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Recent Development in Indian Politics

Q1. Discuss the policies and programmes of ?

Ans. Janata Dal was formed by merging together three opposition parties i.e., , Jan Morcha and Lok Dal in 1988. Mr. V.P. Singh was unanimously elected President of the Janata Dal. On October 22, 1989 Election Commission allotted the wheel symbol to the Janata Dal. Due to groupism Janata Dal is divided eight times.

1. Corruption: The Party is committed to remove corruption. 2. Responsive Administrative Structure: The Party promised a responsive administrative structure. 3. Electoral Reforms: The party is committed for comprehensive election reforms so as to curb the influence of money and muscle power in election. 4. Reservation in Educational Institutions: Janata Dal revived the Mandal Card by promising to extend 27 percent reservation even in educational institutions if it came to power at the centre. 5. National Security Council: A National Security Council will set up to co-ordinate the activates of various departments concerned with security. 6. Radio and Doordarshan: All and Radio and Doordarshan will be made autonomous.

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7. Social Justice: Janata Dal is committed to promote social Justice. 8. Federalism: Janata Dal would promote cooperative federalism involving all the states govt. in making policy decisions. 9. Smaller States: Janata Dal will appoint a commission to go into demands of smaller states. 10. Right to Work: Every citizen has the right to work. Right to work shall be made fundamental right. 11. Secularism: The party is committed to Secularism. 12. Education: Uniform and Universal education to all children with special emphasis on girls through neighborhood schools up to high school level in the medium of regional language. 13. Election Successes: In the Ninth Elections held in November 1989 the Janata Dal secured 141 seats. Mr. V.P. Singh was unanimously elected leader of the Janata Dal and National Front Parliamentary wings. In Tenth Lok Sabha Elections Janata Dal secured only 55 seats whereas in 1996 Lok Sabha elections Janata Dal secured 43 seats. In 12th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1999 the party secured only 21 seats. Future of the Janata Dal is not bright due to factionalism among the leaders of the party. In the 14th Lok Sabha Elections Janata Dal (United) secured only 7 seats and Bhartiya Janata Dal secured 23 seats.

Q2. Explain the policies and programmes of the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP)?

Ans. Bhartiya Janata Party: Bhartiya Janata Party was established in 1980 due to split in Janata Party Bhartiya Janata was formed under the President ship of former foreign Minister. Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee. On April 24, 1980 the Election Commission granted recognition to the group led by Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee as a national party. The BJP was also provisionally allotted the symbol of `Lotus`.

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Policies and Programmes of B.J.P: AT the time of 15h Lok Sabha election, BJP released its election Manifesto in March, 2009. The programme and policies of BJP are as follows:

1. Restoration of State authority: The BJP favors promised to restore to our state its authority. The primary task is to restore to the state, and to governance its honor and prestige. 2. Constitutional Reforms: The BJP will appoint a commission to review the , the commission will comprise the constitutional experts and eminent. 3. Centre- State Relations: The BJP favors restricting of centre – state relations in view of the quick economic development and decentralization. 4. Article 356: Article 356 permitting dissolution of state government by the centre will be invoked only when the constitutional machinery has in fact broken down and not promote any partism interest. 5. National Unity: The BJP is pledged to defend the unity and integrity of India. 6. Positive Secularism: The BJP is committed to the concept of positive secularism which means Sarva Dharma Sambhava and which does not connote on irreligious state. 7. Smaller States: The Party stands for the information of smaller states which are economically and administratively viable. 8. Languages: A commission will be set up to study the feasibility of treating all 18 languages included in schedule 8 of the constitution as official language. 9. Inter State Council: BJP will appoint an Inter State Council to settle all inter- state and centre state disputes. 10. Right to Information: The BJP will enhance public access to information to the maximum extent possible. 11. Minorities: The BJP will guarantee to all minorities whether religious or linguistic peace and security and fulfill opportunities for progress and development.

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12. Corruption: The BJP holds that root of the entire corruption lie in political and electoral corruption. The party is committed to remove all sorts of corruption. 13. Education for all: The BJP will increase state spending on education progressively to 6 percent and achieve full literacy by the year 2010.

Q3. Trace the emergence of BJP as a significant force in past emergency politics?

