Crisis and Revival of Meiji Buddhism
International Inoue Enryo Research 2 (2014): 55‒73 © 2013 by International Association for Inoue Enryo Research ISSN 2187-7459 CRISIS AND REVIVAL OF MEIJI BUDDHISM Frédéric GIRARD 0 Introduction The Meiji Era 明治時代 (1868–1912) was often considered to be an age of enlighten- ment, because it came after a long period of isolation. Japan opened itself to the Occi- dent, which was considered synonymous with modernization. Japan believed itself pro- gressive when it adopted and wholeheartedly accepted the epistemology and know- ledge, as well as the technologies and sciences, that came from the West. The con- scious steps towards modernization also included disciplines in the humanities, that 0 Frédéric GIRARD, professor of Intellectual History of Japan, Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient EFEO in Paris and Tokyo. GIRARD IIR 2 (2014) | 55 were previously unknown in Japan. New methodologies in the fields of philology, comparative religious studies, critical philosophy, logic and historiography came to be used in parallel with those already extant in the Japanese tradition. In the religious context, the concepts of enlightenment, modernization and pro- gress are problematic due to their hierarchical view of culture. However, during the Meiji Era, Buddhism hoped to benefit from modernization. The concepts of seculariza- tion and religious freedom were introduced during a time of persecution of Buddhism and the consolidation of State Shintō. The first part of this article sheds some light on this period by introducing the activities of the Rinzai monk, DOKUEN Shōshu 独園承珠 (1819–1895). The dialogues of Émile GUIMET (1936–1918) with Buddhist priests around the same time add to the historical picture.
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