The Geospatial Technologies and Human Rights Project (http://www.aaas.org/geotech) produced this report as part of the Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights and Law Program (SRHRL, http://www.aaas.org/program/srhrl) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). As a program of AAAS – the worlds largest multidisciplinary scientific membership organization – SRHRL engages individual scientists and scientific associations in human rights efforts; applies scientific tools and technologies to enhance human rights work; brings human rights standards to the conduct of science; and promotes the human right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress.

Acknowledgement: Primary support for this publication was provided by the Oak Foundation through grant number OUSA-12- 011.

Disclaimer The interpretations and conclusions contained in this report are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the AAAS Board of Directors, its Council, and membership, or the Oak Foundation.

Contact AAAS welcomes comments and questions regarding its work. Please send information, suggestions, and any comments to SRHRL at [email protected].

© Copyright 2014 American Association for the Advancement of Science Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights and Law Program 1200 New York Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20005 USA

AAAS: Human Rights Applications of Remote Sensing 2 Table of Contents

Introduction 4 Case Studies 5 Documented Human Rights Violations 7 Case Study Locations 8 Cultural Artifact Destruction 9 Azerbaijan 10 Civilians in Conflict 11 Lebanon 12 Libya 13 Nigeria 14 Somalia 15 Georgia 16 Sri Lanka 17 Syria: Aleppo Initial Assessment 18 Syria: Aleppo Retrospective 19 Syria: Attacks On Medical Facilities 20 Environmental Rights 21 Nigeria: Gas Flaring 22 Nigeria: Oil Spills 23 Turkmenistan 24 Bahrain 25 Communal Conflict 26 Kyrgyzstan 27 Nigeria 28 Forced Relocation 29 Ethiopia 30 Zimbabwe 31 Kenya 32 Grave Sites 33 Afghanistan 34 Argentina 35 Sri Lanka 36 Property Rights 37 Burma 38 Democratic Republic of Congo 39 Nigeria 40 Kenya 41 Turkmenistan 42 Ethiopia 43 Sudan: Negeha 44 Sudan: Ulu 45 Sudan and Chad 46 AAAS Case Study Websites 47 Keyword Index 49 AAAS: Human Rights Applications of Remote Sensing 3 Introduction

Since the creation of the Geospatial Technologies and Human Rights Project in 2005, the Project has worked to expand the applications of geospatial technologies to human rights. Geospatial technologies include a range of modern tools, such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) that allow for mapping and analysis of multiple layers of georeferenced data.

The Project has conducted numerous case studies around the world. It has documented a wide range of human rights violations using various available technologies. These projects demonstrate the utility of geospatial technologies to document many human rights issues of interest worldwide, by enabling:

• Documentation of remote or dangerous locations where on-the-ground access is limited or prohibited • Large area analysis to study phenomena across regions • Historical analysis of past events using archival satellite imagery • The establishment of timelines of events in critical situations

Geospatial technologies can broaden the ability of non-governmental organizations to rapidly gather, analyze, and disseminate authoritative information, especially during times of crisis. They can also provide compelling, visual evidence to corroborate on-the-ground reporting of conflicts and natural disasters affecting human rights.

AAAS: Human Rights Applications of Remote Sensing 4 Case Studies

Cultural Artifact Destruction

• A cemetery in Azerbaijan containing 16th century Armenian burial monuments was leveled by heavy earth-moving equipment (Page 10).

Civilians in Conflict

• The Lebanese cities of Sayda, Bint Jbeil, and Beirut City suffered bombing of civilians during the 2006 war between Lebanon and Israel (Page 12). • Heavy fighting took place in Misurata, Libya, including shelling and destruction of civilian structures (Page 13). • Hundreds of structures were destroyed in four communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria during conflict between government and separatist forces (Page 14). • Indiscriminate shelling took place throughout Mogadishu, Somalia during a four-year study period from 2007-2010 (Page 15). • Evidence of significant military action occurs during communal conflict near the city of Tshkinvali and in the surrounding region of South Ossetia, Georgia (Page 16). • IDP camps are built and dismantled as mortar and artillery fire hit the Civilian Safety Zone in Sri Lanka (Page 17). • Tanks, roadblocks, and small artillery appear as intense fighting results in the destruction of many civilian structures in Aleppo, Syria (Page 18). • Destruction of cultural heritage sites, damage to buildings, proliferation of roadblocks, and shell craters during the conflict in Aleppo, Syria (Page 19). • The destruction of and damage to medical facilities in Syria (Page 20).

