Patterns of Human Growth Barry Bogin Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-43448-5 — Patterns of Human Growth Barry Bogin Index More Information

Index

Locators in italic refer to ﬁgures; those in bold to tables

1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D evolution, 222–224, 254–256 African/European low birth weight,

(1α,25-(OH)2D3), 453 exempt organs, 130 83 Fleming’s analysis, 55 age at peak growth velocity (APV), abortion, spontaneous, 80, 138, 267 gonadal hormone levels, 386 282 ACEs. see adverse childhood growth hormones, 339 age-graded play group, 246, 493 experiences (ACEs) human uniqueness, 177 ageing, 254, see also old age Acheson, Roy, 56, 321–322 mammalian, 162 ages at peak height velocity (APHV), achondroplasia, 28, 368–369, 371 peak height velocity, 256 283–284, 284 achondroplastic proportions, 299 primate age-speciﬁc pleiotropic genes, 141, acromegaly, 391–392 Gavan, 181 267 ACTH. see adrenocorticotropic Leigh, 178–179 aggression, 171, 248, 387, 485 hormone (ACTH) skeletal evidence, 180–181 agriculture acute stress response (ASR), 425 reduced by stressors, 177 cities, 463 adaption, and cell turnover, 80 sex differences, 129, 131 negative secular trend effect, adiposity rebound, 95–96, 210 stages of life, 47 318 adolescence, 75, 123–137, 176 take-off, 281 stature decline, 318, 330 adult learning (female), 258–262 Tanner model, 15 Aiello, L. C., 206–207, 221 adult learning (male), 262–263 timing, 255 Akzeleration of growth, 310 biocultural events, 258–260, velocity curve, 47 Alexander, R. D., 132 259 adolescent phase, 163, 174 allantosis, 150 developmental control, 137 adolescent races, 127 Alley, T. R., 237–238 evolution, 222–224 adolescent sterility, 75 allocare, 231, 233, 235, 243, girls and boys, 256 adoptees, 409, 466, 471–472 245–247, 268 growth pattern evolution, 217 adrenal androgens, 209, 388 allometric processes, 194 lengthened, 503 adrenal hormones, 388–389, see allometry, 194–195, 235–240, 499 onset age, 128, 133 also androgens, adrenal alloparents, 230–232, 234–235, 244, parenting training, 260–262, adrenarche, 202, 210–211, 388, 468 248, 251–252 496–498 and mid-growth spurt, 74, 210 allostatic load, 504–505 reproductive success, 256 deﬁned, 209 Alston, Philip, 424 sexual development, 120, adrenocorticotropic hormone altruistic, 23, 222, 233 258–260, 263 (ACTH), 380, 388, 405 American Anthropological adolescence phase, 35 adulthood, 76, 137–140 Association, 45 Adolescence: An Anthropological growth pattern evolution, 217 American Association of Physical Inquiry (Schlegel & Barry), role learning (female), 258–262 Anthropology, 45 122 role learning (male), 262 American longitudinal studies, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its adult-onset hypothyroidism, 383 48–52 Relations to Physiology, adverse childhood experiences American School of Guatemala, 59 Anthropology, Sociology, (ACEs), 425, 426, 436, 461, Amoroso, E. C., 150–151 Sex, Crime and Religion 495, 504 Anatomy of Melancholy, The (Hall), 222 affect hunger, 244, 487 (Burton), 505 adolescence-ology, 123 African Efe pygmies, 277 androgen, adrenal, 209, 388 adolescent growth spurt, 68, African Pygmies, 286–287, 299 androgen, testicular, 383 128–130 African/European children’s Angleman syndrome, 375 adult height, 132 developmental differences, 58 animal-source foods, 430

