Stephen Brush Awarded the 2009 Pais Prize

HistoryNEWSLETTER Physics A FORUM OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICALof SOCIETY • VOLUME X • NO. 6 • SPRING 2009 Stephen Brush Awarded the 2009 Pais Prize

By Paul Halpern, Chair, Pais Prize Selection Committee

he American Physical Soci- the History Department as well as ety and the American Insti- at the Institute for Fluid Dynamics Ttute of Physics have selected and Applied Mathematics (later the Stephen G. Brush, a physicist and Institute for Physical Science and historian of science, to receive Technology). The University’s first the 2009 Abraham Pais Prize full-time historian of science, he for the History of Physics “for became Professor in 1971 and Dis- his pioneering, in-depth studies tinguished Professor of the History in the history of nineteenth and of Science in 1995. twentieth-century physics.” In 1999 Brush was awarded Brush joins an impressive a Guggenheim Fellowship for a list of previous Pais Prize win- research project titled “A com- ners including Martin J. Klein parative study of theory evaluation (2005), John L. Heilbron (2006), in different sciences.” Using case Max Jammer (2007), and Gerald studies from astronomy, biology, Holton (2008). chemistry and physics, he exam- Born on 12 February 1935 in ined the standard assumption that Bangor, Maine, Brush received scientific theories are accepted as a a bachelor’s degree in physics result of their successful prediction from Harvard University in 1955. of new phenomena. On the contrary, A Rhodes Scholar, he pursued he found, several important theo- graduate study at Oxford Uni- 2009 Pais Prize winner Stephen Brush of the ries (such as quantum mechanics) versity, earning a doctorate in University of Maryland. theoretical physics in 1958. From Continued on page 5 1959 to 1965, he worked as a researcher at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Livermore, California, where he studied plasmas using Monte Carlo simulations and explored theories of viscosity. His discovery, using early In s i d e Th i s Is s u e computer simulations, that classical plasmas undergo phase transitions to solid states proved important for models of Report from the Chair 2 stellar and planetary structure. Brush’s interests soon turned to the history of science. He wrote a comprehensive history of molecular-lattice Forum APS Fellow 3 models in statistical physics, tracing their origins back to the work of Wilhelm Lenz and Ernst Ising in the 1920s. March and “April” Meetings 4 Entitled “History of the Lenz-Ising Model,” his often-cited paper was published in Reviews of Modern Physics. In the mid-1960s, Brush participated in developing Call for Nominations 6 the “Harvard Project Physics” course, in a program led by Holton, F. James Rutherford, and Fletcher Watson that was Forum Elections 7 funded by the National Science Foundation and several private foundations. Designed for high-school students, this innovative curriculum used books, films, demonstra- New Books of Note 10 tions and other materials to weave history and philosophy into the framework of physics education. In 1968 Brush joined the faculty of the University of We Hear That . . . 11 Maryland, where he was appointed Associate Professor in Report from the Chair: Preserving the Present

By David Cassidy, Forum Chair

oseph Anderson and his colleagues may be an influential prologue to the Physicists in Industry: Final Report,” at the AIP Center for History of present, it exists today only in the fad- is available on the Web at http://www. JPhysics have recently completed ing memories of the participants and aip.org/history/pubs/HOPI_Final_report. the first systematic study of the con- the scattered artifacts and documents– pdf. Print copies are available free by temporary history of physicists in the forensic evidence of an era–that contacting [email protected]. industry. The project studied research have survived to the present. But as at 15 science-based companies with the memories fade, the evidence of the I wish to thank the Forum’s Pro- aim of developing guidelines for pre- past is fading even faster. The reliance gram Committee, led by Chair-Elect serving historically valuable contem- on email, computer files, and digital Gloria Lubkin and Vice Chair Daniel porary R&D records. The companies data acquisition and storage means Kleppner, for their organization of surveyed, including Raytheon, IBM, that documentation of the daily work- the history sessions for the 2009 APS Bell Laboratories, and Xerox, varied ings of research is easily deleted, writ- March Meeting (March 16–20 in Pitts- widely in their practices. Although ten over, or rendered unreadable as burgh) and “April” Meeting (May all dutifully preserved their financial storage formats change. Paper takes 2–5 in Denver). You will find specifics records, their research records received up so much space that it can eventu- about the planned sessions on pp. 4-6 much less attention. ally become unmanageable. Digital of this issue. I hope you can attend one The problem is not unique to the electronics has altered even the nature or both meetings. history of industrial research. Not of research. The AIP report issued by We wish our budget allowed us to just documents, but history itself, are the Center laments the decline of the offer travel support to the speakers, consequently lost. Although the past lab notebook and the absence of any especially the students, in our sessions. electronic replacement for it. Please consider making a donation to No doubt future historians, too, the Forum to support a student who is will have to modify the methods of presenting a contributed paper or to an their work. But they will still need invited speaker at one of these meet- the evidence of the past, in whatever ings. Such contributions may honor a The Forum on History of Physics form that evidence might take. I con- physicist, or not, as the donor wishes. of the American Physical Society cur with the report’s recommendation Contact Secretary-Treasurer Thomas publishes this Newsletter semian- that, at minimum, “A small number Miller ([email protected]) or any other nually. Nonmembers who wish of records that document the R&D Forum officer for more information. to receive the Newsletter should process and policies should be saved Congratulations to Stephen G. make a donation to the Forum of permanently and preserved either by Brush, the 2009 winner of the Abraham $5 per year (+ $3 additional for the company or in cooperation with Pais Prize for the History of Physics, airmail). Each 3-year volume con- external archives.” and to Daniel Kennefick, who has sists of six issues. The same holds for research groups been named an APS Fellow (see p. 3). I in universities and many other institu- encourage you to nominate deserving The articles in this issue represent tions. Forum Executive Committee colleagues for the Pais Prize and for the views of their authors and are members George Zimmerman and APS fellowship through the Forum. not necessarily those of the Forum Robert Arns have been actively con- More information on both distinctions or APS. tinuing the Forum initiative begun by can be found on the Forum website Editor David Jackson to encourage academic and on p. 6 of this issue. In addition, physics departments to preserve their please encourage your historically Michael Riordan histories and historically valuable inclined colleagues to join the Forum Institute of Particle Physics documents (See “Preserving Depart- through membership in APS; members University of California mental Histories,” History of Physics may join up to two APS forums at no Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Newsletter, Fall 2008, p. 4). I am pleased additional cost. [email protected] to report that, in concert with the AIP Thanks are due Bill Evenson (831) 459-5687 Center, they have recently expanded and the Nominating Committee for Associate Editor the initiative to include industrial assembling our slate of candidates for research facilities. For more informa- the 2009 elections. We are especially Dwight E. Neuenschwander tion about these efforts, please con- pleased to have excellent candidates Department of Physics tact Zimmerman ([email protected]), Arns for the new Student Member of the Southern Nazarene University ([email protected]), or Anderson Executive Committee. You will find Bethany, OK 73008 ([email protected]). [email protected] The 75-page AIP report, “History of Continued on page 5

