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Public Markets Were Once a Primary Channel of Food Distribution in Cities Both in the United States and Abroad

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Public Markets Were Once a Primary Channel of Food Distribution in Cities Both in the United States and Abroad Public Market Development Strategy: Making the Improbable Possible by MASSACHUSETTS INS E OF TECHNOLOGY Joshua Charles Zade JUN 0 8 2009 Bachelor of Arts Williams College Williamstown, Massachusetts (1998) LIBRARIES Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees of ARCHIVES Master in City Planning and Master of Science in Real Estate Development at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2009 © 2009 Joshua Charles Zade. All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT the permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of the thesis document in whole or in part. Author ----,I--~YI::::::._b'hibP"~~~_ _===:___----------- Department of Urban Studies and Planning May 18, 2009 Certified by -~",""1"')~.·'"-----::iJ"')I''--=~'-------------------­ Senior Lecturer Karl Seidman Department of Urban Studies and Planning Thesis Supervisor Accepted by-----,..I.ro4~~r£_I.~-=--+-.,...--=-~--=__---------- Professor Joseph Ferreira Chair, MCP Committee Department of Urban Studies and Planning J I A Accepted by "_-_~_'_'_'\ _ Professor B. Anthony Ciochetti Thomas G. Eastman Chair; Chairman and Director, MIT Center for Real Estate Department of Urban Studies and Planning 1 Public Market Development Strategy: Making the Improbable Possible by Joshua Charles Zade Submitted to the Department of Urban Studies and Planning on May 19, 2009 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degrees of Master in City Planning and Master of Science in Real Estate Development ABSTRACT Public markets were once central components of the urban food system in American cities, but declined in number and importance by the middle of the 20th century. Despite a diminished role in feeding the city, public markets have persisted, and interest abounds in both existing markets and the development of new ones. In addition to creating an alternative to the mainstream commercial food system, public markets can generate a range of community benefits including small business opportunities, preservation and promotion of local foods and foodways, and a forum for public interaction. Despite these benefits, developing new, permanent, indoor markets is a unique challenge. This paper investigates development strategies for organizations seeking to create new public market halls in U.S cities. Literature specific to public market development is reviewed and contextualized within broader real estate planning frameworks. A detailed case study of the Boston Public Market Association and its efforts to develop a new public market hall in Boston illuminates the difficulties of successfully advancing a public market project. In particular, current opportunities facing that organization illustrate potentially successful strategies to develop a new public market. While developing a public market is not simply a real estate problem, the real estate world’s twin criterion of “most fitting and probable use” suggests an appropriate planning structure for public market proponents. By planning for a market that is “most fitting” in response to a range of local contexts, market advocates can make the improbable possible by adopting an opportunistic real estate strategy and attracting support and resources from both the public and private sectors. Given the long timeline market projects may face, sustained commitment and diligent activity are essential to successful market development. Thesis Supervisor: Karl Seidman Title: Senior Lecturer in Economic Development 2 Table of Contents 00: Introduction 5 01: Public Market History 17 Market Origins 17 Markets in the Colonies and Early Republic 17 Rise of the Market House 19 Market Evolution 21 Economic and Technological Challenges to the Public Market 24 City Planning, Urban Reform, and Public Markets 27 Public Markets in the 20th Century 28 Public Markets Today 31 Public Market Advocacy Today 34 Conclusion 37 02: Frameworks for Evaluating Public Market Projects 39 Public Markets at the Intersection of Retail Real Estate and Public Amenity 39 Real Estate Development and Land Use Decision-Making 40 The Real Estate Development Process 41 Retail Real Estate 44 How Public Markets Differ from Conventional Retail 46 PPS/ULI Handbook Public Market Planning Process 48 Project for Public Spaces Market Consultancy Process 60 The Abridged Version: David O’Neil’s Ten x Ten Matrix 63 Conclusion 63 03: A New Public Market for Boston 67 Boston Public Market Beginnings & the 1998 Project for Public Spaces Study 68 A Closer Look: Friends of the Boston Public Market and the 2000 Seareach-CMI Study 73 Boston Public Market Association 2001-2004 77 Market Pilot Projects: Northern Avenue Bridge and Dewey Square Markets 79 Slow Going for the Public Market 81 New Momentum for the Boston Public Market: 2008-2009 82 Conclusion 89 3 04: Evaluating a New Opportunity for a Boston Public Market 92 Site and Facility