Ans. Bhartiya Janta Party is a major National political party in India. The five fold concept of `suchita` (Probity in Public Life), `Suraksha’ (Security), `Swadeshi’ (Economic Nationalism), `Samajik Samarasta’ (Social Harmony) and `Hindutva’ (Cultural Nationalism) constitute the core content and ideological pillars of BJP. BJP believes in one nation, one people, and one culture.

Emergence of BJP as powerful force in Past Emergency Politics: Though Janata Party faced split in July in 1979 on the issue of dual membership, but this controversy didn`t end even after split. On 19th March, 1980 the Parliamentary Board of Janata Party decided to majority vote that no legislator or office bearer of Janata Party shall participle in the day to day activities of the R.S.S; but leaders of the erstwhile Jana Sangh – Atal Behari Vajpayee, L.K. Advani and Nana Deshmukh expressed their strong reservation on it and recorded their dissend.

On 6th April, 1980 a new political organization – The Bhartiya Janata Party was born under the president ship of Mr. Atal Behari Vajpayee.

Election Success: In Lok Sabha election of 1984, the BJP secured only 2 seats. In 11 states Assembly Elections of March 1985 the party did not succeed much. In Elections of the 1989, BJP secured 86 seats. The BJP decided to support Nation Front Govt. from outside.

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In Elections in 1991, BJP secured 91 seats. In the elections held for Elections in 1996, the BJP emerged as the largest party secured 161 seats. In 12th Lok Sabha Elections held in 1998, the BJP secured 182 seats. The BJP and its allies secured 252 seats. Atal Behari Vajpayee was elected as . In Elections held in 1999, BJP secured 182 and its allies, 297 seats. On 10th October, National Democratic Alliance elected Atal Behari Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India. In 14th Lok Sabha Elections, BJP secured only 132 seats and lost power in centre. In 15th Lok Sabha Elections held in 2009, BJP secured only 116 seats.

Q4. Analyze the policies and programmes of National Democratic Front?

Ans. National Democratic Front: On 15th May, 1999 in an effort to protect Unity and Stability the BJP and its allies formed an Alliance with common manifesto called National Democratic Alliance – Atal Behari Vajpayee elected as leader of the NDA. The following are the policies and programmes of NDA:

1) NDA promised to free the nation of the triple curse of Bhookh (hunger) `bhay` (fear) and `bhrashtachaar` (Corruption). 2) NDA promised administrative reforms including those for the police and other civil services. 3) NDA promised to enact legislation to provide an eligibility criterion that the offices of state legislature, executive and Judicial are held only by naturally born Indian citizens. 4) NDA promised to take measures for ensuring a fixed term of five years for all elected bodies, including legislatures. 5) NDA extended its hands of friendship to minorities. 6) NDA promised to bring GDP growth to 7 to 8 percent and to control deficits fiscal and revenue.

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7) NDA govt. promised to give strong `Swadeshi` thrust to the national economy. 8) The NDA is committed to achieve population stabilization by 2010. 9) The NDA govt. would eradicate unemployment. 10) The NDA govt. promised to appoint a commission to review the constitution of India. 11) The NDA promised harmonious centre-state relations in the light of the Sarkari Commission. 12) The NDA promised to established Backward Area commission for each state. 13) The NDA promised electoral reforms. 14) The NDA promised to establish Lok Pal and to give him adequate powers to deal with corruption charges against anyone, including PM. 15) The NDA promised full statehood to and Uttaranchal, Vananchal and Chhattisgarh as new states.

Q5. Describe the formation and objective of United Progressive Alliance?

Ans. United Progressive Alliance: The united Progressive Alliance is outcome of results of the 14th Lok Sabha elections. In the general elections of 2004, the rulling BJP was stunned by the scale of defeat. The united progressive alliance was not formed before elections but to take shape after the election. A meeting of newly elected members of Parliament of the congress and its allies was held on May 16, 2004 in . The alliance was named as the united progressive alliance and Smt. Sonia Gandhi elected unanimously its leader. UPA consist of 15 Political Parties. Main Political Parties of UPA were congress, National Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party, D.M.K, P.M.K, TRS, M.D.M.K, Lok Jana Shakti R.P.I (A), Muslim League, Democratic Front, , Congress (J), R.P.I, (G), etc. on May 22, 2004 UPA formed the govt. under the leader ship of Dr. Man , This Alliance also prepared a common Minimum Programme.