2 Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter Daniel Kennefick Named APS Fellow By Daniel Kleppner, Forum Vice Chair

he Forum on the History of the Speed of Thought (Princeton, 2007) is publishing the collected works of Physics congratulates Daniel a notable achievement resulting from Einstein and in analyzing Einstein’s TKennefick on his appointment his pursuit of history. research papers from the 1920s and as a Fellow of the American Physical As an editor of the Einstein Papers 1930s. In recent years, he has con- Society. He has been honored “for his Project (Princeton University Press), he ducted extensive oral histories and a enthusiastically reviewed book, Travel- helped to prepare four volumes of the sociological study (including over 100 ing at the Speed of Thought: Einstein and Einstein papers, bringing his scientific interviews) in the field of gravitational- the Quest for Gravitational Waves, for and historical research skills to bear on wave physics, which is expected to his associate editorship of the Einstein these documents and doing research of inaugurate a new field of gravitational- papers—to which he brought the skills the highest order. In this work he made wave astronomy. of physicist and historian—and for good use of the archives of Howard Kennefick’s current research in gen- his articles, including the diligently P. Robertson at Caltech and those of eral relativity and gravitational physics researched ‘Einstein versus the Physi- John T. Tate at the University of Min- is focused on modeling gravitational cal Review.’” nesota. His mining of these archives waves generated by in-spiralling neu- Kennefick’s interests and writings has shed light on a number of aspects tron stars and stellar-mass black holes in the history of physics go back more of Einstein’s personality, culminating into super-massive black holes, which than a decade to his Caltech doctoral in a Physics Today article, “Einstein probably exist in the centers of galax- dissertation, which had two parts: a and Peer Review” (September 2005), ies. He is a leading member of a work- physics thesis on radiation reaction in which revealed that Einstein did not ing group of the Laser Interferometer general relativity, and a historical the- take kindly to referees, even when he Space Antenna, or LISA, a proposed sis on the controversies in the history was wrong. mission to operate a gravitational-wave of the radiation-reaction problem. This Kennefick serves on the faculty of detector in space. This group provides unusual arrangement has typified his the University of Arkansas, where he theoretical input to the mission’s basic work in history. Most scientists pursu- continues to combine his interests in design parameters and specifications, ing historical work do so after a long historical research with investigations and plans the data analysis. He is also career in research; Kennefick’s youth- in general relativity. As an editor of principal investigator on a project plan- ful combination of the two makes him the Einstein Papers Project, now based ning a census of super-massive black stand out. His recent book, Traveling at at Caltech, he continues his work in holes in the Universe. n

Editors’ Corner This issue of History of Physics PDF or viewable and printable HTML members with access to the Web and newsletter is my last as Editor. I have files on the Forum web site. In gen- a printer can easily make their own enjoyed and been stimulated by my eral, the Spring issue will be published copies and read them weeks before involvement these past few years, but electronically, while the Fall issue will they would eventually have arrived it’s time for me to pass the baton and be printed and mailed to all Forum by third-class mail. The HTML version move on. I plan to remain active on the members as before. Those wishing can accommodate more articles and newsletter for at least another year as to receive a paper copy of the Spring photographs than we can ever include Associate Editor, however, to ensure issue by surface mail should send in a printed copy—and its total number that a smooth hand-off occurs. me an email (at [email protected]) of pages is not limited to a multiple of The next Editor, Dwight E. (“Ed”) including a name and street address, four. Ed Neuenschwander will likely Neuenschwander, brings impressive and I will add them to the list. By this take advantage of this flexibility to credentials to the job, having edited once-a-year electronic publication, the make the online newsletter even more both Radiations magazine and The SPS Forum saves thousands of dollars that interesting and successful than the Observer for the AIP Society of Physics it can use instead to support other paper edition. Students. He will inevitably take the activities, such as subsidizing travel The Executive Committee will be History of Physics in new directions. But expenses for invited and student lec- reviewing this experiment and may I hope he will try to maintain—and turers who otherwise could not afford decide to publish the newsletter differ- improve on—some of my innovations, to speak at our history sessions. ently in future years. In making such most notably the articles by and about I hope this new publishing an evaluation, Committee members Pais Prize winners. I hope you give approach works well, and our mem- will need feedback from the Forum him the same level of support and bers make the transition to reading membership, so please let your reac- encouragement I have enjoyed. about Forum activities in the history tions be known. And for the rest of this This is also the first issue of the of physics online—at least once a year. year, at least, don’t hesitate to let me newsletter published primarily in The PDF version is an exact copy know them, too! electronic formats, as downloadable of what gets printed and mailed, so —Michael Riordan, Editor

Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter 3 Forum Invited Sessions at the March and “April” APS Meetings By Gloria Lubkin, Forum Chair-Elect, and Daniel Kleppner, Vice Chair

he Program Committee has Silicon Valley” Invited Sessions at the “April” Meeting put together some varied and Michael Riordan, University of Cali- Tinteresting invited sessions for fornia, Santa Cruz, “From Bell Labs to The Legacy of John Wheeler the March and “April” APS Meetings Silicon Valley: A Saga of Technology Stanley Whitcomb, Chair this year. The March meeting occurs Transfer, 1954–1961” (The John Bardeen (cosponsored with GGR) in Pittsburgh March 16–20, while the Lecture) Saturday, 2 May 2009, “April” meeting will be held May 2–5 10:45 a.m.–12:33 p.m. in Denver. James Gibbons, Stanford University, At the March meeting, we will “The Origins and Development of the Kenneth Ford, American Institute of have three invited sessions. Two focus Silicon Valley Startup Model” Physics, retired, “John Wheeler, 1933– on the impact of highly influential 1959: Particles and Weapons” and greatly admired theorists: Lev Centenary of Lev Landau Kip Thorne, California Institute of Tech- Davidovich Landau, who worked in Gloria Lubkin, Chair nology, “John Wheeler, 1952–1976: Black the Soviet Union and created what Wednesday, 18 March 2009 Holes and Geometrodynamics” is known as the Landau School, and 8:00–11:00 a.m. Wojciech Zurek, Los Alamos National Philip Anderson—still active and pub- Pierre Hohenberg, New York University, Laboratory, “John Wheeler, 1976–1996: lishing in his eighties. The third session “Lev Landau: A View from the West” Law Without Law and Quantum deals with the origins of Silicon Valley, Lev Pitaevskii, University of Trento and Information” covering the period from 1910 through Landau Institute, Moscow, “Landau and the 1960s. Theory of Quantum Liquids” History of Telescopes At the “April” meeting, the Forum Daniel Kleppner, Chair will have four invited sessions. We Valery Pokrovsky, Texas A&M Univer- Saturday, 2 May 2009, 1:30–3:18 p.m. have organized sessions on the history sity, “Landau and Theory of Phase of telescopes, accelerators (co-spon- Transitions” Marvin Bolt, Adler Planetarium, “Through the Looking Glass: 400 Years sored with the Division of Physics of Igor Dzyaloshinskii, University of Cali- of Optical Telescopes” Beams), and science policy (co-spon- fornia, Irvine, “Landau and Feynman sored with the Forum on Physics and Diagrams” Christine Jones, Center for Astrophysics, Society). In addition, a session on John Harvard University, “Black Holes, Dark Roald Sagdeev, University of Maryland, Wheeler’s legacy was organized by Matter, and Dark Energy: Measuring “Landau’s Contributions to Applied the Topical Group on Gravity and co- the Invisible through X-Rays” sponsored by the Forum. The history Physics” of telescopes session commemorates Paul Vanden Bout, National Radio the 400th anniversary of the invention Fifty Years of Anderson Localization Astronomy Observatory, “Radio Tele- of the telescope. The session on science David Thouless, Chair scopes: A Technological Saga Sparked policy includes as speakers two former Thursday, 19 March 2009 by Serendipity” Presidential Science Advisers, John 2:30–5:30 p.m. Science Policy: Yesterday, Today, and Gibbons and Neal Lane. David Thouless, University of Wash- Tomorrow We urge Forum members to con- ington, “Anderson Localization in the Daniel Kleppner, Chair sider attending these meetings and Seventies and Beyond” include these sessions in their sched- (cosponsored with FPS) Robert Dynes, University of California, ules—as well as the Forum’s contrib- Sunday, 3 May 2009, 8:30–10:18 a.m. San Diego, “Tests of Localization in uted sessions, which will occur at both John Gibbons, Assistant to the President Metals and Semiconductors” meetings. for Science and Technology, 1993–1998, Mordechai Segev, Technion-Israel Insti- “Lessons from Skating on Thin Ice: Invited Sessions at the March tute of Technology, “Anderson Localiza- Office of Energy Conservation, Office Meeting tion of Light” of Technology Assessment, and Office Origins of Silicon Valley Igor Lerner, University of Birming- of Science and Technology Policy” Gloria Lubkin, Chair ham, “Anderson Localization and Neal Lane, Rice University, “Civic Monday, 16 March 2009, 2:30–5:30p.m. Mesoscopics” Scientist Era” Stewart Gillmor, Wesleyan University, Alain Aspect, Institut d’Optique, Palais- Lewis Branscomb, Kennedy School of “Prehistory of Silicon Valley, from 1910 eau, “Direct Observation of Anderson Government, Harvard University, “Sci- to 1965” Localization of Matter Waves in an ence as a Model for Rational, Legiti- David Leeson, Stanford University, “W. Optical Disorder” mate Government” W. Hansen, Microwave Physics, and Continued on page 6

4 Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter Stephen Brush Awarded the Pais Prize

Continued from page 1

became accepted for other reasons— themes in Brush’s work. In 2001 he Onsager (1983), and A History of Mod- for example, because they provided was awarded the Joseph Hazen Edu- ern Planetary Physics, a three-volume explanations of previously mysterious cation Prize of the History of Science set published in 1996. He is also the phenomena. Society “in recognition of outstanding editor, translator, or co-author of ten Brush has not shied away from contributions to the teaching of the his- other books about physical science and provocative topics. In his 1974 paper, tory of science.” its development. With Holton, Brush “Should the History of Science Be Rated A prolific researcher and writer, co-authored an influential textbook (a X?” he examined issues involving the Brush has published more than 320 revised edition of an earlier Holton use of historical anecdote in teach- works, including books, book chap- work) that incorporated historical ing science. He wondered whether ters, and articles. He authored four themes, Physics, the Human Adventure: traditional presentations of scientists noted monographs on the history of From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond. as objective, emotionless observers science. In 1976 he published The Kind Among his many other achieve- serving as the vanguard of progress of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the ments, Brush served as President of the contributed to public apprehensions Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Cen- History of Science Society in 1990–1991, about their role in modern life. Brush tury, a two-volume historical study of and was the founding Editor of the speculated that more realistic portray- statistical physics and the properties “History of Physics” newsletter. A Fel- als could improve popular appreciation of gases. This innovative history used low of the American Physical Society, and understanding of science. Indeed, referee reports and other unconven- he helped organize the Forum on the his call for realism seems to have had tional sources to cast light on questions History of Physics and has served on an impact. Recent decades have wit- about the development of the field. For the APS Council. He has been a visit- nessed a trend toward more nuanced this book, he received the prestigious ing researcher or faculty member at biographies of scientists, depicting Pfizer Award of the History of Science the Institute for Advanced Study in their personal struggles and doubts Society. Princeton, the University of Califor- rather than just their triumphs and Brush’s other historical mono- nia, Los Angeles, and the University accomplishments. graphs include The Temperature of of Minnesota. Upon retiring from the The subjects of science education, History: Phases of Science and Culture University of Maryland in 2006, he science popularization, and the his- in the 19th Century (1978), Statistical was named Distinguished University tory of the introduction of scientific Physics and the Atomic Theory of Matter Professor Emeritus of the History of ideas have continued to serve as major from Boyle and Newton to Landau and Science. n