562 Index

Annals of Human Biology (AHB) Backman, G., 115, 210 bio-impedance analysis (BIA), 96 (Aßmann), 348 Baer, Karl Ernst von, 33 biological evolution, 271 anthropology, 2–3, 18, 46, 52, 123, Bailey, R. C., 286, 290, 299 biological maturation, 47–48, 102, 127, 190 Bailey, S. M., 204 136, 289, 419 anthropometer, 64 Baines, Mike, 280 biological plasticity, 3, 9, 337 anthropometry, 2, 45, 51, 80–81, 89, Baka children, 287 biosocial ecology, 189 93, 96, 365, see also body Bakwin, Harry, 406 bipedalism, 201, 212, 339, 346, 382, measures Barker, David, 332 491, see also locomotion anti-glucocorticoid, 209 Baron, Jeffry, 387 childhood development, 115 Apicella, 240 Barry, H., 263 pelvic shape, 262 apoptosis, 126, 147, 399 Adolescence: An Anthropological biracial, 84 Archeology Today, 483 Inquiry, 122 Birdsell, J. B., 164 Ardipithecus ramidus, 217 bauplan, 199 birth, 81–102 arm circumference, 93, 98, 108 Bayley, Nancy catch-up growth, 106, 144 fat, 131 Bayley Infant Scales of Motor and birth month, and height growth, Montreal sample, 132 Mental Development, 51 462–463 Armelagos, George, 208 Beall, Cynthia, 137 birth weight, low, 81 art interpretation, 29 Beaumont, Julia, 425 racial differences, 84–86 art, depiction of pathology, 32 behavior, hormone effect, 387 SES, 83 arthropods, 197–199 behavioral modification, and variational factors, 83 artificial feeding, 39 learning, 158 Bisphenol A (BPA), 136 Aspinall, P.J. Behnke, Albert R., 50 Bizzozero, Giulio, 78 Mixed Race Britain in the Belmi, P., 485 blood-milk mixtures, 443 Twentieth Century,52 Belsky, Jay, 503 Blum, Werner, 309, 376 Aßmann, Christian Benirschke, Kurt, 150 Boas, Franz, 46, 133, 321 Annals of Human Biology (AHB), Bentley, Gillian, 210 adult stage, 137 348 Berge, Christine, 218 eugenics movement, 45 Atlas of Skeletal Maturation (Todd), Bergmann, Carl Georg Lucas human growth, 2, 10 50, 65 Christian, 303 hypothesis testing study, 13 atlases of skeletal development, 99 On the Proportions of Heat Economy migration studies, 2 atole drink, 421–422 of Animals to their Size,303 plasticity, 46 attachment behaviour. see bonding Bergmann, Friedrich Christian, 301, Bock, R. Darrell, 116, 281–282, Austad, S. N., 270 303 341–342, 344 Australopithecus afarensis, Berkeley longitudinal studies, 50 body build, national differences, 216–218, 217 Bernard, H. Russell, 355 278 Australopithecus sediba, 218, 219 Bertalanffy, L., 144, 162, 178 body composition, 7, 50, 60, 63–64, autocrine action, 381 biocultural approach, 1, 404 86, 92, 96, 99, 102, 112, thyroid hormone, 381 biocultural environments, 20, 334, 133, 278, 285, 325–329, autocrine signaling, 376, 377 404, 469 339, 344–345, 350, 371, auxology, 18, 25, 339, 432 biocultural events, adolescent, 378, 393, 410, 414, 433, Avendaño, M. S., 121 258–260, 259 443, 460, 484 averages, and variation, 72 biocultural interactions, 503 body mass index (BMI), 86–97, 276 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents grandparents, 498 bad of, 90–93 and Children (ALSPAC), young people, 493–497 children, 460 448–449, 501 biocultural plasticity, 338, 491, 492 good of, 89–90 axolotl, 196, 197 biocultural reproduction, 105, 143, horrid of, 93–97 Aymara, height and weight, 277, 177, 193, 209, 215, 230, juveniles, 460 278–279 234–235, 241–246, 242, body measures, 64, 86–102, see also 248, 251, 253–255, 268, arm circumference; fat; head baboon growth, 170, 171 270–271, 288, 403–404, 414, circumference; limb length; baby sitting, 212, see also child care 426, 465, 493 skinfold measurements