Analysis of Parcel 7 for Market Use 94 Evaluation of the Proposed Market District Context 102 Market Programming and the Public Mission at Parcel 7 108 Alternative Market Sites 113 Organizational Strategy Beyond Site Selection 120 Conclusion 121 05: Public Market Development: Making the Improbable Possible 126 Understanding Local Contexts: Planning the Most Fitting Public Market 129 Making the Improbable Possible, Pt. 1: Site Selection and Real Estate Strategy 133 Making the Improbable Possible, Pt. 2: Garnering Support and Allies 137 Are We There Yet?: Sustaining the Drive Toward a Public Market 140 The Future of Public Markets: the Story Continues 143 06: Acknowledgements 144 07: Bibliography 145 List of Figures and Tables Figure 2-1: Graaskamp’s Spiral 44 Figure 2-2: Typical Public Market Floorplan 54 Figure 2-3: David O’Neil’s 10 x 10 Public Market Matrix 62 Figure 3-1: Locus Map of Central Artery Parcels 7 & 9 84 Figure 4-1: Parcel 7 Locus Map 95 Figure 4-2: Parcel 7 Site Photographs 97 Figure 4-3: Parcel 7 Ground Floor Plan 98 Figure 4-4: Potential Market Layout Plan 101 Figure 4-5: Parcel 7 and Alternative Market Locations 114 Table 4-1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Market Sites 116 4 00: Introduction Where food is concerned, few shopping experiences compare to wandering a well-stocked public market, in either the range of sensory impressions or in the texture of human interaction. From the rainbow colors of neatly marshaled piles of fruits and vegetables to the sparkle and briny smell of fresh fish and seafood on ice, from the aroma of roasting coffee and fresh breads to the carnal appeal of sausages, steaks, and whole carcasses waiting to be butchered: the sights and smells of the foods for sale are completely different from a typical supermarket experience of prepackaged portions wrapped in plastic and foam. Similarly, each item in one’s market basket requires a different transaction, a moment of exchange—not just monetary—with a specialized vendor who knows her wares, knows where they come from, and can advise how best to prepare and enjoy them. The market’s merchants and foodstuffs may hail from different cultures, providing a window into different food traditions and filling the air with the music of many languages. When the market’s products are locally sourced, shopping at the market not only provides a rich and enjoyable experience for city shoppers, but also a channel of connection with the farms, fields, and seas outside the city that provide this bounty of foodstuffs. While obviously idealized, this mélange of sights, sounds, smells, and activity describes the appeal of the public market. Around the world for centuries, the buying and selling of food has been transacted in public marketplaces open to all. In the broadest definition, a public market is any place where buyers and sellers of food meet regularly for trade. From simple gatherings of farmers at country crossroads to 19th century cathedrals of glass and iron, markets have existed under all kind of circumstances and in all kinds of facilities. Public markets were once a primary channel of food distribution in cities both in the United States and abroad. The range of public markets in the United States evolved from humble beginnings in colonial thoroughfares, to vast indoor market halls where dozens of different food vendors could ply their trade. As urbanization and industrialization swept through North America in the 19th and 20th centuries, the business of producing food and distributing it to consumers grew more and more specialized, and food production and trade were conducted on a national scale as larger and larger 5 businesses used railroads, highways, and refrigeration to broaden their reach. These trends eroded the sales and support of public markets, and by the 1950s, supermarkets had eclipsed the old public markets in both convenience and sales volume and many public markets either closed or fell into disrepair. Yet public markets never wholly disappeared from North American cities, and it seems that they are making a comeback. Architectural historian Helen Tangires began the research for her 2003 study of public markets in 19th century America under the assumption that these markets were “relics of the past.”1 However, as her research progressed, she changed her mind and concluded “The public market will continue to be vital in sustaining agriculture, biodiversity, and a healthy relationship between urban and rural populations, economies, and production.”2 Despite the changes in society and in cities that led to the decline of public markets, many cities around North America have maintained historic markets or developed new ones as important public spaces, as incubators of food entrepreneurship, and as showcases for locally grown or produced foods. These markets include historic facilities such as Seattle’s Pike Place, Cleveland’s West Side Market, and Philadelphia’s Reading Market, as well as newly developed market halls in Milwaukee, Little Rock, and Portland, Maine. Efforts are now afoot in New York City, Chicago, and Portland, Oregon to create new public market halls.
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