Report from the Chair

Continued from page 2

candidate biographies and statements in our sessions. formats at http://www.aps.org/units/fhp/ on pp. 7-11 of this issue. Please take a Spencer Weart recently retired as newsletters/index.cfm. moment to review this information and the Director of the AIP Center for His- The PDF version, which is an exact vote in the election. tory of Physics. In that capacity, Spen- copy of what the paper edition would I am pleased to report that Forum cer was a valued addition to the Forum look like in print, can be downloaded Webmaster George Zimmerman, work- Executive Committee for many years. and printed. The HTML version has ing with Sara Connors at APS, has We are sorry to see him leave the com- additional articles and photos that now posted multimedia materials on mittee, and we wish him all the best cannot be accommodated in the other the Web from our March and April for the future. Gregory Good, a histori- versions. It can be printed, article by 2008 program sessions. You may find an of science formerly at West Virginia article, or viewed online by those com- them on the Forum website. (Under University, stepped in as Director on fortable with doing so. Editor Michael Announcements, go to “March 2008 January 1. We welcome him warmly as Riordan welcomes your comments by FHP sponsored presentations” or the Center’s new ex-officio Executive email (at [email protected]). “April 2008 presentations.” PDFs of Committee member. Finally, I would like to thank all of the PowerPoint presentations as well as The Forum’s semi-annual “History the members of the Executive Commit- audio files can be downloaded there.) of Physics” newsletter will continue to tee, as well as the chairs and members George will continue to post similar be published online twice per year, but of our various committees and pro- materials for future meetings. The because of financial limitations a paper gram activities, for their hard work in Web posting of audiovisual materials edition will be printed and mailed to making our programs and initiatives from our sessions greatly enhances our members only once per year—usually a success. And I would like to thank services to the history of physics and in the fall. The online version will Forum members for your support of vastly extends the exposure of speakers be available in both PDF and HTML the history of physics. n

Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter 5 Call for Nominations: Nominations for The Abraham Pais Prize Nominations for APS Fellowships for the History of Physics Forum Councilor

The Fellowship Committee calls The Forum on the History of Phys- At its annual meeting on 3 May for the nomination of candidates for ics calls for the nomination of candi- 2009, the Executive Committee will APS Fellow through the Forum on the dates for the 2010 Abraham Pais Prize nominate at least two candidates for History of Physics. These nominations for the History of Physics, the purpose the position of Forum Councilor. Once should be based at least in part upon of which is to recognize outstanding elected, this person will represent the achievements related to the history scholarly achievements in the his- Forum on the APS Council in a four- and philosophy of physics. The Forum tory of physics. This Prize is spon- year term to begin in January 2010. deadline for the receipt of all materials sored jointly by the American Physical Forum members are asked to send at APS is 15 May 2009. Procedures for Society and the American Institute of suggestions for candidates for the nomination have recently changed. The Physics. Awarded annually since 2005, this office to the Secretary-Treasurer new procedures are now available at: it includes $10,000 and a certificate cit- Thomas Miller at [email protected], or by http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/ ing the contributions of each recipient surface mail to: fellowships/index.cfm (as many as three), plus an allowance Thomas Miller (click on “Nomination Instructions”). for travel to an APS meeting to receive AFRL/RVBXT the prize and deliver an invited lecture 29 Randolph Road According to these procedures, on the history of physics. Past Prize Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010 all nominations should be submitted winners are Martin J. Klein (2005), John to the APS via the online nomination L. Heilbron (2006), Max Jammer (2007), If more than 5 percent of the Forum package provided at the indicated Gerald Holton (2008), and Stephen G. members (or about 200) suggest the web site. The nominees must be APS Brush (2009). same person, that candidate will auto- members in good standing, which A nomination for the Pais Prize matically appear on the ballot in addi- may be confirmed through the above should consist of: tion to any nominations made by the website. A sponsor (nominator) and a • a letter of 1,000 words or less evalu- Executive Committee. n co-sponsor, both of whom must be APS ating the nominee’s qualifications, in members, are required. Up to two sup- light of the Rules and Eligibility for the porting letters from other individuals, Prize (see http://www.aps.org/programs/ Forum Invited Sessions who do not have to be APS members, honors/prizes/pais.cfm), and identifying Continued from page 4 may be also submitted by uploading to the scholarly and professional achieve- the site. Please visit the above web site ments to be recognized; as there is no History of MURA, Fermilab, and for further information and to obtain a official nomination form, this letter will the SSC list of the documentation required. constitute the formal nomination. Gloria Lubkin, Chair Nominations will be forwarded to • a list of the nominee’s most impor- (cosponsored with DPB) the Forum Fellowship Committee for tant publications; reprints of up to Monday, 4 May 2009, 3:30–5:18 p.m. review. This committee will make its five of the nominee’s articles may be recommendation to the Forum Execu- included. Lawrence Jones, University of Michigan, tive Committee, and after that all nomi- • at least two but not more than four “Innovation Was Not Enough: The His- nations will go to the APS Council for seconding letters. tory of the Midwestern Universities approval. Fellowship nominations may • an (optional) biographical sketch. Research Association” be submitted at any time, but must be Five copies of the complete nomi- Adrienne Kolb, Fermi National Accelera- received by 15 May 2009 for the next nation package should be mailed to the tor Laboratory, “Fermilab: The Ring of review. Chair of the Selection Committee: the Frontier, 1967–1995” For further information, please Professor Laurie Brown contact the chair of the Forum Fellow- Stanley Wojcicki, Stanford University, 1500 Hinman Avenue #402 “A Personal Recollection of the SSC’s ship Committee, Daniel Kleppner at Evanston, IL 60201 [email protected], or the APS fellow- Birth and Demise” ship officer at [email protected] or by The deadline for receipt of all materials More details on these sessions, telephone at (301) 209-3268. n is 1 May 2009. After three consecutive including some abstracts of papers can review cycles that do not result in a be found on the Web at: nominee being selected for the Prize, http://www.aps.org/meetings/march/index.cfm a new, updated nomination package http://www.aps.org/meetings/april/index.cfm must be submitted for the nominee to be considered again. n These sessions will be audiotaped and the recordings placed on the Forum web site, with PowerPoint presentations where available. n