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Objective and Common Minimum Programme of U.P.A:

Six basic principles and objectives of UPA are as follow:

1) To maintain and promote social harmony, enforce the law without fear and prejudice. 2) To keep up the economic growth rate between 7 to 8 percent for the next ten years. 3) To work mere for welfare of peasants, farm workers and especially the workers of unorganized sector. 4) To strengthen the women from political, educational, economic and legal aspects. 5) To provide equality of opportunity, especially in employment and education to scheduled castes, scheduled tribe, other backward classes and religious minorities. 6) To increase the production power or producing power of the society viz. entrepreneurs traders, scientists, engineers and professionals.

Q6. Discuss the meaning and legacies of Coalition Government in India.

Ans. Coalition Government:

Coalition Politics is one of the most important features of the Indian Political System. This feature gained importance after the fourth general elections held 1967 when Congress lost its popularity and walition governments combining various political parties came to power in nine states, out of then 16 states. This experiment has however, proved a dismal failure leaving behind certain legacies such as political instability, unprincipled alliances, encouragement to defections, centre – state tensions, ministerial corruption etc. which have established the very political system itself.

Features of Coalition Government:

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The following are the main legacies or features of walition governments in India:

1. Unprincipled Alliances: Unprincipled Alliances is the main feature that coalition government in India. We have had such unprincipled alliances between extreme leftists and extreme rightists, between secularists and communalists just for the sake of gain political ends. 2. Political Instability: Another important feature that coalition govt. brought in India was political instability. There were two main reasons for political instability. First, political parties have different ideologies joined but could not pull together. Secondly, the coalition govt. having only a marginal majority offered temptation to defect on the part of the coalition partners. 3. Defectors as Chief Ministers of Coalition: Some of the coalition ministers had defectors as their chief ministers, Rao Birendera Singh in , Charan Singh in U.P. etc formed coalition ministers after defecting from their parties or united fronts. 4. Large size of Ministries: Coalition Ministers were very much large in size because they had to accommodate the interest of all the different partners. 5. Principle of Major Partnership: The principle of major partnership is the offshoot of coalition politics. This principle means that the chief minister should resign immediately if the major partners of the coalition govt. withdraw. 6. Center-State Tension: Center-State tensions developed only during the coalition era. 7. Ministers as Agitators: It is indeed strange but a fact that minister became agitators. For example Prabhu narain, Minister of Labour and Industries and Ram Swarup Verma, Minister of Finance, in U.P, demonstrated against official language in Delhi in 1967. They were arrested and convicted by the Delhi magistrate. This was the first time that ministers became agitators and were arrested and convicted.

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8. Straining of Relation with the Governor: It was during the coalition era that the relations between the coalition ministry and the respective governor were straitened.

Q7. Examine the role of regional parties in Coalition Politics?

Ans. Election Commission of India recognize two types of parties – state parties and National Parties. In general state parties are termed as regional parties. In July 2010, Election Commission recognized 45 regional parties. In initial years of Indian Independence, the role of regional parties in the Indian Political system was just nominal. These were not a force to be reckoned with. But the general elections held in 1967 brought them to the forefront in state politics – and many of them joined coalition government in various states of the Indian Union. Though after 1967, regional parties started playing their role in Indian Political System but despite this the Indian political system continued to be more or less party. But the election to the Ninth Lok Sabha held in 1989 brought forth hung Lok Sabha since no single party \got absolute majority in the 10th Lok Sabha. Again in 1991 none of the parties succeeded in getting absolute majority from the govt. in 1996 general elections no single party get opportunity to form the govt. nine regional parties and four national parties joined hand together and they constituted limited front govt. under the leadership of H.D. Devegouda. At the time of 12th Lok Sabha Elections, 17 regional parties and two National Parties joined hands together under leadership of B.J.P. and on March 19, 1998 B.J.P formed its government, at the centre under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee. On 13th October, 1999, Mr. A.B. Vajpayee had sworn again P.M. of India for third time. Along him, a 70 member National Democratic Alliance Ministry was sworn in Regional parties, DMK, Trinamool Congress, Shiva Sena, National Conference, MDMK, DMK, MSCP etc. got representation in the council of ministers.

