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The National Action Programme for Eritrea to Combat Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Drought (Nap)

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The National Action Programme for Eritrea to Combat Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Drought (Nap) THE NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME FOR ERITREA TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT (NAP) Ministry of Agriculture January 2002 Asmara, Eritrea THE NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME FOR ERITREA TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHT (NAP) Prepared by Ministry of Agriculture January 2002 Asmara, Eritrea This document is published by the Ministry of Agriculture Asmara, 2002 Draft edition, August 2001 This edition, January 2002 The content of this document were assembled to identify the process involved the development of the National Action Programme to combat Desertification for Eritrea. Much of the information is relevant for dissemination as a learning tool. It is therefore envisaged that the various parts and sections will be freely copied and used in the government departments, bilateral organisations, schools NGOs and interested individuals Cover photograph: A scene in the western lowlands TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface …………………………………………………………………………………vi Introduction ……………………………………………….…………………………..viii Part A Overview …………………...……………………………………………...….....1 A.1 Land Use....................................................................................................….1 A.2 Some Basic Perceptions............................................................................….2 A.2.1 Sustainability as a Social Task …………………………………….2 A.2.2 Soil and Land as Renewable Resources ………………………..….3 A.2.3 Difference between Natural Renewable and Non-renewableResources ……………………………………………………...3 A.2.4 Reversing Degradation ……………………………....................….3 A.2.5 Eritrean National Code of Conduct for Sustainable Development.....…..3 A.2.6 Participation by the People ………………………......................…4 A.2.7 Perceptions about Pastoralism ………………………………….…4 A.2.8 Factors Contributing to Land Degradation ……………………..…5 A.2.9 Policy Options to Combat Desertification …………………….…10 Part B Factors Contributing to Desertification …………………………..………....13 B.1 Land Issues ………………………………………………………………..13 B.1.1 Overview ...........................................……………………….…....13 B.1.2 Land Issues………………………………………………………..15 B.1.3 Recommendations………………………………………………...17 B.2 Agricultural Issues ……………………………………………………......19 B.2.1 Overview………………………………………………………….19 B.2.2 Agriculture and Desertification…………………………..……….20 B.2.3 Factors Contributing to Desertification …………………………..21 B.2.4 Recommendations …………………………………………….….24 B.2.5 Programme of Action and Priorities……………………… ….…..25 B.2.6 Institutional Issues………………………………………… ……..28 B.3 Water Issues ………………………………………………………………32 B.3.1 Overview………………………………………………………….32 B.3.2 Water Demand and Consumption…………………………..…….35 B.3.3 Water Resources and Desertification……………………………..37 B.3.4 Factors Contributing to Desertification……………………..…….37 B.3.5 Programme of Action and Priorities……………………………....39 B.3.6 Institutional Issues………………………………………………...41 B.4 Energy Issues ……………………………………………………..………42 B.4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………....42 B.4.2 Sustainable Energy Policies and Strategies………………………43 B.4.3 Energy Sector Background……………………………………….45 B.4.4 Potential for Indigenous Energy Resources………………………48 B.4.5 Demand-side Implications of Energy-source Switches…… ..…...49 B.4.6 Supply-side Implications of Energy-source Switches………..…..50 B.4.7 Energy Conservation Measures…………………………………..51 B.4.8 The Way Forward ………………………………………………..53 iii B.5 Biodiversity Issues ………………………………………………………..54 B.5.1 Background……………………………………………………….54 B.5.2 Key Concerns and Threats to Flora and Fauna…………………...56 B.5.3 Natural Resources and Creation of a Protected-area System….….58 B.5.4 Traditional Practices and Customary Law..………………………60 B.5.5 In situ Conservation…………………………………………...….61 B.5.6 Ex situ Conservation………………………………………………61 B.5.7 Legislation………………………………………………………...62 B.5.8 International Co-operation………………………………………..62 B.6 Forestry Issues ……………………………………………………………63 B.6.1 Status of Forest Resources………………………………………..63 B.6.2 Major Issues………………………………………………………65 B.6.3. Efforts Undertaken……………………………………………….70 B.6.4 Actions Required………………………………………………….73 B.6.5 Conclusion………………………………………………………...78 B.7 Livestock and Rangeland issues …………………………………….……79 B.7.1 Background………………………………………………..……...79 B.7.2 Processes of Desertification in the Main Geographical Zones…...80 B.7.3 Means of Combating Desertification in Rangelands……………..83 B.7.4 The Human Aspect………………………………………….…….85 B.7.5 Role of the MoA Department of Animal Resources…………..….85 B.7.6 Management of Resources by Livestock Keepers…….