205 metaphysics 133, 221 multiple universes 358–9 Metatron (angel) 228 multiple worlds 391, 399 meteorological 123, see also Aristotle Munk, S. 165 metziut (being, universe) 95, 360 al-Muqammas 77, 78–9 microcosm 99, 228, 233, 239 Murdoch, John 358 midrash 16, 18, 26, 219, 224, 230, 246 al-Mursi, Abul-Abbas 206 Midrash ha-Hokhmah (Compendium of music 216, 349 Science) 268, 270 Muslim 30 midrashic 172, 428 asceticism 203 midreshei halakhah (interpretations mutakallimun (theologians) 165, 402 with legal consequences) 23 Mutaziliyya 58, 72, 81, 86, 88, 96 Mifalot Elohim (The Deeds of God) mystic 231, 436 421 mysticism 201–16, 415, 425

Index 477

nagid (head of the Jewish community) nous (intellect) 54, 55, 428 207, 209 nubuwwa (prophecy) 42 Nahmanides 17, 20, 28–9, 31, 191, 222, number fourteen 171 232, 373, 374 namus (law) 42, 132 oath 125, 127 Naples 260, 420, 425 obedience 126 Narboni, Moses 162, 238–9, 240, 270, obligation 184 305, 353, 358 observance of Sabbath 133 Narbonne 292 oceans 162 nation 176 An Offering of Zeal 288, 295 natural 178 omnipotence 422 catastrophes 123 omniscience 320, 331, 352, 384 order 174 On Monarchy 13 philosophy 173 Onkelos 27–9 world 235 optics 435 naturalism 378 Or Adonai, see Light of the Lord nature 18, 220, 228, 404, 436 orb 160, 166 nature of belief 347 ordinary 122–3 nature of the Godhead 91 Oresme, Nicole 345, 359, 393, 401 Navarre 392 origin of the world 25, see also creation necessitation 101–2 Ottoman Empire 243, 249 nefesh (nutritive part of soul) 230 overflow 232, 240, see also emanation Nefutzot Yehudah (The Dispersions of overthrow of a tyranny 117 Judah) 429 Ovid 428 negative attributes 53, 375 negative theology 78, 147, 148–9, 220, Pablo de Santa Maria (R. Solomon 383, 384 Halevi) 372 Neher, Andre´ 363 Padua 350, 416 Neoplatonism 44, 47–50, 91–105, Palestine 79, 86, 137, 235 142–3, 202, 219, 222, 227, 262, Pamplona 359, 392 402, 424 papal authority 236 identified with Aristotle 142 parables 20, 23, 165 and Joseph del Medigo 364, 431, 433 Pardes (Paradise) 32 Neoplatonist 20, 84–5, 86, 93 Pardes Rimmonim (Orchard of neshamah (rational part of soul) 230 Pomegranates) 215 Netherlands, The 438 Paris 391 netzah (Mars) 239 passions 437 “new science” 432, see also Joseph del passive intellect, see intellect Medigo Patrizzi, Francesco 415 Nietzsche 437 Paul of Venice 350 ninth orb 161, 166 pedagogy 22 nisba (proportion) 171 Pelagian controversy 352–3 Nissim of Marseilles, R. 25, 240, 297 Pereq Heleq 346 al-Niyazi, Muhammad 215 perfect human being 113, 115, 235, 237, Noah 26, 123, 328 375 nobility 129, 130 perfect soil 131 noesis noseos (intelligence knowing perfection 180, 374, 375, 380 intellection) 51 of the body and of the soul 152 nomos (law) 14, 42 Perfet, Isaac (Rivash) 375 nomothetes (lawgiver) 42 Perpignan 289, 290, 295, 297, 356