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In April-May 2004, elections for 14th Lok Sabha were held. No national party is in a position to secure absolute majority in the Lok Sabha if and when elections take place. Because of this constraint to conduct electoral alliance with the regional parties. Akali Dal in Punjab, N.C.in J&K, D.M.K. and AJADMK in , Gana Parishad in Assam. It seems as if an era of dependence of National Parties on the regional parties has begun.

Q8. Write down the emerging trends of communalism in India.

Ans. The following trends have emerged as a result of communalism in India:

1. Development of Alienation: The feeling of alienation among the people of India is a result of communalism. Due to communalism the people of some communities feel discrimination and unsafe regarding their interests. This feeling cut them off from the mainstream. 2. Development of Intolerance: Communalism has developed the feeling of intolerance. A minor incident between the people of different communities or religion takes the form of violent incident and causes much loss and chaos to life and property. Communalism is colouring the feeling with hatred, jealousy and revenge. 3. Formation of Communal Political Parties: To save the interests of one`s own community, various communal political parties are being formed. 4. Elections and Communalism: Communalism has also affected the elections. All the political; parties field their candidates on the basis of caste or community. At the time of election the communal political parties use religious place and carry religious slogans to win maximum votes of their community. 5. Communal Riots: Communalism results in communal riots and political clashes. About 304 communal riots took place in 1979-80. Several communal riots took place in India during 1992-92 and in March-April 2002.

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Q9. “Communalism is bane for democracy in India”: How can we curb it?

Ans. Communalism is bane for democracy in India because of following reasons:

(i) Several political parties in India have been formed on the basis of religion. (ii) Communal feelings play a vital role in elections. Almost all the political parties field their candidates on the basis of religion while casting their votes. (iii) Voters are also influenced by religion while casting their votes. Generally the Muslim or the Sikh Voters vote in the favor of the candidates belonging to their religion. (iv) Not only religion based political parties are active in India Politics but also religious oriented pressure groups are doing their own role in communalizing the social and political atmosphere of our country. (v) The communal riots have become an integral part of the Indian politics which are against democratic norms.

Methods to Curb Communalism;

The following steps are suggested to curb communalism in India:

(i) Communalism can be curbed by adopting right type of education in educational. (ii) Media should be used to spread the message of secularism, religious tolerance and fraternity. (iii) State machinery should be strong efficient impartial enough to put down communalism. (iv) Political parties should be decummunalised Election commission should not give recognition to communal parties. (v) Religion should be separated from politics. To curb communalism the central govt. has prohibited the use religious places for political means.

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(vi) Govt. should take steps to protect the rights of minority. This will give minority a sense of security. (vii) Govt. should punish the communalist agents and for this special courts should be established. (viii) Govt. should treat all the religions equally and respect them. This will help in curbing communal differences.

Q10. Discuss the meaning of Dalit Politics. Explain the impacts of Dalit Politics?

Ans. Dalit Politics: In Indian Society, there is a section of peoples who are economically socially and politically backward. These peoples are oppressed and exploited by other high classes. In India, these people are known as Dalit. Dalit word is not found in Sanskrit and other languages of North India. But the root of word Dalit lies in `Dall’ a Hebrew language which means sufferer or helpless. In Hindi dictionary the or Dalit is used for untouchables scheduled caste o shudra.

Effects of Dalit and `Backward Politics’

a) Development of class consciousness: Politics of Dalit has developed a spirit of class consciousness among the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes. b) Increase in Political Consciousness: Dalit politics has created political consciousness among the Dalits. Hence, they have started influencing the politics of the nation. c) Increased Political Participation: Dalit Politics has increased the political participation of the SCs, STs and OBC. d) Conscious about Education: Dalit politics has created consciousness among the weaker section about the importance of education. e) Formation of Dalit Organization: Many Dalit organizations have been established and they are influencing the politics in many ways. Kalvya Sena, ______BY: NIKHIL DHAWAN Phone: 09103344552 | [email protected] | For More Projects @ Good Prices

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Scheduled Caste Federation, Dalit Sena etc are playing important role in national politics. f) Enable weaker sections: It enables the weaker sections also to join the main stream society. g) Enabled Economic Development of weaker sections: In the beginning of the 20th Century means of production were controlled by the High Class. But due to Dalit Politics SC, ST and OBC have started their own business. h) Enhanced the representation of SCs, STs and OBCs in public service. i) Enhanced Casteism in Administration. j) Dalit politics has increased Casteism in Indian Politics. k) Dalit politics has greatly influenced the voting behavior. Dalit politics has become one of the important factors of a determining voting behavior.