Index 563

growth changes, 98 brain Burton, Robert size measures (Montreal sample), and learning, 156–159 The Anatomy of Melancholy, 505 132 evolution, 158 Butte, N. F., 99 body proportions nerve impulses, 408 height, 298–300 brain growth, 113 Caballero, C. population differences, 298 caloric intake, 205–209 Mixed Race Britain in the body shape and growth, perceptual, human/primate comparison, 214, Twentieth Century,52 236–240 217 Cadogan, William, 38 body size infancy, 110 caloric intake, 205 adaptive value, 296–330 primate/rat comparison, 176–177 brain metabolism, 205–209 decline in, 318, 330 brain growth curve, 110 children’s diet, 205 genetic potential, 344–345 brain size, 98 Cameron, N., 64, 293 genetic selection, 331 molar eruption, 213 Capellini, I, 153 population differences, 273–279 placenta, 158–159 care response, 237 regulation, 16 X chromosome effect, 370 care-homes, 490 body, growth curve, 110 brain weight, 206–207 Carlschule students growth study, body/brain growth, primate/human and first molar eruption, 113 36, 37 comparison, 214–215, 217 braincases, 413 Carroli, G., 428 Bogin, B., 104, 211, 244, 270 breast-feeding (lactation), 24, 231, Carroll, Sean, 196–197 Bolk, Louis, 210 see artificial feeding The Origins of Form (2017), 196 bonding. see also cuddling allomaternal care, 232 catch-up growth, 15, 42, 119, 409 childcare response, 237 benefits, 154 birth, 106, 144 lactation, 154 complementary feeding, 252 in adoptees, 471 bone age, 101 contemporary world, 494 MZ twins, 362 bone growth, 138, 139, see also decline, 24 starvation, 438 skeletal growth; long bone growth uniformity, 108 Cattel, Raymond, 6 growth mammalian lactation, 153–156 Caucasoids, 299 diaphysis/epiphesis, 138, 139, milkquantity, 249 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 471 146, 148 nutrition and growth, 437 cell growth stimulation, 390, 392 growth plate, 138, 139, 146, 146 primate suckling, 159 cell growth, prenatal, 78 ossification, 147, 147 wet-nurses, 39, 232 cell signaling, 309, 372 periosteal deposition, 146 British Harpenden study, 56 cerebral Rubicon, 214, 220–221 bone maturation. see skeletal British Medical Journal (BMJ), 348, Chadwick, Edwin, 40, 44, 47, maturation 350 426–427, 431 bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Broadbent, B. Holly, 26, 50 Report on the sanitary conditions 395, 398 Brody, Samuel, 144, 162–163, 178, of the labouring population bone remodeling, 148, 149 458 of Great Britain, 427 bone, locomotion, 146–149 on mammalian growth, 161–162 Chapin, Harry, 406 BoneXpert system, 101 Brody’s unification hypothesis, 163 Charlesworth, B., 141, 267 Bonner, J. T., 193, 230, 272 Brozek, Josef, 50 Charnov, Eric, 250–252 Size and Cycle, 193 Brumberg, Joan Jacobs, 297 Charpentier, Emmanuelle, 18 Borkan, Gary A, 137 Brundtland, G.H., 129 Cheek, Donald B., 79, 389 Bowditch, Henry Pickering, 38, Bruno, Giordano, 30 chemical pollutants, 141, 415 44–47, 58, 354, 490 Brush Foundation Study, 48–49 chicken, growth curve, 143, 145 Bowen, R., 151, 152 Buffon, George-Louie Leclerc de, child abuse/neglect, 495 Boyd, Edith, 25–26, 51, 55 35–38, 47, 70, 129, 454 child care. see also bonding; diet Growth of the Surface Area of the Histoire Naturelle, 453 adolescent sibling, 495–496 Human Body, The,26 Bunsen, Robert, 303 early historic periods, 27 Origins of the Study of Human Burger, O., 251–252 psychological response, 237 Growth,25 Burkart, J. M., 233, 242 social status, 498 Bragg, Jared, 252 Burt, Cyril, 281, 357 Child Development Study, 367

564 Index

Child Growth Standards, 107 classic life history theory, 334 Copeland, K. C., 181 child linear growth, 432 climate change, 504–505 coprolites, 415 child, legal definition, 494 climate, seasonal growth copy-number variations, 371 childhood, 74, 111–116 month of birth, 462–463 Corpulence measure, 87 benefits, 154 weight, 459 cortisol, 168, 181, 315, 388, 408, biological constraints, 235 Clinton, Hillary, 483 412, 425, 461, 479, 502 contemporary prolongation, 495 close similarity twins, 339 cow’s milk, 155, 249, 448–449, 458 evolution, 212–218, 253 Clutton-Brock, T. H., 232–233, 242, cretinism, 382 function, 202–205 484 Crews, Douglas, 137, 271, 505 growth pattern, 112–113 CNS puberty, 256–257 cross-sectional approach, 34 modeling, 176 Cochrane Database Systematic crown-rump length (CRL), 80, 180 starvation, 438 Reviews, 428 primate, 180 childhood growth phase, 35 Coelho, A. M. J., 180 cuddling, 237, see also bonding childhood risks cognitive development cultural inheritance, 362–363, 366, contemporary world, 494 5-7 shift, 202 482, 505 hunter-gatherers, 493 malnutrition, 331 cultural transmission, 212, 246, 362, industrialized society, 493 Cole, L. C., 192 366 children. see also parental Cole, Tim, 282 culture, defined, 189 investment collective social amenorrhea, Culturing the adolescent brain art works of, 29 297 (Choudhury), 123 early historic attitudes, 27 colobus monkey, growth, 170, Cummins, Neil, 481 factory employment, 39–40, 171–172 Cytokine and Growth Factor 494 colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), Reviews, 397 food intake, 54 399 cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG), micro/macro nutrient communal breeding, 177, 232, 242, 371 supplementation, 430 247 social class, 411 community effects, 6, 17, 20, 307, da Vinci, Leonardo, 30, 31,33 chimpanzee 325, 364, 389, 403–405, Damon, Albert, 137 Copeland, 181 410–411, 413–414, 426, Dangour, Alan, 428 growth pattern, 175, 175, 217, 435–436, 462, 466, 469 Darwin, Charles, 23, 255, 353 218 community-based supplementary Origin of Species, 44, 70, 303 human transformational, 11, 12 feeding interventions, data smoothing, 95 postnatal growth, 182 428–429 de Castro, José María Bermúdez, skeletal growth, 181 comparative anthropogeny, 11 224 testosterone effects, 183 complementary feeding, 205, 252 de Haas, J. H., 473 chlorosis, 297 complimentary foods, 73, 204, 206, De Luc, Diana, 372 cholera contaminated water, 424 496 de Onis, M., 428 chorionic placenta, 150, 151–152, Concentration index, 323 de Zerbis, Gabrielo, 30 152, 158, 360 congenital abnormality, 82, 372, see Dean, M. C., 223 chorionic–allantoic placenta, 150 also sex chromosome Dean, Reginald F A, 289 Choudhury, S., 127 conquerors, 467, 472–474 death “Culturing the adolescent brain,” control. see also feedback neonatal, 81, 82 123 adrenal androgen, 388 Decades of human genetic research, Chow, Bacon, 62, 365 growth hormones, 389, 390 348 chronic glucocorticoid, 69 children, 111–116 Demirjian, Arto, 107, 110, 292 chronic malnutrition, 177, 432 Coon, Carleton, 299 dentition circumferential measures. see arm Origin of Races, The, 299 and weaning, 204 circumference; body cooperative breeders, 169, 232–233, deciduous, 105, 106–107 measures; head 484 growth curve, 110 circumference cooperative breeding, 23, 177, molar Clark, Gregory, 481 230–233, 245, 251 brain size, 213