………….85 B.7.7 Rangeland Laws, Regulations, and Institutional arrangements…..86 B.7.8 Monitoring of Rangelands………………………………………..86 B.7.9 Issues that Need International Co-operation……………………...86 B.8 Human-settlement Issues ………………………………………..……….,87 B.8.1 Urban Development and Growth…………………………………87 B.8.2 Urban Agriculture………………………………………………...96 B.8.3 Urban Settlements and Pastoralism……………………………….97 B.8.4 Conclusion and Policy Orientation……………………………….98 B.9 Drought-preparedness Issues …………………………………………...100 B.9.1 Background……………………………………………………...100 B.9.2 Climate Variation and Drought………………………………….101 B.9.3 Mitigating the Effects of Drought……………………………….107 B.9.4 The Drought Preparedness & Mitigation Plan (DPMP) ..……….113 B.10 Awareness, Education, & Training Issues ……………………………114 B.10.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….114 B.10.2 Plan of Action .............................................................................115 B.10.3 Participation of Local People…………………………………..117 B.10.4 Environmental Education and Main Interventions…………….118 B.11 Socio-economic Issues …………………………………..……………...120 B.11.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….120 B.11.2 The Shifting Balance between Land and People……………….121 B.11.3 Empowering People to Take Action………………………...…122 B.11.4 Poverty Profile………………………………………………….123 B.11.5 Development and Poverty-alleviation Policies………………...124 iv B.11.6 Economic Issues……………………………………………..…125 B.11.7 Improving the Quality of Life for Vulnerable Groups…………127 B.12 Public-participation Issues …………….………………………………129 B.12.1 Role of the Chamber of Commerce………………………….…130 B.12.2 Role of the National Union of Eritrean Youth & Students (NUEYS)131 B.12.3 Role of the National Union of Eritrean Women (NUEW)……..132 B.12.4 Role of Local Government………………………………….….134 Part C The National Action Programme (NAP) ……………………..…………….144 C.1 The Five Pillars of the National Action Programme (NAP) ……………...144 C.2 The Proposed Project Profiles (PPs)………………………………………145 C.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………148 Part D Implementing the National Action Programme (NAP) …………………...149 D.1 Institutional Measures for implementing NAP……………………………149 D.1.1 Instituting NAP at the National Level ......................................…149 D.1.2 Instituting NAP at the Zoba Level ..........................................….150 D.1.3 Instituting NAP at the Sub-zoba Level ....................................…151 D.1.4 Instituting NAP at the Village/Area Level ..............................….152 D.2 Role of the NAP National Forum on Land Degradation ......……………..153 D.3 Legal Measures for Implementing NAP……………..……………………153 D.4 Financial Measures for Implementing NAP………………………………154 Appendix 1 Project Profiles (PPs) ……………………………………………...…...150 Appendix 1.1 Explanatory Note ………………………………………………157 Appendix 1.2 23 Project Profiles (PPs) ……………………………..………..159 Appendix 2 References ………………………………………………………………185 Appendix 3 Glossaries ……………………………………………………………….187 Appendix 3.1 Acronyms and other Initials ……………………………………187 Appendix 3.2 Standard International (SI) Units of Measure…………………..190 Appendix 3.3 Eritrean (Tigrigna) Terms ……………………………………...191 Appendix 3.4 Technical Terms ………………………………………………..193 Appendix 4 Tables, Figures, Maps, and Fact Sheets ………………………………195 Appendix 4.1 Tables ...................................................................................…...195 Appendix 4.2 Figures ..................................................................................…..196 Appendix 4.3 Fact Sheets ...........................................................................…...196 Appendix 5 The NAP Technical Committee ……………………………………….197 v PREFACE Land degradation is arguably the most critical environmental problem facing Eritrea. It is therefore fitting that a National Action Programme (NAP) be prepared to address this problem. The chapters which follow this Preface describe in greater detail the social, economic, and technical dimensions of land degradation in Eritrea and the policy measures designed to address them. Three fundamental points are made: Firstly, although land degradation results from complex interactions of natural and human factors, central to all these factors is the role of human action. Land degradation and loss of productivity result from anthropogenic influences: increasing populations of both people and livestock and wrong agricultural practices. Secondly, if we accept the argument that inappropriate and misguided human actions are the leading cause of land degradation and loss of productivity, it follows that appropriate and informed human action is critical to arresting land degradation or even to reversing it. Thirdly, Eritrea is determined to do everything possible to mobilise all of its people to achieve tangible results in stopping further degradation of land and loss of agricultural productivity. This is a national priority of the highest order. But we do not underestimate the enormous challenges that lie ahead. The first international treaty in the environmental
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