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Drug Dependency and Drug Abuse in New Zealand.Pdf ,1 I FIRST REPORT F] BOARD OF HEALTH (Under Health Act 1956) Opinions expressed in this Report are those of the Committee responsible and do not necessarily represent the views of the Board of Health REPORT SERIES: No. 14 j T A C Kj] Published 16 February 1970 2 a BOARD OF HEALTH (constituted under section 11, Health Act 1956) Hon. D. N. McKay, Minister of Health, Chairman. Dr D. P. Kennedy, Director-General of Health, Deputy Chairman. Dr G. Blake-Palmer, Deputy Director-General of Health. Dr J. P. Kennedy, Director, Division of Hospitals. Dr C. N. Derek Taylor, Director, Division of Public Health. Dr R. North, nominee of Medical Association of New Zealand. Professor C. W. Dixon, nominee of University of Otago Council. Professor E. G. McQueen, nominee of Medical Research Council. Mr E. M. H. Kemp, nominee of Municipal Association. Mr A. E. Reid, nominee of Counties Association. Sir Edwin Bate, member of a hospital board Professor Patricia Coleman, representing the interests of women and children. Dr H. B. Turbott (former D member. irector-General of Health) other FUNCTIONS OF THE BOARD The principal function of the Board shall be to make recommendations to the Minister in respect of such matters relating to public health as may be referred to it by the Minister, and in particular any matters which may be so referred to it relating to: (a) The adoption of a general health policy for the promotion of health, the prevention of disease and disability, and the proportion of the available resources that should be allocated for each of the foregoing - purposes. (b) The relationship of the control and management of hospitals to the general health policy. (c) The operation of medical, pharmaceutical, hospital, maternity, and other related benefits under Part II of the Social Security Act 1964 and their relationship to the general health policy. (d) The. co-- "...............- of th s under this Act, and with ri-328 - ect of public health, 02N New Zealand Department of Health LIBRARY Box 5013 Wellington Accession No. Classification . .... W...M......270 ........ -V.--- WH Locati on,: ........................... - 87443H-500/9/82 MK N.Z. BOARD HLTH. REP. SER., 1970, 14 Drug Dependency and Drug Abuse in New .Zealand FIRST REPORT BOARD OF HEALTH (Under Health Act 1956) Opinions expressed in this Report are those of the Committee responsible and do not necessarily represent the views of the Board of Health REPORT SERIES: No. 14 Published 16 February 1970 Reprinted April 1970 LIBRARY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTh WELLINGTON PREFACE Office of Minister of Health, Wellington. 17 April 1968. The Secretary, Board of Health, Wellington. Dear Sir, Members of the Board of Health will be well aware of the world- wide concern which continues to be expressed about drug dependency states and abuse of drugs. In the annual report of the Department of Health last year the Director, Division of Public Health, had the following observations to make: "this subject deserves careful and dispassionate examination as to whether or not non-narcotic drug dependency exists in New Zealand; and if so, its extent and significance; the factors in its epidemiology; and the socio-economic consequences." In additioii to this note of caution I have received various comments from lay organisations, members of the medical profession, and from New Zealand Police all of whom have interests, often overlapping, in the many-sided social or health hazards arising from drug dependency and abuse of drugs. The outcome has been to convince me of the need to establish a committee of the Board of Health "to enquire into and report on drug dependency and drug abuse in New Zealand and matters relating thereto and make recommenda- tions to the Board." I am writing therefore to make a formal request to the Board to establish such a committee with an order of reference along the lines indicated. Should the Board agree to this course I would like to suggest that the committee be chaired by Dr Blake-Palmer and that the membership be drawn from: (a) The Department of Health (Food and Drug Branch). (b) A nominee of the Pharmacy Board of New Zealand. (c) A medical expert in the treatment and management of drug dependency states (to he suggested by the Department of Health). (d) An authoritative person from the disciplines of either social science or social anthropology (Victoria University, Wellington), to be invited. (e) A representative from the Department of Education. (f) A representative from church social services organisations having direct day to day experience of critical situations as for example the Samaritan Telephone Service. (g) Representation from the Medical Association, of New Zealand. (h) A representative from the New Zealand Police. 