Q11. What do you understand by Backward Classes? Explain Constitutional Provision regarding the Backward Classes?

Ans. Backward Classes: The term `Backward Classes` is used to include Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes deified tribes and other backward classes. These sections of the community have labored under distinct disadvantages in consequence of the rigid caste ridden hierarchy that prevailed in the part in India`s social structure. They have suffered from social and economic disabilities and have come to be known as Backward Classes. Other backward Classes include these classes which are socially educationally backward.

Constitutional Provisions Regarding Backward Classes: The constitution of India provides protection and other safeguards for scheduled Castes, Tribes and other backwardness classes. As regards the socially and educationally backward classes, now popularly called OBCs, the only special provision for them is under Article 340 of Part XIV of the constitution. According to Article 340, the President can appoint a commission consisting of such person as he thinks fit to investigates the condition of

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socially and educationally backward classes within territory of India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations as to what steps should be taken by the govt. to remove such difficulties and to i8mrove their conditions.

Q12. What do you understand by Right To Information Act 2005?

Ans. “Right To Information Act 2005”

The Right To Information Act 2005 was enacted by Indian Parliament in may 2005. It got the assent of the president on 15 June, 2005. This Act came into force on 22nd October 2005. The Act provides a very wide definition of the expression, `Information which includes any material in any form including records, documents, means, e-mails, opinion, advices, press releases etc and information relating to any private body which can be accessed authority under any other law for the time being in force. Right to Information includes the right to –

 Information of work, documents, records.  Taking notes extracts or certified copies of documents or records.  Taking certified samples of materials.  Obtaining information in the form of dinettes, floppies, tapes, video, castes or in any other electronic mode etc.

Q13. Write short note on Riots?

Ans. “Gujarat Riots”

In February-March 2002, large scale violence took place against Muslims in Gujarat, Immediate cause of Gujarat violence was a bogey of train that was returning from Ayodhya and was full of Kar Sewaks was set on fire at Godhra Station. In Godhra, 58 Hindu Kar Sewaks were killed in the train. As a result of this incident violence spread in Gujarat against the Muslims. The riots in Gujarat continued for almost a whole month. ______BY: NIKHIL DHAWAN Phone: 09103344552 | [email protected] | For More Projects @ Good Prices

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Official estimates given to parliament on May 2005 by UPA Government of Manmohan Singh states that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus died. 223 missing and 248 injured. However Human Rights Activists quote 200 victims, majority of them Muslims including about 20 per cent Hindu Victims.

About thirty three towns of Gujarat were severally affected. Some incidents which became well known are Naroda Patia, Gulbarga Society in Ahmadabad and Best Bakery in Baroda. In Naroda, according to Human Rights watchers at lead 65 Muslims were killed, many of them women who were sexually assaulted by violent mobs. At many places, there were attacks on Hindus also. There were significantly loss of life and property and Hindu Dalit become homeless.

Narinder Modi Government was severally criticized by media, parliament and International bodies. However, the official commission on Gujarat riots led by G.T. Nanavati gave a clean chit to the govt. of Gujarat.

Q14. Write a short note on Ayodhya Disputes?

Ans. Ayodhya Disputes:

After 1980 the BJP perused the politics of `Hindutva` to mobilize the Hindus. In feb 1986, District Court of Faizabad ordered that the Babri Masjid premises be unlocked so that Hindus could offer prayer at the site which they considered as place of Ram Mandir. In 16th century in Ayodhya in place of Ram Mandir, Babri Masjid was constructed by the order of first Mughal emperor Babar. The Mosque stood on the Ramkot (`Rama Fort`) will also called Birth Place of Rama. 1986 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica reported that Rama`s birthplace is marked by mosque, erected by the Mughal emperor Babar in 1528 on the site of earlier temple.

In Dec. 1992, the organization supporting the construction of Ram temple in place of Babri Masjid had organized a Kar Seva, Lacs of people reached Ayodhya and situation became very tense. The Supreme Court had ordered the state government to take care

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that the dispute site will not be endangered. However on Dec. 6 1992, Babri Masjid was destroyed by Hindu Activists.

