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Ecological Interactions Across a Plio-Pleistocene Interval of Faunal Turnover: Naticid Cannibalism North and South of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

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Ecological Interactions Across a Plio-Pleistocene Interval of Faunal Turnover: Naticid Cannibalism North and South of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2009 Ecological Interactions Across a Plio-Pleistocene Interval of Faunal Turnover: Naticid Cannibalism North and South of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina Max Christie College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Christie, Max, "Ecological Interactions Across a Plio-Pleistocene Interval of Faunal Turnover: Naticid Cannibalism North and South of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina" (2009). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 295. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/295 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ecological Interactions Across a Plio-Pleistocene Interval of Faunal Turnover: Naticid Cannibalism North and South of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Departmental Honors in Interdisciplinary Studies from The College of William and Mary by Max Christie Accepted for _____Honors________________________ (Honors, High Honors, Highest Honors) ________________________________________ Dr. Rowan Lockwood, Director ________________________________________ Dr. Karen M. Layou ________________________________________ Dr. Patricia H. Kelley ________________________________________ Dr. Stewart A. Ware Williamsburg, VA May, 2009 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 7 Plio-Pleistocene Extinction ............................................................................................. 8 Taxonomic vs. Ecological Patterns Across Extinctions .................................................. 9 Naticid Cannibalism ...................................................................................................... 12 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 15 Geologic Setting................................................................................................................ 15 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 20 Sampling Strategy ......................................................................................................... 20 Field Methods ................................................................................................................ 20 Museum Collections ...................................................................................................... 21 Sample Processing ......................................................................................................... 21 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 22 Results ............................................................................................................................... 26 Frequency of Cannibalism across the Plio-Pleistocene and Biogeographic Boundaries ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Frequency of Cannibalism across Plio-Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units ....................... 32 2 Frequency of Cannibalism across the Plio-Pleistocene and Biogeographic Boundaries: Sample Size Standardization Using a Resampling Procedure ...................................... 35 Changes in Size across the Plio-Pleistocene and Biogeographic Boundaries ............... 37 Effects of Naticid Predator Size on the Frequency of Cannibalism .............................. 46 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 48 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 65 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 67 References ......................................................................................................................... 70 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 73 3 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Sample of Naticids ............................................................................................ 14 Figure 2: Geologic map of the Coastal Plain .................................................................... 14 Figure 3: Correlation Chart ............................................................................................... 19 TABLE 1: SAMPLES USED IN THIS STUDY ......................................................................... 19 Figure 4: Stratigraphic section of Register Quarry, NC ................................................... 24 Figure 5: Map of field sites and museum collections ....................................................... 24 Figure 6: Diagram of measurements ................................................................................. 25 Figure 7: Frequency of cannibalism across the Plio-Pleistocene extinction..................... 30 Figure 8: Frequency of cannibalism across Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ..................... 30 Figure 9: Frequency of cannibalism among spatiotemporal units .................................... 31 Figure 10: Frequency of cannibalism across units north of Cape Hatteras ...................... 34 Figure 11: Frequency of cannibalism across units south of Cape Hatteras ...................... 34 Figure 12: Frequency of cannibalism among resampled spatiotemporal units ................. 36 Figure 13: Average and maximum size across the Plio-Pleistocene extinction and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina ................................................................................................... 40 Figure 14: Average and maximum size among spatiotemporal units ............................... 41 Figure 15: Percent drilling among 10mm size bins .......................................................... 42 Figure 16: Outer drillhole diameter vs. prey size ............................................................. 43 Figure 17: Average and maximum size among resampled spatiotemporal units ............. 45 4 Figure 18: Frequency of cannibalism vs. predator size .................................................... 47 Figure 19: Total and prey item drilling frequency ............................................................ 51 Figure 20: Naticid prey abundance ................................................................................... 52 Figure 21: Ratio of predator to prey abundance ............................................................... 52 Figure 22: Frequency of cannibalism across the Plio-Pleistocene extinction in Huntoon (1999) ................................................................................................................................ 54 Figure 23: Naticid to non-naticid predator abundance ..................................................... 54 Figure 24: Abundance and drilling frequency of victims and originators ........................ 56 Figure 25: Drilling frequency of victims and originators with cannibalism ..................... 56 Figure 26: Drilling frequency of preferred taxa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene ...... 58 Figure 27: Abundance of preferred prey taxa ................................................................... 60 5 Abstract According to previous work along the western Atlantic Coastal Plain, 70% of molluscan species went extinct during a two pulsed event across the Plio-Pleistocene boundary; yet the nature of this extinction event is different north and south of the biogeographic boundary represented by Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Although the evolutionary effects of this extinction have been studied, the community-level ecological effects are poorly understood. This research focuses on the confamilial predation of naticid snails and seeks to determine changes in the degree of cannibalism across the biogeographic boundary during the late Pliocene. Float and museum collections of the Yorktown (Moore House Member) and Duplin Formations (sampling before the extinction) and the lower Waccamaw and Chowan River Formations (sampling after the first pulse of extinction) were used in this study. Frequency of cannibalism per collection, and naticid size were analyzed. Data were collected from 21 localities across the Coastal Plain of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina representing 3 units north of Cape Hatteras, and three units south. 1,951 specimens were analyzed. Results indicate that naticid cannibalism increases across the Plio-Pleistocene extinction and is greater north of the biogeographic boundary. Results also indicate a statistically significant decrease in naticid
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