1 This list is merely an indication of the kinds of representation which may be acceptable to the Board should it agree to the establishment of a committee. It may prefer, of course, to set up a small committee initially and delegate to it the power to add to its membership as it sees the need for wider representation developing during the course of its enquiries. Would you please bring these matters to the attention of the Board at its meeting of 24 April. Yours faithfully, Minister of Health. 4 MEMBERSHIP OF COMMITTEE Chairman: Geoffrey Blake-Palmer, E.D., F.A.N.Z.C.P., D.P.M., M.R.C.S. (ENG.), L.R.C.P. (L0ND.), L.D.S., R.C.S. (ENG.), Deputy Director-General of Health. Members: Frederick Noel Fastier, D.SC., D.PHIL., F.RJ.C., F.N.Z.I.C., Professor of Pharmacology representing the Medical School, University of Otago. Walter Edmund Wilmhurst Hurst, M.A., Director, Wellington Samari- tan Telephone Service, Dean of Wellington. Sydney George Little, M.P.S., Chief Pharmacist, Southland Hospital Board, representing the Pharmacy Board of New Zealand. Alice Joan Metge, M.A. (N.Z.), PH.D. (LONDON), Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Victoria University of Wellington. William Murphy, M.D., D.P.11., DIP.NUT., Deputy Director, Division of Public Health, Department of Health. Charles Graham Riley, M.B., CH.B., F.R.C.P., F.R.A.C.P., Vice-President, the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, representing the Medical Association of New Zealand. David Hargreaves Ross, M.A., DIP.ED., A.c.E.(ILLIN0Is), Officer for Special Education, representing Department of Education. Patrick Philip Eric Savage, E.D., M.B., cH.B.(N.z.), M.A.N.z.c.P., D.P.M. (ENG.), Medical Superintendent, Oakley Hospital, Auckland. Robert Josiah Walton, o.n.s., E.D., Detective Chief Superintendent, Head of the Criminal Investigation Branch, New Zealand Police. Assisting the Committee: James Ivan Ashforth, M.P.S, M.R.S.H., Chief Public Health Pharmacist, Department of Health. Secretary: Barbara Slater, until 15 March 1969Z Division of Public Health, Tan Ogden, 15 March 1969— A Department of Health. CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 1. Introduction 9 2. Vocabulary and Terminology 11 3. Drugs and the Law in New Zealand 15 4. History of Drug Use and Misuse ........ 21 5. Drug Dependency .and Drug Abuse in New Zealand in the 1960s . 23 6., Supply from Illicit Sources 39 7. Matters Relating to Prescribing and Sources of Supply. 42 8. Dealing with the Offender 48 9. The Treatment of Drug Dependency and Drug Abuse 52 10. Drugs and News Media 60 11.. Central Depressants ....... .............. 61 12. Central Stimulants ....... 63 13. The Hallucinogens, including Cannabis 65 14. O.D.S. Drugs 79 15. Drug Dependency and Drug Abuse: The Social Context 81 16. Summary of Conclusion and Recommendations 87 APPENDICES I Acknowledgment and Appreciation 95 II Advertisement Seeking Submissions 97 III (A) List of Witnesses Presenting Personal Submissions ...... 98 III (B) Witnesses Interviewed by Individual Committee Members......., ............. 101 III (C) Written Submissions made to Drug Dependency and Drug Abuse Committee 102 IV International! Control of Narcotics 104 V Statement of John Frederick Gillies 105 VI Use of Powers of Search Without Warrant 106 VII Definition of "Drug" under Food and Drug Act 1969 110 VIII A Short History of Drugs of Abuse and Drug Abuse Control in New Zealand 111 IX Reports on Significant Deaths arising from Drug Overdosage 127 X Bibliography 131 APPENDICES PAGE XI Statistical Tables 136 XII, List of Relevant Legislation Relating to Drugs of Abuse 154 XIII A Suggested Research Programme 155 XIV Report on Two Recent Cases of Iffidit Trafficking 156 Addendum 157 7 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The first meeting of the Committee was held in Wellington in August 1968 following considerable preparatory work by a working party of Wellington members. Subsequently the Committee has met nine times in Wellington and once in Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin respectively. Since the Dunedin meeting in May 1969 the Wellington working party has met regularly between meetings of the full Committee, and considerable work has been undertaken by individual members in those fields for which their particular knowledge and experience were most appropriate. 1.2 At the outset of its proceedings the Committee resolved to encourage witnesses to appear before it, thus affording an opportunity of a fuller elucidation of the evidence they submitted than would be possible if it relied over-much on written submissions. In the event, a considerable number of the witnesses who appeared before it also made written submissions, some of their own initiative and some by invitation following the hearing. In all some 49 witnesses appeared in person, and these are listed in appendix III (a). Seven persons attended as observers at various meetings and subsequently participated in discussion. Three further groups of witnesses were interviewed by individual members of the Committee. The list of these is given in appendix III (b).
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