Muslims Observe December 6, when this historic mosque and monument was felled, as Black Day. Hindu activists observe December 6 as Shouriya Diwas, Victory Day. But in fact, the demolition of Babri Masjid reflected the failure of secularism. It increased the tension between Hindu and Muslims. The BJP riding to success on the issue of Ram Janam Bhoomi failed to power in U.P in 1993 after the demolition of the Babri Masjid.

Q15. Write short note on ?

Ans. Bahujan Samaj Party:

Bahujan Samaj Party came into being in Dec. 1984, Mr. Kanshi Ram was the supreme leader of the B.S.P and Ms. was general secretary of the BSP. The BSP has originated from DS4 transforming itself into its political wing. The term DS4 stands for `Dalit Shoshit, Samaj Samharsha Samiti` from where Kanshi Ram began its political activities. Main objective of BSP is to uplift the status of Dalit and make them politically empowered. In 1992 Assembly and Lok Sabha elections it won one seats in Lok Sabha election and nine seats in Punjab Assembly elections. In 12th Lok Sabha election BSP won five seats, In 13th Lok Sabha election held in 1999, BSP won 14 seats. In 14th Lok Sabha election held in 1999, BSP secured 19 seats.

In April 2007, BSP secured absolute majority in UP Assembly and Miss Mayawati became chief Minister of U.P. At present, she is also the president of BSP. She is very powerful in party as well as in the government.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Explain Briefly Lok Sabha Elections 2004?

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Ans. 14th Lok Sabha Elections were held in April-May 2004. First time electronic Voting machines (EVM) have been used through the country. In these elections BJP secured only 138 seats and lost the power at the centre. won 145 seats and formed the government with its alliance under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh. secured only 10 seats, whereas CPM secured 43 seats. Bahujan Samaj Party secured 18 seats whereas DMK secured 14 seats. In these elections Supreme Court had asked the Election Commission to monitor all political advertising on television channels and cable networks.

Q2. Write a short note on Lok Sabha Elections of 2009?

Ans. 15th Lok Sabha Elections were held in April 2009.congress and its allies secured 261 seats whereas BJP and its allies 159 seats only. BJP won 116 seats while Congress won 206 seats. Congress alliance formed govt. at the centre. Dr. Manmohan Singh was elected the leader of UPA and he became the Prime Minister of India. In these elections CPI (M) secured only 16 seats, CPI secured 4 seats only. secured 23 seats; Bahujan Samaj Party secured 21 seats. 11, Biju Janata Dal 14 seats. In 15th Lok Sabha elections the total no. of electorates was 71.4 crore, with overall voter turn out of 60%.

Q3. What do you understand by United Front?

Ans. United Front: In the elections of 1996 BJP emerged as the largest Party. BJP govt. was formed under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee. But Vajpayee govt. failed to secure vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha. BJP govt. fell within 13 days. The main opposition party i.e. Congress Party refused to form the govt. Hence other parties led by Janata Dal formed a United Front. Janata Dal, Samajwadi Party, DMK, Assam Gana Parishad, Tamil Manila Congress, CPI and were the main partners of United Front. With the consent of congress and CPI (M), the Chief Minister of , H.O Deva Gowda was asked to lead the coalition as Prime Minister. His

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term was from June, 1, 1996 to April 21, 1997. The Congress with draw the support. Later on Inder Kumar Gujarat became the leader of United Front and PM also.

Q4. Write a short note on ?

Ans. “Hung Parliament” Hung Parliament is that `parliament when no party gets clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Since 1989 India is facing the problem of Hung Parliament. In 1989 elections to the 9th Lok Sabha was held but no political party secured absolute majority in the Lok Sabha. Hence no single party was in position to form govt. in 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th Lok Sabha elections no single political party secured majority and thus coalition govt. were formed.

Q5. Write any four functions of the scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Commission?

Ans. The main functions of the commission for scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes are as follows:

1. To investigate all matters to safeguard provided for scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes in the constitution. 2. To study the implementation of protection of Civil Rights Act, 1965. 3. TO ascertain the socio-economic and other relevant circumstances accounting for the commission of offences against persons belonging to SCs and STs. 4. To participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic development of the SCs and STs and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union or any state.

Q6. Explain briefly rise of OBCs in North Indian Politics?