478 Index

Persia 72 politics 168, 176–94 persuasive 118, 125 Pollegar, Isaac 305, 353–4, 406 petah (opening, revelation) 202 Pomponazzi, Pietro 420 Peter of Spain 350 Porphyry 42, 44, 142, 415 Pharaoh 120, 314 Portugal 420 Philip the Fair 295 possibility 354, 355 Philo 4, 26–7, 73, 146, 429, 433 possible particular things 320–9 Philoponus, John 42, 85, 395, 398, 400, practical activities 122 402, 422 practice 14 philosopher-king 43, 60, 150 Prat Maimon (Solomon ben Menahem) philosophical 239, 240, 297 excellence 193 praxis 115 exegete 20–9 prayer 32, 316 life 193 precedence 189 truth 146 preeternity 124 philosophy 201 preexistent eternal matter 25, 317 physics 53, 78, 133, 157, 221, 259, 378, prime matter 54, 85 396, 406, 432, 435 primordial man, see adam qadmon 230 critique of 394 Primum Esse (First Being) 95 physis (nature) 54 The Prince 13 Pines, Shlomo 84, 122, 147, 345, 394 principles of Judaism 8 Pio, Alberto 244 Proclus 42, 44, 45–6, 94, 415 Pirkei Avot (Sayings of the Fathers) 203 Profiat Duran (Efodi) 375 place 359, 397–9 prophecy 18, 23, 34, 60, 61, 115, 123, Plato 9, 18, 26, 27, 43–4, 47, 193, 263, 125, 143, 150, 168, 180, 181, 193, 415, 416, 422, 428, 436 209, 234, 235, 240, 312, 351, 377, Crito 120 426 and innate ideas 430 as the imaginative mimesis of Laws 44, 127, 193 intellectual perfection 126 Republic 13–15, 43, 193, 230, 297 nature of 139 Symposium 424, 426 trustworthiness of 125 Timaeus 85, 123, 427, 428, 429 prophet 23, 43, 74, 130, 144, 181, 235, Platonic 29, 242, 317, 414 237, 327 Academy in Athens 42 prophetic 181, 182, 214 philosopher-king 42, 43, 60, 150 dream 131 Platonism 244, 423, 424, 432 kabbalah 218, 232 Platonist 401 prophets 19, 21, 117, 235, 439 pleasure 406 proselytization 138 Plotinus 17, 42, 44–5, 91–104, 415, 423, Provenc¸al 201 427, 428, 430 Provence 17, 220, 236, 239, 260, 297, Podolia 216 304, 307, 331, 348, 349 poetry 60 Provenzzalo, Moses 244 polis (city-state) 60, 176 Proverbs 23 political 117 providence 22, 23, 30, 33, 132, 150–2, animal 168 168, 181, 247, 305, 315, 318, 351, individuation 176 353, 373, 377, 380, 383 legitimacy 184–6 providential grace 184 obligation 183, 189 providential knowledge 328–30 philosophy 13–15 pseudo-Ammonius 46, 48 science 43 pseudo-Qumisi 77

Index 479

pseudo-scientific 46 redemption 86, 232, 235–6 psychology 418, 423 refugees 242 Ptolemy 166, 260 regimens for health 158 punishment 418 reliability of tradition 128 purification 113, 230 religion, critique of 194 purpose 193 religious Pythagoras 40 conflict 114 Pythagoreanism 171–2 fanaticism 114 inadequacy of reason 185 ben ha-Qanah, Nehunya 221 perfection 377 al-Qirqisani, Yaqub 86, 88 Renaissance 14, 39, 241, 244, 245, 405, qiyas (reasoning) 86 406, 414, 421, 423 Qol Yehudah (The Voice of Judah) 245, humanism 248 429 Jewish Platonists 424–34 quaestio 349, 360, 382 magus 244 Quine, W. V. O. 19 philosophy 414 al-Qumisi, Daniel 77 Platonism 250 Quran 38 Renan, E. 262, 269 al-Qushayri 205, 207 Rencanati, Menahem 226, 242 repentance 437 Raaya Mehmna (The Faithful republicanism 192, 193–4 Shepherd) 231 Reshit Hokhmah (Beginning of Wisdom) Rabbanites and Karaites 87 265, 266 rabbinic respiratory control 214 esotericism 221 rest 362, 404 literature 9, 17, 18 resurrection 18, 305, 417, 418, 419, 423 oral law 76 bodily 18, 171–2, 315, see also theism 219 immortality racial interpretation 181 retribution 351 rais (chief) 44 Reuchlin, Yohannes 244 raqia (firmament) 162 revelation 122, 127, 180, 182, 183, 184, Rashi 20 185, 186, 226, 380 rational reward 406, 418 knowledge 179, 347 and punishment 85, 317, 348, 420 perfection 187, 374 rhetoric 127, 350 souls 233, 235 riddles 20 speculation 347 right action 18 thought 73 Rosenberg, Shalom 346, 349 rationalism 377 ruah (appetitive part of soul) 230 rationalist philosophy 218, 219, 232, Ruderman, David 363 373, 374 ruhaniyyat (spiritual beings) 46 rationality 74, 179, 181 rumuz (parables) 50, 57–60 of Judaism 378 Ruth 182 of revelation 141 ratzon (will) 351 Saadya Gaon 14, 16, 19, 22, 25, 71–89, Ravitzky, Aviezer 348 179, 184–5, 186, 203, 219, 380, 422, al-Razi, Abu Bakr 40, 57–8 423 reality of God’s interactions with Sabians of Harran 46 biblical Israel 116 sacred order 123 reason 219 sacrifice 152, 240