6 Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter Forum Elections: Candidate Biographies and Statements

he Nominating Committee of In 1962 he came to Brookhaven, where Statement: During the past year I have the Forum on History of Physics his research centered on condensed served as Editor of the Milestones of Thas chosen a slate of candidates matter theory, particularly on the Physical Review Letters, in celebration for the 2009 elections. You will soon theory of magnetism, phase transitions, of the 50th anniversary of PRL. This be asked to vote for Forum Vice Chair neutron scattering, and synchrotron has involved, first, selecting for each and two at-large members of the Exec- radiation. He held many research and year from 1958 to 2000, one or two utive Committee. One of the at-large management positions at Brookhaven, significant developments that merit positions provides, for the first time including head of condensed-matter designation as worthy of doing honor within the Forum, representation spe- theory, Deputy Chair of the Physics to PRL. Then a brief writeup was cifically for current or recent students, Department, Chair of the National given, to attract readers to look at the who constitute about 25 percent of Synchrotron Light Source Department, articles. It was important to try to give the Forum membership. The person and Deputy Director of the Labora- a balance to the many different areas of elected to be Vice Chair will become tory. In addition he was Professor of physics in this effort. This means that the new Chair-Elect in 2010 and Chair Physics at Stony Brook University many very important developments of the Forum in 2011. The primary from 1972 to 1980. In 1996 Blume took were not selected, but it also shows the responsibilities of the Vice Chair and a leave of absence from Brookhaven importance of PRL. This effort is now Chair-Elect are to decide upon timely to become Editor-in-Chief of the APS, complete. topics for invited and contributed with responsibility for all the Society’s My interest and involvement in sessions at APS and divisional meet- journals. He served two five-year terms the history of physics goes back to my ings, often in collaboration with other as Editor-in-Chief, retiring in March of administrative positions at Brookhaven, forums, and to arrange these along 2007. During this period he oversaw which required justification for locating with sessions of contributed papers. the transition of the Physical Review to research efforts at national laboratories, If you have an email address reg- electronic distribution, including put- and the history of the national labora- istered with APS, you will receive a ting all the journals on-line, back to the tories provided such justification. My message inviting you to vote elec- origins of Physical Review in 1893, and interest intensified during my terms tronically. If you do not have an email reworking the operation of the editorial as Editor-in-Chief: The on-line avail- address, you should receive a paper process to completely electronic form, ability of all of the content of the APS ballot by mail. If you want a paper with a virtually paperless office. journals is a treasure trove of historical Forum Invited Sessions ballot but have not yet received one, Blume received the 1981 E. O. information about both the Society and please either email your request to Lawrence Award in Physics of the the physics of the 20th (and now 21st) the Secretary-Treasurer, Tom Miller Department of Energy for his research century. During the 2005 celebration ([email protected]) or contact him post- on Neutron Scattering and Synchrotron of the World Year of Physics, I gave a ally (Boston College Institute for Sci- Radiation, and the Argonne National well-attended invited talk on “Scientific entific Research, Air Force Research Laboratory Advanced Photon Source Publication Since Einstein” at the Ger- Laboratory/RVBXT, Hanscom AFB, A. H. Compton Award for his theoreti- man Physical Society meeting in Berlin, MA 01731-3010) or by telephone cal research on resonant X-ray scatter- where Einstein’s involvement with the (781-377-5031). ing in 2003. In 2005 he received from Physical Review was highlighted. The closing date for this election is the Council of Science Editors their The often standing-room-only sta- 29 March 2009. Please vote! highest award for his innovations and tus of the Forum’s invited sessions accomplishments in scientific publica- shows the great interest in the history Candidates for Vice Chair tion. He has served on many commit- of our science, and we should take tees of the APS, including election to advantage of this, first to increase Martin Blume the Council and Executive Board as membership, and then to arrange more American Physical Society and well as Chair of the Nominating Com- such sessions at the smaller meetings Brookhaven National Laboratory mittee. He has served also on commit- of the Society, focusing on historical Email: [email protected] tees of the National Research Council, developments relevant to the location the National Science Foundation, the and topics of the meetings. Also impor- Biography: Martin Blume is Editor- Department of Energy, the Institute tant is the relationship between the in-Chief Emeritus of the American of Pure and Applied Physics, and on history of physics and the policy, inter- Physical Society and Senior Physicist many visiting committees of institu- national, and educational programs Emeritus at Brookhaven National Lab- tions around the world. He is a Fel- of the Society. Joint sessions with the oratory. He received his A.B. degree low of the American Academy of Arts other forums in these areas should be from Princeton in 1954 and a Ph.D. in and Sciences, the American Physical promoted, and an aggressive campaign physics from Harvard in 1959. He was Society, the American Association for is needed to obtain more nomina- a Fulbright Fellow at Tokyo University the Advancement of Science, and the tions for APS Fellowship through the in 1959–1960, and Research Associate British Institute of Physics. Forum, separately and with other APS at the Atomic Energy Research Estab- divisions. lishment at Harwell, UK, in 1960–1962. Continued on page 8

Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter 7 Biographies and Statements physicists being forgotten within a few Wisconsin, Madison, Cadden–Ziman- Continued from page 6 years of retirement, even within their sky received his Ph.D. in experimental own departments. condensed matter physics from North- George O. Zimmerman We are at a point in time when a western University where he was a Boston University very productive generation of physi- Presidential Fellow. His doctoral work, Email: [email protected] cists, both in academia and industry, which included a research appoint- is about to retire or has retired, and its ment at Argonne National Labora- Biography: George O. Zimmerman contributions are in danger of being tory, involved novel manifestations of received all his degrees from Yale Uni- lost. Many worthy contributors to the quantum coherence in superconduct- versity. His Ph.D., with H. E. Fairbank various fields of physics may be forgot- ing nanostructures. Cadden-Zimansky and C. T. Lane on the low-temperature ten. Moreover much of what goes on in currently holds a joint post-doctoral properties of helium-3, was completed forums and talks at APS meetings is fellowship at Columbia University in 1963. (His initial bout with experi- lost to memory because the proceed- and the National High Magnetic Field mental physics was scanning nuclear ings are rarely recorded (other than Laboratory working with Philip Kim emulsions from the Brookhaven Cos- through the abstracts). The context of and Yong-Jie Wang on transport and motron at a time when mesons were the talks is lost as well. As Vice Chair, infrared measurements of graphene. being discovered.) That year he joined I will attempt to preserve history in His historical interest at present focuses the faculty of the Boston University a systematic and accessible manner. I on the early development of quantum Physics Department, from which he will continue to collaborate with the statistical mechanics. retired in 2000. His research interests AIP Niels Bohr Library and Archives are in condensed-matter and solid- in urging the writing of histories of Statement: As a physicist with a back- state physics. More specifically, they physics departments and research ground in the history of science, the involve low-temperature properties of laboratories so that they can be pre- Forum newsletter and sponsored talks helium-3 and paramagnetic systems, served. Recorded interviews of retiring have provided me with an excellent phase transitions and critical points, or retired researchers should be part way to stay in touch with my earlier superconductivity and its applications, of the process. I will also continue to academic passions. The work of the intercalated graphite, and theoretical organize APS history sessions, which Forum has reinforced my views that studies of perovskite colossal magneto- will include sponsored lecturers, where physics history provides an invaluable resistive materials. the younger generation of physicists pedagogical tool for introducing stu- Zimmerman was Physics Depart- (and astronomers) can learn about pre- dents to science, and can remind active ment chair for 12 years (during which viously proposed ideas, developments, researchers of important questions of time a new physics building was and the context in which these events the past that are still relevant today. constructed and the faculty doubled), occurred, told by the people who lived Since the Forum has a dual mission chaired the Faculty Council (during them and were contributors to those to preserve and disseminate physics the only strike in Boston University’s events. I will also continue to chronicle history, let me offer concrete propos- history), and was a member and chair those sessions and publish them on the als in each of these areas that I believe of several other influential univer- Web, as has already been done with will help to continue its success in the sity committees, such as the University some of the 2008 March and April future. Planning Committee and the Com- Forum sessions. We should preserve With physics, the history of phys- puter Facilities and Research Board. our past for the future. ics, and the APS itself becoming more His research collaborations included international, the Forum should make the Francis Bitter National Magnet Candidates for ‘Student’ Member an active effort to promote scholar- Laboratory at MIT, Brookhaven, UC of the Executive Committee ship on history outside the purview of San Diego, Leiden, and Harvard. He North America and Western Europe. is still active in research and writing. Paul Cadden–Zimansky While the great majority of Forum A summer research internship pro- Columbia University members are rooted in this tradition, gram for high-school students that he Email: [email protected] the increasing national diversity of established over 30 years ago is still physicists will require a proportional going strong. Students who complete Biography: Paul Cadden–Zimansky increase in studies on the history of physics in their junior year spend the received a B.A. from the Great Books physics in countries outside of these summer in research laboratories at program of St. John’s College and an areas. A specific concern at present is Boston University, Harvard and MIT. M.Sc. in history and philosophy of the number of leading lights of Soviet He is currently a Member-At-Large of science from the London School of physics whose recollections have yet to the Forum Executive Committee and Economics. His master’s thesis focused be preserved. its ad hoc Webmaster. on how Max Planck’s understand- With regard to the dissemination ing of thermodynamic laws played of physics history, as more individu- Statement: History is worth preserv- a role in introducing the concept of als pursue their interest in the sub- ing. Not only for historians but also inherent probabilities of microscopic ject online, it is imperative that the for the professionals who can make use events into the early quantum theory. Forum website undergo continued of ideas that were occasionally ahead After studying physics and mathemat- of their time. I have seen many good ics at UC Berkeley and University of Continued on page 9