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Ans. The term “Other Backward Classes” includes those castes which are socially and educationally backward. The constitution of India provides protection and other safeguards for SCs, STs and OBCs. Reservations for the OBCs were in existence in Southern states since the 1960s. But this policy was not in existence in Northern India. It was during the Janata Party Govt. that the demand for reservation for backward classes in North India and at the national level was strongly raised. Janata party govt. appointed Mandal Commission to determine the criterion for defining the socially and educationally backward classes. The commission recommended reserving 27% seats in educational institutions and govt. jobs in central undertaking. In 199, Prime Minister V.P. Singh implemented Mandal Commission Report but large scale protest in North India took place against this decision of the govt. the decision was challenged in the Supreme Court. But the Supreme Court uphold the decision of the govt. at present almost all the political parties in favor of reservation for OBCs.

Q7. Write a short not on `Creamy Layer`?

Ans. Creamy Layer: The Supreme Court in a historical judgment on November 16, 1992 ruled that economically developed persons belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes should be denied the benefit of reservations. To this class the Supreme Court gave the name `Creamy Layer`. In February 1993, the govt. of India appointed a committee to lay down the criterion for the identification of the Creamy layer among the socially and educationally backward classes. The committee excluded the offspring’s of the following persons from the reservation list:

1. The persons who have held constitutional posts of president, Vice-President, Supreme Court and High Court Judges, ministers and governors, members of UPSC and SSC. 2. Class-I officers of Armed Forces and central and state services of public sector. 3. Professionals having a gross annual; income of Rs 2.5 lakhs and above.

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4. The persons who own irrigated land equal to or more than 65% of the statuary ceiling area.

Q8. Write a short note on Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar?

Ans. Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Foundation: The govt. has started many programmes and planning’s for the upliftment of the scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes. Many programmes have been launched for the education and employment of backward classes. The formation of Baba Sahib Ambedkar Foundation in march 1992, is an important step in this direction. During the centenary celebration of Dr. Ambedkar, the foundation has been entrusted with the responsibility to carry on the schemes and programmes. Dr. Ambedkar International Award for social change, harmony, equity, justice and human dignity for the exploited and under privileged and putting up memorial for Dr. Ambedkar are some of the schemes and programmes of this foundation.

Q9. What do you know about Kanshi Ram?

Ans. Kanshi Ram left his government Job for social and political work. He was founder of DS4 (Dalit, Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti) and finally the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party. BSP under the leadership of Kanshi Ram emerged as major party in the state politics. Kanshi Ram believed in practical politics and regarded political power as master key to attain social equality.

Q10. Describe briefly any four main developments, witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992?

Ans. (i) National Front: In November 1989 the elections to the 9th Lok Sabha was held and no political party secured a clear majority. The five party National Front was held and no political party secured a clear majority.

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(ii) Congress (I) Government: Elections to the 10th Lok Sabha was held in May-June 1991 and the hung Lok Sabha emerged for the second time in succession. No single party secured clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Congress (I) formed the govt. under the leader ship of P.V. Narsimha Rao.

(iii) Ram Mandir Issue: In June-July 1990, the BJP and Vishwa Hindu Parishad decided to construct Ram Mandir. In the meantime L.K. Advani started Rathyatra from Somnath (Gujarat) to Ayodhya (U.P.). In Rathyatra was stopped and he was arrested. BJP delegation led by Atal Behari Vajpayee met the President on 23rd October 1990 and presented letter withdrawing support to the V.P Singh Govt.

(iv) Mandal Commission Report: Prime Minister V.P. Singh announced all of a sudden the acceptance of the Mandal report on August 7, 1990 in the parliament. But this move of V.P. Singh had alienated his senior most colleagues. The student’s community launched massive movements through the country against the implementation of Mandal Report.

Objective Type Question

1) Janata Dal Was Formed in 1989 2) Bhartiya Janata Party was formed in 1980 3) V.P. Singh came into power 1989 4) Successor of P.V. Narsimha Rao 5) Party led the National Democratic Alliance BJP 6) Party led the United Progressive Alliance INC 7) Leader of BJP called Mohammad Ali Jinnah Lal Krishna Advani 8) Present President of BJP Rajnath Singh

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9) Present president of Congress Party Mrs. Sonia Gandhi 10) Chairman of Second Backward Classes Commission B.P. Mandal 11) Babri Masjid was demolished 1992 12) Present president of BSP Mayawati 13) Present Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh 14) President of Samajwadi Party

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