480 Index

Safed 201, 213, 214–15, 249 sefirotic 230, 231 safwah (choicest) 121 self-disclosure of God’s wisdom and will sage 121, 123, 126, 128, 133 125 saint worship 215 self-intellection 310 saints 203 self-knowledge 234 Salonica 249 self-perfection 14 salvation 231 sensation 54 sama‘ (music) 215 sense perception 73 Samuel 228 Separate Intellects/Intelligences, see Samuel ben Judah of Marseilles 297 intellect Saperstein, Marc 349 separation 13 le-sapper (to tell) 225 of church and state 438 sappir (sapphire) 225 Septimus, Bernard 271 Saragossa 354, 391, 392 Sermon on the Passover 349, 354 Sarah 27 Sermoneta, G. 350 Sarmad 213 Seth 27 Sarsa, Samuel 373 Sforno, Obadia 244 Sarug, Israel 251 al-Shaarani 213 Scholastic philosophy 13, 345, 383, 394, al-Shadhili, Abul-Hasan 206 see also Christian Shalom, Abraham 247, 349 Schwarz, Michael 76 Shamayyim Hadashim (New Heavens) science 6, 157, 359, 407, 415, 422, 431 421 history of 164–5 Sharia (Islamic law) 14, 42, 132 of law 187 al-Shaydhalah 207 Scripture 149, 439 shaykh (leader) 202 literal interpretation of 139 Shekhinah (divine presence) 27 philosophical foundations of 149 Shem 123, 131 philosophical intelligibility of 141 Shem Tov ben Isaac of Tortosa 260 secrets 164 Sherira Gaon 31 secular notion of the state 13 ben Sheshet, Jacob 222, 228 Sefer ha-Bahir (Book of Brightness) 221 Shir ha-Maalot (Songof Virtues) 244 Sefer ha-Iyyun (Book of Contemplation) Shiur Qomah (Measure of the Body) 219, 222 239 Sefer Maarekhet Elhohut (The Shulhan Arukh (classical legal code) 249 Constellation of the Godhead) 226 Sicily 41–4, 235, 236, 416 Sefer ha-Meshiv (Book of Redemption) siddur (order) 312 246, 375–6 siddur ha-nimtzaot (arrangement of the Sefer Mikhlal Yofi (The Book of the universe) 236 Perfection of Beauty) 350 sighting the lunar crescent 159 Sefer Milhamot ha-Shem, see Wars of silsila (link) 44 the Lord Simeon ben Joseph 288 Sefer Taalumot Hokhmah (Book of the Sinai 120 Depths of Wisdom) 433, 434 sins 75, 229, 230 Sefer Yetzira (Book of Creation) 81, Sirat, Colette 353, 361 93, 171, 222, 223, 225, 234–5, 239, sitrah ahrah (other side/evil) 228, 229, 245 246, 375 sefirah, sefirot (number, quality, sitrei Torah (hidden parts of the Torah) heavenly power) 225–6, 227–9, 20 230, 232, 238–9, 242–3, 244, 246, skepticism 116, 128 419 slow motion 160

Index 481

Socrates 43, 120 al-sunna (tradition) 42 Solomon, King 23, 24, 40, 244, 424, 425, super-commentaries 237, 246 427, 439 supernal light 204 Solomon ben Adret, see Ibn Adret supreme level of reality 123 Solomon ben Judah of Lunel 239 Sura 79 Songof Songs 20, 24 survival 177, 308 sophists 9 of intellect 308 Soria 222 syllogistic forms of argument 349 soul 29, 83, 88, 114, 128, 229–30, 306–7, Syria 72, 79 308, 362, 423, 436 Syriac 41 sovereign will 183 Syriac-Christian theological inquiry 42 sovereignty 176 Syro-Palestine 131–2 space 375, 404, 405 Spain 12, 17, 218, 236, 242, 244, 245, taamei ha-mitzvot (reasons for the 248, 272, 371–85, 414, 416, 420 commandments) 152, 220, 230–1, northern 348 373 species 55, 144, 158, 160, 168–9, 308, tabiat al-adad (nature of numbers) 311, 357, 431 171–2 fixity of 158 tafsir (exegesis, commentary) 51 spheres 166–7, see also celestial, Tagmulei ha-Nefesh (Retributions of the heavens Soul) 349 Spinoza 19, 136, 145, 149, 154, 192–4, Tahafut al-Tahafut (Incoherence of the 251, 392, 404, 434 Incoherence) 236 spiritual 14 Taitatzak, Joseph 249 ascension 56, 202 tajalli (manifestation) 48 Steinschneider, Moritz 262 Talmud 10, 16, 18, 23, 34, 35, 203, 249, Stoicism 29, 30, 57 289 stratification of the atmosphere 163 talmudic 22, 88 Strauss, Leo 43–4, 89, 139, 193 tanzih (via remotionis) 58 sublunar Targumim 24, 27–9 elements 401 tashbihat (similes) 60 entities 306, 383 tatil (emptyingGod of meaning) 58 intelligibles 309 tawhid (unity) 58 motion 405 tawil (symbolic interpretation) 58 phenomenon 310, 312, 373 technique 9–11 physical objects 54 tekkiye (Sufi convent) 214 realm 321 teleology 158 sphere 317 temperament 131 things 316, 320, 327 temperate climes 131 universe 351 Tempier, Bishop Stephen 346, 358 world 233, 236, 237, 239, 318 Temple 240 substance 85 terrestrial 160, 432 Sufism 201–16, 222, 235 territory 176 al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din 41–4, 207, Tetrads 171 211 Tetragrammaton 222 Sullam ha-aliyyah (Ladder of Ascension) Thales 46 215 Themistius 75, 262, 263, 321 summum bonum (supreme good) 18, theodicy 34 56–7, 144, 153, 375, 423, 425, Theological-Political Treatise, see 426 Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