Index 565

chronological age, 41, 290 distance curve, 35, 103, see also Encyclopedias of Adolescence, 122 eruption age, 113, 113–114 growth endocrine signaling, 376, 377 evolution pattern, 166 infancy, 106 endocrine system, 378, 388, 392, see juvenile stage markers, 209 prenatal, 106 also specific hormone population differences, dizygotic twins, 63, 353, 359, 360 and emotional stimulation, 408 289–290 DNA methylation, 372 environmental disturbances deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Dobzhansky, T., 11, 191 (primates), 185 10–11, 16, 18, 34, 63, 69, Doudna, Jennifer, 18 gene expression through, 340 141, 198, 224–225, 227, 296, Draper, Patricia, 503 endocrinology, 65, 69, 298, 339–341, 345–346, 353, 355, Drosophila HOX genes, 200 339–340, 375–392 358, 364, 366, 368–369, du Montbeillard, Count Philibert, endosteal, 148 371–372, 373, 375–376, 35, 36, 112 endotheliochorial placenta, 152, 160 392, 453, 490–491, 498 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry energy requirements. see caloric depth of the food deficit, 420 (DEXA), 90, 99 intake development, defined, 22 Dubuc, C., 484 Engels, Friedrich, 40–41 developmental delays, 205, 289, Dürer, Albrecht, 30, 32 Enlow, D. H., 148 375, 472 Dutch Hunger Winter, 439 environment developmental origins of adult dwarfism age of puberty, 295 disease, 332 growth-hormone deficiency, 33 body proportion differences, 298 developmental programming (DP) Paleolithic period, 27 buffered, 288 hypothesis, 332, 336 confounding factors, 291 diarrhea, 417, 451 East African pastoralists, 442 familial, 364 Dierickx, J., 456, 458 Eaton, J. C., 430 fat distribution, 326 diet. see also caloric intake; ecological risk aversion hypothesis, genetic potential expression, 362 malnutrition; undernutrition 165–166, 171 growth sensitivity to, 288 adolescent biocultural event Edinburgh longitudinal study, 116 growth, Maya, 3–10, 285 timing, 258 education, SES measure, 82 intra-uterine, 152–153 adult-type, 113 Edward syndrome, 369 large familial correlation effect agricultural, and negative secular egg, 34, 144, 145, 150, 150, (Gambia), 366 trends, 318 154–155, 159, 199, 250–251, powerful hypothesis, 64 appropriate, 421 262, 267, 374, 452 sex differences in growth, blood and milk, 443 ego crescere, 297–298 287–289 childhood, 112, 240 Einstein, Albert, 354 Turner syndrome growth effects, children’s caloric needs, 111–116, Eknoyan, G., 37, 87 369–370 205 El Sidrón J1, 227–228 working conditions (Bowditch), 44 deciduous dentition, 204 Ellison, P. T., 122 environmental adaptation, cell energy requirement, 418 Elsholtz, Johann S., 64 turnover, 80 improvement(Seckler), 332 Emanuel, Irvin, 84–85 environmental factors, 415 juvenile, 165, 171 embryo, gender development, 385 epidermal growth factors (EGFs) nutrient requirements, 403 embryology, historical, 33–34 family, 398 undernutrition, 334 Emerging Risk Factors epigenetic factors, 340, 369, weaning age, 204 Collaboration, 91 372–375, 373 diet patterns, mammalian, 148 Emotional Commitment to Change epigenetic landscape, 372, 499 dietary supplement, 61 Society, Economics, and epigenetics, 16, 296, 309 familial correlation changes, 366 Politics (ECCSEP), 505 epigenome, 17, 19, 372, 491 nutrient-rich, 62 emotional environment. see stress epiphyseal union, 138, 139, 172 differential fertility, 10, 23, 255 endocrine system control, epiphysis, 101, 138, 146, 392 differential mortality, 10, 23, 165, 408–410 epitheliochorial placenta, 152–153 255 for human growth, 10 ergo sum phaenotypo, 298 digestive tract, size/weight, 207 negative, 54 essential nutrients, 204, 289, 303, children’s diet, 204 of orphanages, 54 387, 394, 415–418, 433, 479