Environmental Rights

• Gas flaring continues in Nigeria in 2010 despite a 2008 moratorium, causing widespread environmental, agricultural, and health impacts on the surrounding area (Page 22). • Significant oil spills caused widespread plant death and the appearance of rainbow oil slicks near Bodo, Nigeria between 2006 and 2010 (Page 23). • Over 150 oil spills occurred between February 2000 and December 2012 in the Caspian Sea near Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan, in addition to a continuously leaking pipeline (Page 24). • Major changes in Bahrain’s land use and land cover include a 12.5% increase in total land area and double the amount of land classified as urban (Page 25).

Communal Conflict

• Over 1600 structures were destroyed and 116 large “SOS” messages in minority Uzbek neighborhoods appeared during ethnically-fueled conflict in Osh, Kyrgyzstan in 2010 (Page 27). • Nearly a square kilometer of Jos, Nigeria was destroyed during fighting between Muslims and Christians in 2010 (Page 28).

Forced Relocation

• Rural populations were forcibly resettled in concentrated settlements in the Gambella region, Ethiopia between 2007 and 2011 (Page 30). • Communities supportive of the opposition party were destroyed between 2002 and 2006 following the 2002 elections in Zimbabwe (Page 31). • Nearly 4,000 structures were removed from 3 slums in Nairobi, Kenya between 2011 and 2012 (Page 32).

AAAS: Human Rights Applications of Remote Sensing 5 Grave Sites

• Two suspected mass graves in Sheberghan, Afghanistan were excavated and the fill taken away in 2006 (Page 31). • Possible gravesites and secret detention facilities were identified dating from 1976 to 1978 during the Dirty War in Argentina (Page 35). • Three gravesites expanded rapidly inside the Civilian Safety Zone in Sri Lanka (Page 36).

Property Rights

• 18 villages disappeared and four military camps expanded during fighting between 2000 and 2009 in Burma while a refugee camp appeared on the Thai border (Page 38). • Nearly 1500 structures disappeared during violence in the Busurungi area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2009 (Page 39). • A slum housing approximately 13,800 people was demolished along the waterfront in Port Harcourt, Nigeria in 2009 (Page 40). • An eviction and property destruction order was erroneously issued in 2009 in Githogoro, Kenya in order to make room for a new road (Page 41). • The beachfront bungalow towns of Avaza and Tarta, Turkmenistan were demolished between 2002 and 2010 in order to construct luxury hotels (Page 42). • Eight villages in Ogaden, Ethiopia were razed during conflict between government and rebel forces in 2008 (Page 43). • Approximately 7,000 people lost their homes in Negeha, South Darfur, Sudan, and forced to leave the area in 2010 (Page 44). • Heavy fighting took place between rebel forces and the Sudanese military in Ulu, Blue Nile region of Sudan in 2013, leading to arson and destruction (Page 45). • 21 villages were destroyed in Darfur, Sudan and IDP camps in Chad experienced growth in 2006 (Page 46).

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Case Study Locations

The above map demonstrates all countries in which the Geospatial Technologies and Human Rights Project of AAAS has conducted satellite imagery analysis.

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AAAS Case Study Websites

Afghanistan High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Possible Mass Graves in Sheberghan, Afghanistan http://www.aaas.org/afghanistan

Argentina The Use of Declassified US Government Satellite Imagery for the Investigation of Possible Gravesites in Argentina http://www.aaas.org/geotech/argentina_2009

Azerbaijan High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan http://www.aaas.org/page/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-destruction-cultural-artifacts-nakhchivan- azerbaijan

Bahrain Investigating Land Use and Land Cover Change in Bahrain: 1987-2013 http://www.aaas.org/page/investigating-land-use-and-land-cover-change-bahrain-1987-2013

Burma High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Conflict in Eastern Burma http://www.aaas.org/content/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-conflict-eastern-burma-executive- summary