8 Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter improvements. The reformatting of the that have surfaced throughout history stories of geniuses and breakthroughs, electronic version of the newsletter to are often intricately connected to sci- but helping them grasp the discipline’s mimic established online periodicals entists’ and researchers’ lives, personal conceptual structure and sociopolitical will make it more accessible, an impor- experiences, and their contemporary context. At the same time, the history tant step now that the spring edition is times. In some sense, physics and its of physics, at least as historians prac- to become entirely web-based. A num- discoveries also reflect the complex sto- tice it, has moved away from straight- ber of APS events relevant to Forum ries of people. My desire, as a Forum ahead stories of unbroken advance. members could be more prominently member, is to place an emphasis on Although this sensibility sometimes announced and documented on the the pedagogy of teaching science, in grates on practicing physicists, I think website; the historic site dedications in particular to students coming from dif- it is a more realistic way of under- particular are sometimes historic gath- ferent backgrounds including non-sci- standing the discipline’s progress. erings in their own right, and posting entific ones. I believe that the Forum’s As a member of the Forum executive pictures of these gatherings will help role can help to promote the appeal of committee I hope to work with other to increase the number of images in the physics to non-physics crowds through Forum participants to advance proj- Forum gallery. this social link with history. ects that cross the boundaries between physicists and historians. One critical Josué Sznitman Candidates for Member-at-Large effort is to encourage local ventures Princeton University of the Executive Committee to preserve historical materials and Email: [email protected] memories. Another is to help generate Cathryn Carson support for institutionalized histori- Biography: Josué Sznitman is a flu- University of California, Berkeley cal programs, such as the AIP Center id dynamicist whose interests lie in Email: [email protected] for History of Physics and Niels Bohr experimental fluid mechanics at small Library. scales and flow phenomena relevant Biography: Cathryn Carson is Associ- to biology and physiology. Sznitman ate Professor of History and Director Clayton A. Gearhart received his B.S. in mechanical engi- of the Office for History of Science and St. John’s University neering from MIT in 2002 and his Technology at the University of Cali- Email: [email protected] Ph.D. in mechanical engineering in fornia, Berkeley. She currently chairs 2007 from the Swiss Federal Institute the editorial board of Historical Studies Biography: I am currently Professor of Technology (ETH Zurich). His Ph.D. in the Natural Sciences (formerly Histori- of Physics at St. John’s University in thesis focused on respiratory flows in cal Studies in the Physical and Biological Minnesota. I did my undergraduate the lungs in relation to the deposition Sciences). Her undergraduate training work at Rensselaer, and my graduate of inhalation aerosols. For such work, was in history of science, physics, and work at the University of Minnesota he received the Silver Medal from the mathematics at the University of Chi- (Ph.D. 1979 on experimental liquid ETH Zurich and the Annual Award cago, and her Ph.D. was in history of helium with William Zimmermann). from the Swiss Society of Biomedical science from Harvard University. Her I became interested in the history of Engineering. After spending a year as past research has dealt with concep- science in my undergraduate years, a Postdoctoral fellow at the University tual issues in quantum theory, rela- and after leaving graduate school, of Pennsylvania during 2008, Sznitman tions between science and culture in began pursuing it as a research inter- recently joined Princeton University in twentieth-century Germany, and the est. That transition was aided when, 2009 as a Teaching Fellow appointed institutional and political history of in 1981, I had the good fortune to by the Princeton Council of Science post-World War II physics. She is co- participate in a National Endowment & Technology. He has been an active editor with David A. Hollinger of Reap- for the Humanities summer seminar member of APS and the Division of praising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies at Yale University, directed by Martin Fluid Dynamics since 2005. More and Reflections, and her book Heisenberg J. Klein. I have also benefited from the recently, he received a John Bardeen in the Atomic Age: Science and the Pub- support and encouragement offered by Studentship to present a paper on the lic Sphere will be published later this the History of Science Program at the history of physics at the March Meet- year by Cambridge University Press. University of Minnesota. Currently, ing in 2007. Her current research examines the my research focuses on the history of history of the science behind nuclear thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, Statement: One of the ways in which I waste management. Most years she and early quantum theory. I am a long- strive to share my passion for science teaches (and podcasts) an upper-level time member of APS, American Asso- and history is through teaching. My undergraduate course on the history ciation of Physics Teachers, the Forum experience has been that from early on of physics. (serving on the 2005–2006 Nominating physics taught in high school up until Committee), and the History of Science physics courses in university, scientific Statement: The history of physics is Society. subjects are much too often taught by my full-time occupation. I teach it and neglecting to include the history and I work in it actively. For physics edu- Statement: The history of physics life of the people who have contributed cation, I have learned, the history of has much to offer physicists. Phys- to the fields and to our knowledge. physics can have real usefulness – as ics students are often surprised and Indeed, scientific ideas and theories long as it is not just feeding students Continued on page 11

Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter 9 New Books of Note Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier & Megascience by Lillian Hoddeson, Adrienne W. Kolb and Catherine Westfall University of Chicago Press, 2008, photos and illustrations, 499+xiii pages, $45.00

and image of the frontier have imbued Reviewed by Robert P. Crease Americans with a particular character, the authors claim that this image is he book Fermilab: Physics, the Fron- also “a powerful tool” for understand- tier, and Megascience is a welcome ing how science history is embedded Taddition to the growing literature within social history. Hoddeson and on laboratories. It is the history of a colleagues wield it, for instance, in laboratory that has been a key node describing the institutional forma- in the US science network for close to tion of the lab’s first few years, when four decades. The lab began life in 1967 Wilson’s frontier vision collided with as the National Accelerator Laboratory, Big-Science realities during completion or NAL, and in 1974 was renamed of the Main Ring, development of the in honor of Enrico Fermi to become experimental areas, and the staging of FNAL. Its centerpiece has always the first research. But the influence of been a high-energy proton accelerator, the frontier image continued later on, starting with a 200 GeV fixed-target the authors argue, as Wilson guided machine that switched on in 1970, fol- the laboratory in the first steps of an lowed by the Tevatron proton-proton ambitious plan to use superconductiv- collider, completed in 1987. The Teva- ity in doubling the accelerator’s energy tron will be the world’s most power- to a trillion electron volts, or 1 TeV. ful particle accelerator until CERN’s their framing principles in the book’s Hoddeson and company do not Large Hadron Collider, or LHC, finally subtitle: physics, the frontier, and develop the frontier metaphor as becomes fully operational later this megascience. They pick up the phys- fully as they might have. Sometimes year or next. ics story at the beginning of the 1960s the language of the frontier seems an Laboratories are not neutral spaces when the first alternating-gradient appropriate characterization of the but complex and organized productive accelerators were completed, a devel- force driving the scientists, while at institutions that must take extraordi- opment that incited the ambitions of other times the purpose of the rhetoric nary risks while adhering to the bot- physicists to soar to 1,000 GeV and seems to be to cultivate the interest of tom line. When effective, they seem beyond. At the time, two laboratories— politicians and the public. How much to remain in the background, provid- Brookhaven and Berkeley—dominated are the bison herds imported to graze ing flexible support for researchers US accelerator-building. In Part I the on the Fermilab site a deep expression in mounting experiments. Yet to stay authors follow the complex story of of the forces involved? And how much effective, national labs must periodi- the erosion of this dominance, and do they resemble the props of Disney- cally reinvent themselves in response the evolution of a 200 GeV accelerator land’s Frontierland? More work needs to changing scientific developments, design. The lab was eventually sited in to be done in unveiling the layers of government interests, and budgetary Weston, Illinois, with Robert R. Wilson meaning in this imagery before their realities. The complex fabric of ele- as its first director. historiographical tool can fully reveal ments—of people, instruments, depart- The second framing principle—the its power. ments, funding agencies, political frontier—comes into play in Part II. The third framing principle of this interests, collaborating institutions, and While the imagery of frontier explo- book is megascience. The term has so forth—that must interact to achieve ration has long been significant in been around for years (as in the Mega- this end makes labs difficult to write science, the authors write, it played a science Forum of the Organization of about. Thus the writing of the labora- special role in forging and maintain- Economic Cooperation and Develop- tory history, even more than histories ing Fermilab’s special identity. Physi- ment) to refer to large international of other institutions, requires carefully cally, the lab is a “frontier-like site”; projects whose scale has reached the thought-out framing principles. institutionally, it is the “flagship” of a next level beyond what we used to call Hoddeson is an award-winning “voyage of exploration.” The authors Big Science. But the authors cleverly professor of history at the University admit it is an astounding coincidence give the term a narrower definition, of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Kolb that Wilson was born in a Wyoming referring to what happened when Big is the Fermilab archivist, and Catherine town called Frontier, yet they take his Science began to be curtailed—to the Westfall is visiting associate professor persistent invocation of frontier imag- impact on Big Science in the 1970s, at Lyman Briggs College at Michigan ery seriously. Drawing inspiration from when funding and resources began to State University and a historian of 20th Frederick Jackson Turner’s famous shrink. In Part III they trace the effects century science. The authors announce thesis, according to which the lure Continued on page 13