566 Index

estradiol, 257, 376, 384, 414 diabetes, 388 food. see diet rise at puberty, 259 endocrine effects, 388 food collection/preparation, 165 estrogen, control, 383 leptin, 399 food enhanced societies, 202 ethics of human studies, 17 fats (nutrients), 415 food limited societies, 202 ethnicity, 326 Fedigan, Linda, 267 food preparation, 208, 429, see also ethnocentricity, 29 feedback diet eugenics, 44, 46, 63, 128, 356 control, 381, 386, 389 food rationing, 403 Europe/North America low birth negative, 381–382 food security, 9 weight, 83 positive, 384 food synergy, 429–430 European longitudinal studies, Feldman, Marcus W., 355 foreign foods, 444 51–59 Fels longitudinal study, 116 forkhead-box P2 transcription Evans, Herbert McLean, 66 Fels Research Institute Study, 48, factor (FOXP2), 346 Eveleth, P. B., 137, 290, 295, 301, 341, 343, 368 form, mathematical description, 20 301 feminization of fat distribution Four Village Study, INCAP, 421 evolution, 10–12 pattern, 330 familial correlation, 366 Evolution of Primate Behavior, The femur, 218, 220, 223, 299, 308, 393, four-component method (Jolly), 191 395 (4C method), 96 evolutionary continuum, 184–185 fertility, 138, 140, 231, 235, 241, Fowler, J. H., 321–322 evolutionary development biology 254, 261, 264, 268, 270, 332, Frank, Johan Peter, 41 (Evo-Devo) see also pregnancy; Frank, Lawrence, 48, 310 heterochrony, 10–12 reproduction fraternal twins, 353 human growth and development, cessation, 76, 191 Frayling, Timothy M., 348 160–162 differential, 10, 255 free radicles, 141 exercise play, 125 of adults, 256 FRFG-3 mutations, 371 expanding tissues, 78–79 post-menarche, 261 Frisancho, A. R, 131, 139, 177 experiments. see studies rate of, 221 Froelich, 469 Eysenck, Hans, 357 rates of, 247, 495 FSH. see follicle stimulating fetal (perinatal) malnutrition, 84 hormone (FSH) factory children, 40–41, 40, 494 twins, 361 FTO genes, 326 Fahrenbach, C. F., 185 fetal development, historical, 33–34 functional capacity, 22 Falkner, Frank, 57 fetal growth and development, familial correlation, 364–368 440 Galton, Francis, 353–354 adopted children, 363 FGFR-3 protein, 369 Natural Inheritance,44 parental differences, 367 fibroblast cells, 376 Regression Towards Mediocrity in famines, 436–439 fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 Hereditary Stature’, 344 fat (FGFR-3), 368 Galvin, Kathleen, 444 deep body fat, 131 fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) Gambian population subcutaneous, 131 family, 398 familial correlation, 366 fat assessment. see skinfold Field, Tiffany, 408 growth velocity, 279, 285, 286 measurements Fisher, Ronald, 250 gap junction signaling, 376 fat distribution fixed effects, 282 Garber, P. A., 170 athletes, 329 Fleming, Rachel Mary, 26, 51–56, Gardner, L. I., 408 black/white differences, 325–329 499 Garn, Stanley, 49, 90, 137, 290 environmental influences, 326 Fleure, Herbert John, 52 Garrow, J. S., 474 feminization, 330 Florey, Charles du V., 87 Gaussian distribution, 37 hormonal control, 388 fluid milk consumption, 450, 451 Gavan, James A, 181 population differences, 325–329 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Geber, J., 426 sex-related, 131, 329 383 Gehring, Walter, 197–198 father’s absence, 503–504 control, 120, 121, 386 gender-related roles, 262 fatness (obesity) infant growth, 110, 386 gene expression, 11, 79, 296, 309, Americans, 278 secretion pattern, 121, 386 341–342