Democratic Republic of Congo Evidence of Destruction in the Democratic Republic of Congo http://www.aaas.org/page/evidence-destruction-democratic-republic-congo

Ethiopia • Gambella Documentation of Villagization: Gambella Region, Ethiopia http://www.aaas.org/content/documentation-villagization-gambella-region-ethiopia • Ogaden High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Conflict in Ogaden, Ethiopia http://www.aaas.org/content/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-conflict-ogaden-ethiopia

Georgia High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Conflict in South Ossetia http://www.aaas.org/content/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-conflict-south-ossetia-0

Kenya • Waruku and Githogoro High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Community Demolitions in Kenya http://www.aaas.org/page/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-community-demolitions-kenya • Nairobi Satellite Imagery Assessment of Forced Relocations in Nairobi, Kenya: 2011-2012 http://www.aaas.org/geotech/nairobi

Kyrgyzstan High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Assessment of Osh, Kyrgyzstan http://www.aaas.org/page/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-assessment-osh-kyrgyzstan

Lebanon Lebanon: Destruction in Civilian Areas Case Study Report http://www.aaas.org/content/lebanon-destruction-civilian-areas-case-study-report

AAAS: Human Rights Applications of Remote Sensing 47 Libya Documenting Conflict in Misurata, Libya Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery www.aaas.org/content/documenting-conflict-misurata-libya-using-high-resolution-satellite-imagery

Nigeria Eyes on Nigeria: Technical Report Overview http://www.aaas.org/page/eyes-nigeria-technical-report-overview

Pakistan Geovisualization for Mapping Human Rights Incidents in Northwestern Pakistan http://www.aaas.org/page/geovisualization-mapping-human-rights-incidents-northwestern-pakistan

Somalia Analysis of Conflict-Related Destruction Reported in Mogadishu, Somalia http://www.aaas.org/content/analysis-conflict-related-destruction-reported-mogadishu-somalia

Sri Lanka High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Conflict in Sri Lanka http://www.aaas.org/geotech/sri_lanka_2009

Sudan • Chad and Sudan High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Conflict in Chad and Sudan http://www.aaas.org/content/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-conflict-chad-and-sudan • Negeha High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Housing Structures in Negeha, South Darfur http://www.aaas.org/content/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-destruction-housing- structures-negeha-south-darfur • Ulu High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Housing Destruction in Ulu, Sudan http://www.aaas.org/page/high-resolution-satellite-imagery-and-housing-destruction-ulu-sudan

Syria • Aleppo Satellite Imagery Analysis for Urban Conflict Documentation http://www.aaas.org/aleppo • Aleppo Retrospective Conflict in Aleppo, Syria: A Retrospective Analysis http://www.aaas.org/aleppo_retrospective • Medical Facility Damage Assessing the status of medical facilities in Syria http://www.aaas.org/page/assessing-status-medical-facilities-syria

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Overview http://www.aaas.org/page/turkmenistan

Ukraine • Sevastopol Satellite Imagery Assessment of the Crisis in Crimea, Ukraine – Part One: Sevastopol http://www.aaas.org/geotech/sevastopol • Aleppo Retrospective Conflict in Aleppo, Syria: A Retrospective Analysis http://www.aaas.org/page/satellite-imagery-assessment-crisis-ukraine-part-two-border- deployments

Zimbabwe An Analysis of Community Demolitions in Zimbabwe Case Study Report http://www.aaas.org/page/zimbabwe

AAAS: Human Rights Applications of Remote Sensing 48

Keyword Index

Attacks on Civilians – 38, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46

Civilians in Conflict – 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

Communal Conflict – 16, 25, 26, 27, 28

Cultural Artifact Destruction – 10, 19

Environmental Rights – 22, 23, 24, 25

Forced Relocation – 30, 31, 32, 40, 41, 42

Grave Sites – 10, 34, 35, 36

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) – 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 38

Indiscriminate Violence – 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

Property Rights (Intentional Burning) – 27, 28, 43, 44, 45, 46

Property Rights (Destruction) – 14, 15, 16, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41

Property Rights (Expropriation) – 30, 32, 42

AAAS: Human Rights Applications of Remote Sensing 49