10 Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter of this shrinkage on the laboratory, after Wilson resigned and Leon Leder- We Hear That . . . man stepped in to replace him. The impacts, they find, reached from the While writing a brief review of (World Scientific, 2007), a much-needed institutional structure to the shape of George Johnson’s recent book, The Ten introduction to the subject. Acces- experimental traditions. Most Beautiful Experiments, for the Fall sibly written, it’s also loaded with The authors use these three fram- 2008 newsletter, I was unaware of a photographs of pivotal machines and ing principles to keep the complex similar book by Robert Crease, The devices, plus sidebars on the physicists story of this laboratory in a more-or- Prism and the Pendulum: The Ten Most and engineers who made important less single narrative. This narrative Beautiful Experiments in Science (Ran- contributions to the discipline. And integrates the main personalities and dom House, 2003), but others soon World Scientific has released Volume 1 their accomplishments, although it brought it to my attention. The latter (2008) of Reviews of Accelerator Science occasionally passes over the conflicts book (and perhaps Johnson’s, too) and Technology, edited by Alex Chao of between Fermilab and other institu- was stimulated by a May 2002 column SLAC and Weiren Chou of Fermilab. tions rather lightly. While Wilson’s in Physics World, in which Bob solic- This inaugaral volume is filled with penchant for risk-taking is ably con- ited input from readers on what they historical essays by some of the stal- veyed, for instance, the fact that his thought were the most beautiful experi- warts of accelerator physics. resignation had been part of a gamble ments in physics. In his September 2002 In this volume, I found Stanford to gain more federal support for the column he published the results of his University physicist Stanley Wojcicki’s lab is covered only in an appendix. poll, including the winner: Young-style article, “The Supercollider: The Pre- Today the LHC is poised to take double-slit experiments demonstrating Texas Days—A Personal Recollection over the mantle of the world’s most the interference of single electrons, and of Its Birth and Berkeley Years,” to be powerful accelerator. The LHC’s recent thus their wave-like nature. particularly rewarding. Given his lead- difficulties, in which a structural prob- Johnson apparently read the column ership roles in the SSC Central Design lem in the magnets has seriously and wrote an article about it, “Here Group and as Chair of the US High- delayed operations, postponing the They Are, Science’s 10 Most Beautiful Energy Physics Advisory Panel during research and costing large sums of Experiments,” in the New York Times. SSC construction, I cannot imagine money, are an eerie echo of Fermilab’s Then both of them raced to publish anyone better positioned to write such teething problems. This episode high- a book on the topic, it appears, with an article. And as leader of a project lights the importance of understanding Bob the winner. More recently, he’s devoted to the SSC’s history, I heartily the tremendous pressures that beset followed up with The Great Equations: recommend it. such ambitious undertakings. This Breakthroughs in Science from Pythagoras Wojcicki will be giving an invited book makes an excellent contribution to Heisenberg (W.W. Norton, 2008). I talk on the subject in a Forum ses- to that understanding. n received a review copy of the book just sion at the “April” APS meeting, on before the current issue of the newslet- Monday afternoon, May 4, titled “A Robert P. Crease is Chairman of ter went to press. This one I’ll be sure Personal Recollection of the SSC’s Birth the Department of Philosophy at Stony to read—and perhaps review in the and Demise” (see p. 6). Just before him Brook University. He writes frequently near future. Adrienne Kolb, a coauthor of the book about the history of physics, including Two noteworthy efforts on the histo- Fermilab, will speak on “Fermilab: The in a regular column for Physics World. ry of accelerator physics have recently Ring of the Frontier, 1967–1995.” For His most recent book is The Great appeared. Andrew Sessler of Lawrence Forum members interested in the his- Equations: Breakthroughs in Science from Berkeley Lab and Edmund Wilson of tory of accelerator and particle physics, Pythagoras to Heisenberg (W. W. Norton, CERN published Engines of Discov- this is a don’t-miss occasion. n 2009). ery: A Century of Paricle Accelerators —Michael Riordan, Editor

Candidate Biographies and Statements

Continued from page 9 encouraged to learn that physics was I learn its history; and I always find more sophisticated sense of our history, not handed down from on high, but the history fascinating. The Forum has in contrast to the oversimplified and developed a step at a time, often in over the years done an outstanding job inaccurate picture often found in texts much more confusing and disorga- of bringing physicists and historians and in the folklore we hand down from nized (and more creative) ways than of physics (who are often themselves one generation of physicists to the next. textbooks sometimes suggest. Students physicists) together. It gives historians As someone with a foot in both camps, outside the sciences often find science an audience, particularly for the more I would be honored to contribute to more interesting when they can also technical history, an aspect historians the Forum’s work through service on study its historical and philosophical of science all too often neglect. It shows the Executive Committee. n underpinnings. And personally, I often physicists how their discipline actually understand the physics better when developed, and helps to instill in us a

Volume X, No. 6 • Spring 2009 • History of Physics Newsletter 11 Presorted First Class US Postage PAID Bowie, MD Forum on History of Physics Permit No. 4434 American Physical Society One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740

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