Index 567

gene mutations, 369, 371–372 hypothalamic release, 121 Growth at Adolescence (Tanner), genes versus environment, 345 production of, 120 411 genetic aberrations, 368 puberty, 120 growth curve genetic adaptation, 9–10, 331 Goodall, J., 1, 220 general animal, 144–145 genetic potential, 344–345 Gordon, P., 409 growth differentiation factors environmental constraints, 361 Gorter, F. J., 473 (GDFs), 398 genetic programming hypothesis, Goss, R., 16, 78, 146 growth factors 291, 293, 295 Gould, S. J., 236, 356 defined, 375 genetic similarity, familial heterochrony, 194 IGF, 392 correlation, 364–368 Mismeasure of Man, 356 growth harmony, 118–120, 133 genetic tracing technique, 394 neoteny, 194–195 growth hormone, 66, 144–145, 380 genetics Ontogeny and Phylogeny (1977), control, 389, 390 DNA studies, 18 194 in children, 395–396 environment, 64 grand unification theory, 18, 186, insensitivitysyndrome, 401 growth, 16, 63 194 pulsatile secretion pattern, 379 population body proportion grandfather hypothesis, 269 growth hormone releasing hormone differences, 299 grandmother hypothesis, 269–271 (GHRH), 380, 389, 390 sexual development, 293–294 grandparenthood, 270, 491 growth hormone-release-inhibiting total size determinants, 301 grandparents, contemporary role, 498 hormone (GHRIH), 389 gene-to-protein dogma, 374 Grantham-McGregor, Sally, 431 growth models. see modeling genome-wide association studies Gravlee,Clarence C., 355 growth pattern (GWAS), 20, 63, 83, 347–352 Gray, Sandra, 445 evolution, 166 genomic imprinting, 375 Great Chain of Being, 184 mirror of society, 10 germinative cells, 78 great dissimilarity twins, 339 growth phase, 35, 173, 176, 185, ghrelin, 121, 398–401 Green, W. H., 408 457 Gini coefficient, 322–323 Gregor, Thomas, 487 growth plate (bone), 146, 146 Giniw, 323, 324 Greil, Holle, 129 growth plate region, 138 Glial-derived Neurotrophic Factors Greulich, W. W., 65, 290, 470 growth plate senescence, 395 (GDNFs), 398 grey matter (GM), 414 growth regulator location, 15 Global Climate Change (GCC), 505 Griffiths, R., 109 growth research Gluckman, Peter, 333, 335, 335 Grimm, Hans, 104 historical study, 24 glucocorticoids, 388, 408, 503 Grundriss der relevance, 24 GNI per capita PPP (GNI_PPP), 323 Konstitutionsbiologie und growth space, 332 Godoy, Ricardo, 487 Anthropometrie, 104 growth spurt. see adolescent growth Goldberger, Joseph, 417 gross domestic product (GDP), 296, spurt; mid-growth spurt Goldschmidt, Walter, 244, 404 321, 323 growth spurt, animal, 162 Goldstein, Fritz, 42 Gross national Income (GNI), 323 Growth studies in primates bearing gonad development, 254, 385 gross national income in per-person upon man’s evolution gonadal hormones, 383–388, see purchasing power (Schultz), 172 also follicle stimulating (GNI_PPP), 322 growth theory, 14–18, 69–70 hormone (FSH); growth. see height; prenatal growth requirements, 190 gonadotropin-releasing deficit; weight; and Grumbach, Melvin, 66, 386 hormone (GnRH); luteinizing references under body Grundriss der Konstitutionsbiologie hormone (LH) and reproduction, 23 und Anthropometrie infant levels, 110, 386 cyclic, 395, 396 (Grimm), 104 gonadarche, 120, 122, 161, 210, 386 defined, 22 Guatemala, 59, see also American gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone descriptive studies, 13 School of Guatemala; Maya (GnIH), 384–385 mammalian limits, 147–148 food deficit, 420 gonadotropin-releasing hormone primate models, 184–186 infection, 423–425 (GnRH), 74, 110, 120–122, regulation models, 14–16 juvenile growth pattern, 117–118, 383, 384, 385, 388 sex differences, 287–289 117–118