482 Index

theological realism 7–8, 12 al-Tustari, Sahl 202, 204 theology 9 Twersky, Isadore 269 Theology of Aristotle 44–5, 84, Tzurot ha-Yesodot (The Forms of the 93 Elements) 421 theophany 126–7, 128 theoretical reason 56 ulama (religious scholars) 38 theory of natural motion 399–401, ultimate felicity 348 403 ultimate sources of knowledge 124 theory and practice 147 umma (community) 59, 186, 187 theosophy 415 union 115, 250, 417 theurgy 222, 424 Unmoved Mover 56, 405 Thiel, Udo 356 Urbach, Ephraim 29 Thomae, Peter 354 Tibbon family 283, see also Ibn Tibbon vacuum 360, 397–9, 400, 401, 403 Tiberias 137 velocity 398–9 tiferet (Jupiter) 239, 244 Venice 420 time 361, 362, 375, 403–4 veridical dreams 114, 312 Tiqquney Zohar (Elaborations of the Versoris, Jean 381 Zohar) 231 Vidal, Crecas 41, 289 Todros, Isaac 222 Virgin birth 372 Todros of Beaucaire 290, 291 visitation of the tombs and saints 215 Todros Todrosi 260, 272 void 358, 360 Toledo 41, 179, 222 volitional view or belief 347 tombs 216 voluntarism 352 topos 359, see also place Torah 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 29, 30, 120, 138, wadi al-Sharia (lawgiver) 42 164, 186, 190, 222, 226–7, 229, 230, wahy (inspiration) 42 232, 235, 237, 240, 241, 243, 246, wajib al-wujud (necessary being) 46 247, 250, 251, 271, 286, 288, 375, Wars of the Lord 304, 331, 352, 359, 378, 394, 418 361 cantillation 223 water 162–3, 164 ‘speaks in the language of human weight 400 beings’ 21–2 will 85, 227, 310, 347, 348, 353 Tractatus Theologico-Politicus 136, 145, William of Ockham 352, 362, 383–4, 193, 438–9 404, 431 tradition 121, 123, 124, 125, 350, wine 169 354 wisdom 11, 24 traditional scriptural beliefs 143 from the East 39–40 translations 41, 42–3, 89, 258–71, 287, Wolfson, H. A. 103, 104, 261, 394–5, 418, 424 407, 434 transmigration 423 world transmission of learning 40–3 as beginningless 144 A Treatise upon Personal or Individual to come 231, 247, 346, see also Forms 356 immortality Trinitarian 356, 372 as eternal 145 Trinity 233 origin of 316 Trinquetaille 260 as preeternal 123 true human good 377 temporal creation of out of nothing true prophet 122 316–19 trust 117 see also creation

Index 483

Yaabetz, Joseph 248 Yosef ben Yehudah 171, see also Ibn Yafet 123 Shamun Yagel, Abraham 245 yediah amitit (true knowledge) 322–3 zaddiq (righteous) 202, 216 Yefet ben Eli 87 zahir (exoteric meaning) 60 Yehiel Nissam of Pisa, R. 241 zehirut (precaution) 211 yeshivot (religious colleges) 246 Zerahyah ben Isaac Hen 260 Yeshua ben Yehuda 87 Zevi, Shabbetai 215 yesod (moon) 239 ziyarah (Sufi rite) 215 Yesod Mora 239 Zohar 202, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229–32, yetzira (creation) 227 242, 244, 246, 248, 249 bar Yohai, Simon 224, 231, 248 Zonta, Mauro 262, 266, 272 Yonatan ben Uziel 27 Zwiep, Irene 265