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Dealing with Infertility in Early Modern England by Daphna Oren

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Dealing with Infertility in Early Modern England by Daphna Oren “Make me a Fruitfull Vine”: Dealing with Infertility in Early Modern England By Daphna Oren-Magidor B.A., Tel Aviv University, 2005 A.M., Brown University, 2007 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2012 © 2012 by Daphna Oren-Magidor This Dissertation by Daphna Oren-Magidor is accepted in its present form by the Department of History as satisfying the dissertation requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Recommended to the Graduate Council Date ___________ _________________________________ Tim Harris, Advisor Date ___________ _________________________________ Tara Nummedal, Reader Date ___________ _________________________________ Moshe Sluhovsky, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date ___________ _________________________________ Peter Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Daphna Oren-Magidor, Curriculum Vitae December 21, 1981, Los Angeles, California Education Brown University, Providence, RI Ph.D Candidate, Department of History; Spring 2012 M.A in Early Modern British History; Spring 2007 Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel B.A. Magna Cum Laude in History, Fall 2005 Awards Mellon-CLIR Dissertation Fellowship for Research in Original Sources, 2009-2010 Teaching Experience Instructor, “Historians as Detectives ,” Pre-College Summer Studies, Brown University, Summer 2011 Instructor and co-founder, “Lessing Undergraduate Workshops,” History Department, Tel Aviv University, Fall 2005, Spring 2006 Teaching Assistant, History Department, Brown University: “The Rise of the Scientific World View,” Prof. Joan Richards, Fall 2007, Fall 2011 “Modern Latin America,” Dr. Adrian Lopez-Denis, Spring 2009 “Christians, Muslims and Jews in Medieval Iberia,” Prof. Amy Remensnyder, Fall 2008 “European History, 1789-1989,” Prof. Joan Richards, Spring 2008 Teaching Assistant, History Department, Tel Aviv University “Introduction to Early Modern Europe,” Prof. Benjamin Arbel, Fall 2005 Presentations “Aristocratic Women and the Circulation of Medical Knowledge in Early-Modern England,” American Historical Association, January 2012 “Infertility and Immorality: Stigmas Against Infertile Women in Early Modern England,” Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, June 2011 iv “Queens, Cuckolds and Cures: Royal Infertility and Taking the Waters in Seventeenth-Century England,” American Association for the History of Medicine, April 2011 “Dealing with Infertility in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England,” Sarah Doyle Dissertation Series, Brown University, April 2011 “‘I Doubt if I Should Prove with Child’: Anxieties about Fertility in Early Modern England,” Medieval and Early Modern History Seminar, Brown University, March 2010 “‘Conceiving’ the Ideal Marriage: Guides to Conception and Ideals of Marriage in Seventeenth-Century England,” Northeastern Conference on British Studies, October 2009 “Gendering the Queen: Gendered Identities in the Life of Henrietta-Maria of England, Graduate Symposium on Women’s and Gender History,” University of Illinois, Urbana-Champagne, March 2009 v Acknowledgements This research was funded by the Department of History and the Graduate School at Brown University, and I would like to extend my appreciation to them. I would also like to thank the Mellon-CLIR Dissertation Fellowships for Research in Original Sources, which provided the funding for my archival research in England. I am particularly thankful for the hard work and endless inspiration of my advisor and the members of my doctoral committee. Their diverse perspectives and approaches have helped shape my work and make it stronger. Tim Harris has supported my work from the outset and has continuously challenged me to improve through his thoughtful and meticulous commentary at every stage of this project. Tara Nummedal and Moshe Sluhovsky have both gone above and beyond any expectations I could possibly have from committee members, reading multiple drafts and offering constant advice and mentorship. I would also like to thank Joan Richards and Amy Remensnyder for their invaluable guidance on writing and teaching, Jim Green for his advice and support, and Hal Cook for his comments on portions of this dissertation. From my first moments at the Department of History at Brown University I was aware of the wonderful intellectual community that surrounded me. I would especially like to thank the participants of the Medieval and Early Modern History Seminar for creating a warm intellectual and social environment for pre-modernists at Brown. I would also like to thank my fellow graduate students for their emotional and academic support throughout this process, and in particular Sam Boss, Rachel Gostenhofer, Danny Loss, Michael Pierpoint, Oded Rabinovitch, Julia Timpe and Emily and Stephen Wicken. vi My years as a graduate student would been much less enjoyable without the companionship of several individuals. I would like to thank Adam and Marina Darlow for their enduring friendship, without which the last six years would have been much sadder and lonelier. Galia Bahat made my stay in London much more pleasant. I am also deeply grateful to Kelly Feinstein-Johnson, who since our first meeting in London has been everything from mentor to editor to psychologist, but above all a dear friend. I could not have completed this project without the warmth and support of my family. My sisters have been a constant source of advice, inspiration and friendship. My father Menachem first taught me to love learning in general and History in particular. My mother Sarah read every page of this dissertation, most of them twice, and offered her invaluable perspective on modern infertility. I am deeply grateful to both of them for their help, but more so for their love and for always encouraging me to follow my interests. Finally, words cannot express how lucky I am to have shared my life with Hanan Oren for the past twelve years. My gratitude to him goes well beyond the limits of this project. vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Figures ................................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE - “THE TEMPERATE MATRIX IS MOST FRUITFULL”: THE CAUSES OF INFERTILITY ............................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER TWO - “I DOUBT IF I SHOULD PROVE WITH CHILD”: THE DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSING FERTILITY AND PREGNANCY ........................... 80 CHAPTER THREE - “THE SCANDAL OF BARRENNESS” .................................... 120 CHAPTER FOUR - FROM ANNE TO HANNAH: REFORMING RELIGIOUS VIEWS OF INFERTILITY .......................................................................................................... 168 CHAPTER FIVE - TREATING FERTILITY PROBLEMS: WOMEN AS ACTIVE PATIENTS ...................................................................................................................... 223 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 291 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 302 viii Table of Figures Figure 1: The Lamenting Lady berating the beggar woman with her two children ....... 137 Figure 2: The lady and her husband mourning their stillborn children .......................... 137 Figure 3 (detail): The casket filled with stillborn babies ................................................ 138 Figure 4: The cuckold, from The Scolding Wives Vindication ....................................... 153 Figure 5: A Gift to the Lady of Loreto ........................................................................... 177 Figure 6: From Rome a Consecrated Smock .................................................................. 178 Figure 7: Copy of symbols from Lilly’s spell for a childless woman ............................ 272 ix List of Abbreviations BL – British Library Bodl. – Bodleian Library CCRO – Chester and Cheshire Record Office CSP Foreign – Calender of State Papers, Foreign CSPVen – Calendar of State Papers, Venetian FSL – Folger Shakespeare Library WL Wellcome Library WSRO – Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office Original spellings have been preserved throughout. Minor modernizations to punctuation have been made where this has significantly contributed to clarity. x INTRODUCTION This rich and daintie pair, The young man and his wife, Though clog’d with golden coine Yet led a grievous life. Seven years they married were And yet in all this space God gave them nere an heire, Their riches to imbrace. Thus did their sorrow breed, Joy was from them exil’d: Quoth she a hundred pound Would I give for a child: To have a jolly child: Of mine owne body borne; Full oft I am revil’d, Of this my barren wombe. Much Physicke did she take, To make a fruitfull soyle, And with excesse thereof Her body she did spoile. (The Old Man’s Complaint, 1663)1 The ballad The Old Man’s Complaint tells the story of a man who, in his old age, is mistreated by his wealthy son. For this
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