568 Index

Guatemala (cont.) agriculture introduction, 318 historic attitudes negative secular trends and war, community effect, 478–480 early Western Europe, 27 313 delayed maturation, 289 renaissance, 28–33 population fat distribution, excessive, 488 Sumerian, 27 326–328 family size, 500 History of the Study of Human prevalence of stunting, 419 growth cessation, 140 Growth (Tanner), 309 psychosocial stress in, 423–425 growth indicator, 50 History of Twins, as a Criterion of village conditions (Mayan increase by milk drinking, 442 the Relative Powers of sample), 5 inherited, 342 Nature and Nurture, The Guatemala INCAP study. see four juvenile, 117–118 (Galton), 353 village study Montreal sample, 132 Hockett, Charles, 212 Guatemalan National Postal prediction, 51 Hoekzema, Elseline, 414 Service, 424 seasonal variation, 455–459 Holly, B., 223 Guernsey, M. W., 154 sex, 478–480 homeodomain, 198–199, 201, 309, GWAS. See genome-wide sibling effects on, 500–502 339, 345–347, 353 association studies (GWAS) sport, 478–480 homeostasis, 76, 140, 388 height data, 277 hominid, 208, 212–215, 217, 382 Habicht, J.-P., 106, 108 archeological evidence, hominins, 3, 143, 217, 219–222, Haeckel, Ernst, 70, 196, 199 316–320 229, 233, 268 Hall, G. Stanley, 127 height-for-age z-score (zHT), 429, hominoid, 184, 187, 188, 203, 214, Adolescence: Its Psychology and 433 261 Its Relations to Physiology, hemochorial placenta, 152, 160 Homo antecessor, 26, 224 Anthropology, Sociology, Hennerberg, M., 462 Homo erectus,26 Sex, Crime and Religion hepatocyte growth factors (HGFs), adolescent growth, 223–224 (1904), 222 399 childhood development, 217, Hamilton, William, 163, 233 Herbison, A. E., 122 221–222 Hamilton’s Rule, 233–234 heritability, and environment, 64 Homo ergaster,26 hand-wrist radiographs, 50, 342 heritable component, 344 Homo habilis, 223 Hanken, J., 196 Herman-Giddens, M. E., 134–136, childhood development, 217, 220 Hanley, C., 137 293, 295 Homo naledi, 228–229 Hanson, Mark, 333, 335, 335 Hermanussen, Michael, 104, 297, Homo neanderthalensis,225–226, 383 Harlow, Harry, 407 303, 348, 410, 414, 432, 437, Homo sapiens, 226 Harmony of growth, 119 441, 476 biocultural reproduction, 243 Harvard longitudinal studies, 48 Herrnstein, Richard J., 357 childhood development, 217, 222 Harvey, P. H., 213 Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS), fossils, 229 Harvey, William, 33–34, 498 57 reproductive stage, 268 Hauspie, Roland, 312 Hertwig, Oscar, 34 social advantages, 484 Hawkes, K., 268, 271 heterochronic process, 194–195, homoiothermy, 148 Hayﬂick, L., 141 213, 216 homology, 186 head circumference, 98 heterochrony, 194, 216, 218 homo-sapienation, 299 X chromosome effect, 370 Evo Devo, 10–12, 201 Hoppe, C., 448–449 head shape, 2–3, 45, 83, 237 repolarized, 196 hormone, 66, see also placental heart, size/weight, 207 Hewlett, Barry, 266 hormone; insulin-like Heat Is On Taking Stock of Global hGH. see human growth hormone growth factors (IGF); thyroid Climate Ambition, The, 504 (hGH) hormones; growth hormone; hedgehog, 394, 398 hidden genetic variance, 349 endocrine system; adrenal height. see distance curve; growth; Hill, K., 269 hormones; gonadal hormone socio-economic status (SES); Hill, K. R., 240 action, 375 velocity curve Histoire Naturelle (Buffon), 35, and infant growth, 110 adult, and adolescent growth 453 cholecalciferol, 375 spurt, 132 histone acetylation, 372 deﬁned, 375

Index 569

imbalance, stress-induced, 389 hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal insulin, 389, 398–401 sensitivity to, 377 (HPA) axis, 471, 502 insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Houghton, L. C., 468 hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal 66, 144–145, 181, 286, 376, hour-glass model, 122 (HPG) axis, 74, 120, 122, 378, 390, 391–392, 398, House, B. R., 245 384, 401 401, 408, 448–450, 478–479, housing, and maturation (primates), hypothalamus, 110, 120, 380, 381 479, 479, 499–500 185 hypothyroidism, 382 insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), Hox genes, 198–199, 201, 309, 347, 376, 392, 398, 449, 478 353 identical twins, 353 intelligence quotient (IQ), 356–358 HOXD13 gene sequence, 346 ideology, 1, 10, 97, 127, 189, 331, interdigitation, 153 Hrdy, S. B., 232–233, 244, 404 334, 356–357, 359 interferons (IFNs), 399 Hrolfsdottir, L., 449 idiopathic short stature, 69, 391 intergenerational effect hypothesis, Hulanicka, B., 138 IGF binding protein, 395 85–97 Hulse, Fredrick, 469 IGF-1. see insulin-like growth interleukins (ILs), 399 human chorionic gonadotropin factor-1 (IGF-1) internal organ. see organ growth (hCG), 385 IGF-1 binding protein-3 (IGF1BP3), internal organs, growth, 51 Human Evolution as Biocultural 286 International Children’s Centre Evolution (Marks), 190 IGFs. see insulin-like growth factors (ICC), 57–58 human fetal circulation, 188 (IGFs) International Society for the Human Genome Project, 63, 348 immigration quotas, and eugenics, Advancement of human growth 46 Kinanthropometry (ISAK), 81 and play, 124–125 incaparina, 421 interpersonal dominance, 298–300 climate change, 504–505 inclusive ﬁtness, 23, 233–234, 266 intracrine action, 376 coda, 505 India, familial correlation, 367 intracrine signaling, 376 development, matruration, industrial revolution, factory introns, 341 498–500 children, 39–41, 494 invasiveness, placenta, 151 father’s absence, 503–504 infancy, 73, 105–111 Irhoud 3 juvenile, 228 nutritional dual-burden, 502–503 and learning, 105–111, 159 sibling effects on height, 500–502 decrease in length, 217 Janiszewski, Tomasz, 42 trade-offs, 335–337 gonadal hormone levels, 110, 386 Janson, C. H, 164–165 under adversity, 160–162 growth curves, 106 Jantz, Richard, 355 human growth hormone (hGH), 66, growth pattern evolution, 217 Japan 69 infant formula, 24, 249, 378 height and weight, students, 277, human life history theory, 28, 334, infant growth phase, 35 278 337 infant mortality rate (IMR), 38, 313 milkconsumption, 446 human moral ideology, 190 infant, body proportions (Dürer), 32 Japanese migrant study (Shapiro), human reproductive behavior, 235 infant-child mortality, 336 469 human studies, ethics, 17 infantile appearance, and child care, Jensen, Arthur, 357 Hurtado, A. M., 269 235 Jerison, H. S., 156 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 11 infants, abandoned, early Jewish pediatricians, 43 Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, 148 legislation, 38 Johnston, F. E., 60, 112 hypermorphosis, 194–195, 195, inﬂammation, 392, 397–398 Jolicoeur, P., 282 216, 216, see also inheritance of growth patterns Jolly, Allison, 404 heterochrony Fels study, 341 Evolution of Primate Behavior, hyperplasia, 78–79, 140, 394–395, Prague study, 344 191 398, 419, 479, 480 inhibitor, 14–15, 14, 120–121, 123, Jones, Peter R. M, 289 hyperthyroidism, 383 395, 461, see also feedback junk DNA, 340 hypertrophy, 78–79, 140, 394–395, Institute of Nutrition of Central juvenile growth (Guatemala), 398, 419, 479, 480 America and Panama 117–118 hypothalamic hormones, 69, 385, 408 (INCAP), 61–63, 366, juvenile growth pattern (elephant), puberty, 120 421–422 166

