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Chem Soc Rev Chem Soc Rev View Article Online REVIEW ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Designing degradable hydrogels for orthogonal Cite this: Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, control of cell microenvironments 42, 7335 Prathamesh M. Kharkar,a Kristi L. Kiick*abc and April M. Kloxin*ad Degradable and cell-compatible hydrogels can be designed to mimic the physical and biochemical characteristics of native extracellular matrices and provide tunability of degradation rates and related properties under physiological conditions. Hence, such hydrogels are finding widespread application in many bioengineering fields, including controlled bioactive molecule delivery, cell encapsulation for controlled three- dimensional culture, and tissue engineering. Cellular processes, such as adhesion, proliferation, spreading, migration, and differentiation, can be controlled within degradable, cell-compatible hydrogels with temporal tuning of biochemical or biophysical cues, such as growth factor presentation or hydrogel stiffness. However, thoughtful selection of hydrogel base materials, formation chemistries, and degradable moieties is necessary to achieve the appropriate level of property control and desired cellular response. In this review, hydrogel Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. design considerations and materials for hydrogel preparation, ranging from natural polymers to synthetic polymers, are overviewed. Recent advances in chemical and physical methods to crosslink hydrogels are highlighted, as well as recent developments in controlling hydrogel degradation rates and modes of Received 1st February 2013 degradation. Special attention is given to spatial or temporal presentation of various biochemical and DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60040h biophysical cues to modulate cell response in static (i.e., non-degradable) or dynamic (i.e., degradable) microenvironments. This review provides insight into the design of new cell-compatible, degradable hydrogels www.rsc.org/csr to understand and modulate cellular processes for various biomedical applications. This article is licensed under a 1. Introduction Although classic biomaterials, such as metals, ceramics, and Open Access Article. Published on 22 April 2013. Downloaded 10/7/2021 8:24:49 AM. synthetic polymers, have been used to successfully replace the Cells in vivo interact with biochemical and biophysical cues within mechanical function of tissues, such as teeth or hip and knee their surrounding microenvironment, and such interactions joints, their use as ECM mimics for tissue engineering has been influence cell behavior, function, and fate. The cell microenviron- limited.1 Given that hydrogels demonstrate many properties ment comprises the extracellularmatrix(ECM)proteins,soluble similar to those of the ECM, an ever-increasing number of and sequestered bioactive factors, and neighboring cells. Micro- hydrogel-based materials have been developed to study and environment biochemical cues, such as receptor binding to ECM direct cell behavior.2 Hydrogels comprise hydrophilic cross- proteins or cytokines, and biophysical cues, such as modulus linked polymers that contain significant amounts of water and fibrillar structure, play a vital role in cell fate decisions, and maintain a distinct three dimensional structure.3 The high from quiescence to activation and progenitor state to terminal water content, elasticity, and diffusivity of small molecules in differentiation. These fundamental cell–ECM interactions are these materials make them attractive candidates for mimicking highly dynamic in nature, as cells interact with and respond to soft tissue microenvironments as well as serving as reservoirs ECM signals and subsequently remodel their surroundings. for water-soluble cytokine and growth factor delivery. Hydrogels Understanding and harnessing this bidirectional cross talk also offer great potential to mimic the dynamic, native ECM due between the microenvironment and resident cells is pivotal in to the ease of tailoring their physiochemical and mechanical strategies to regenerate tissue or regulate disease. properties through the incorporation of degradable moieties and orthogonal chemistries.4–6 a Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, The building blocks for constructing synthetic, biomimetic DE 19716, USA. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] microenvironments and manipulating native in vivo micro- b Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA c Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA environments are rapidly expanding. Synthetic ECMs have been d Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, used in vitro to support cells and modulate their behavior and Newark, DE 19716, USA to provide triggered, sustained release of bioactive molecules. This journal is c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 7335--7372 7335 View Article Online Review Article Chem Soc Rev Additionally, hydrogels have been increasingly employed and synthetic polymers that are commonly employed as the for delivering cells and therapeutics within the in vivo micro- hydrogel base (Section 3), (ii) reactive functional groups for environment.7–9 In this review, we aim to provide a comprehen- hydrogel formation (Section 4), and (iii) degradable moieties sive survey of these building blocks and to overview seminal and for temporal evolution of physical or biochemical properties recent works utilizing chemistries that are degradable, ortho- (Section 5). We subsequently examine how these degradable gonal, or both to permit control of biochemical or biophysical groups are being used in conjunction with orthogonal chemistries signals in the cell microenvironment (Fig. 1). Providing criteria for probing and regulating cell function in regenerative medicine (Section 2) and context for controlling properties in the and integrative biology applications (Section 6). presence of biological systems, we will summarize (i) natural 2. Design considerations Prathamesh M. Kharkar is Hydrogels that permit orthogonal control of multiple properties currently pursuing a PhD in in the cell microenvironment must meet a number of biological Materials Science and and physical design criteria that are dictated by the intended Engineering at the University of application (Fig. 2). For example, hydrogels for three-dimensional Delaware, where he is developing (3D) cell culture or delivery must be crosslinked in presence of multi-mode degradable hydrogels cells while maintaining cell viability; additionally, they need to for the controlled release of mimic critical aspects of the natural ECM, such as mechanical bioactive molecules under the support and degradation, to enable appropriate and desired supervision of Professor April cellular functions, such as proliferation and protein secre- Kloxin and Professor Kristi tion.7,10,11 In this section, we will address these challenges Kiick. He received his BS in and provide perspective on key design criteria for producing Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Polymers and Coatings from the cell-compatible hydrogels with properties that can be ortho- Prathamesh M. Kharkar University Institute of Chemical gonally controlled both in space and in time. Technology (UDCT, India), MS in Polymer Science from Joseph Fourier University (France), and 2.1 Biocompatibility subsequently worked as a research engineer under the guidance of Biocompatibility is the first, and perhaps the most critical, Professor Catherine Picart at the Grenoble Institute of Technology. parameter when considering the application of hydrogels in the His main research interests include biomaterials for drug delivery cellular microenvironment. Biocompatibility is defined as the and tissue engineering. ability of a biomaterial to perform its desired function without This article is licensed under a Kristi Kiick is a Professor of April M. Kloxin, PhD, is an Materials Science and Assistant Professor in the Open Access Article. Published on 22 April 2013. Downloaded 10/7/2021 8:24:49 AM. Engineering, Professor of Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, and Biomolecular Engineering, Deputy Dean of the University of Department of Materials Science Delaware College of Engineering. & Engineering, and Biomedical She holds a BS from UD and an Engineering (affiliate) at the MS in Chemistry (as an NSF University of Delaware. She Predoctoral Fellow) from the obtained her BS (Summa Cum University of Georgia. She Laude) and MS in Chemical worked as a research scientist at Engineering from North Carolina Kimberly Clark Corporation State University and PhD in Kristi L. Kiick before obtaining a PhD in April M. Kloxin Chemical Engineering from the Polymer Science and Engineering University of Colorado, Boulder, from the University of Massachusetts Amherst after completing her as a NASA GSRP Fellow. She trained as a Howard Hughes Medical doctoral research as an NDSEG Fellow at the California Institute of Institute post doctoral research associate at the University of Technology. She joined the UD faculty in 2001. Her current Colorado before joining the faculty at the University of Delaware research is focused on combining biosynthetic techniques, in 2011. Her research group focuses on the design of responsive chemical methods, and bioinspired assembly strategies for the biomaterials and development of controlled, dynamic models of production of advanced multifunctional biomaterials.
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