570 Index

juvenile growth spurt (baboon), Kuzawa, C. W., 112, 206, 252 energy savings, 252 171 kwashiorkor, 61, 289 weaning, 251–252 juvenile phase, 35, 162, 171, 176, women, 251–252 180 Lack, David, 250 lifetime reproductive success (LRS), juvenile stage, 74, 116–127 lactase deﬁciency, 417 250 evolution, 217 lactase persistence, 451 light mortality, 164 lactation. see breast-feeding month-of-birth effect, 462

primate, 169, 171 Ladino, 60, 421 vitamin D3 synthesis, 453 purpose, 163–169 fat distribution, 326 limb formation, homeobox genes, stability, 117, 118 population differences, growth, 346–347 juveniles feeding themselves, 212 279, 279, 285 limb length, 307 juxtacrine signaling, 376 sex differences, growth, 287–289 growth spurts, 183 Laird, A. K., 173, 178 proportion change, 98, 299 Kamin, Leon, 357 Lancaster, Jane, 248 lipids, 78, 112, 204, 391, 416, 440, Karaffa-Korbutt, Kazimierz, 42 Largo, R. H., 128, 133 448, 479, 503 Karlberg, Johan, 378 Larke, A., 271 Little, Michael, 444 karyotype abnormalities, 369–370, Laron syndrome, 391 livelihood see also sex chromosome Latin America, historical secular defined, 403 Keep, Ryan, 313 trends, 316–320 social science concept of, 404 Keith, Arthur, 52, 172 LaVelle, Marquisa, 130 liver, size/weight, 207 Key C., 221 Lázaro, J., 413 liver-derived IGF-1, 390 Keyes, R., 482 Le Moustier 1, 227–228, 229 Livi, Rudolfo, 42 Keys, Ancel, 50, 87, 89, 436 learning, 191 Locke, J. L., 109, 211, 244 Biology of Human Starvation, brains, 156–159 locomotion, 26, 146, 262, 393, 396, The,63 infancy, 155, 159 see also bipedalism The Minnesota Starvation integrative, 156 locomotive skill development, Experiment, 403 juvenile stage, 164 childhood, 115 kidney, size/weight, 207 life history, 191–193 logistic models of growth, 280, see Kikuyu, adolescent biocultural sensory input, 159 modeling events, 258–260, 259 Lee, P. C., 202 London, adolescent biocultural Kimura, K., 436 Leigh, S. R., 169–171, 178, 181, 183, events, 258, 259 Kimura, T., 115 185–186, 214, 216 long bone growth, 394–395 kin selection, 233, 266, Leigh’s analysis, 215 longitudinal studies 268–270 Leonard, W. R., 205, 207, 355 American, 48–52 kinanthropometry, 80 leptin, 121, 398–401 Berkeley, 50 kindchenschema, 74, 236, 239, Lesorogol, Carolyn, 443 Brush Foundation, 49 240 LeVine, Robert, 10, 404 Fels, 48 King, Mary-Claire, 11, 198 LH. see luteinizing hormone (LH) Harvard, 48 kinship and allocare strategy, Li, Choh Hao, 66 developing world, 58–63 245–247 Lieschen Müller knowledge, 305 American School of Kirkwood, T. B., 141 life cycle, 187, 191–193 Guatemala, 59 knemometer, 116 evolution, 194 ICC (Dakar, Kampala), 58 Koch, E.W., 437 human cycle additions, 202 European, 51–59 Koch, Walter, 310 life history theory, 18, 28, 191–193, Aberdeen, 56 Komlos, J., 315, 413 250 British Harpenden, 56 Konner, M., 244 hominids, 215–216 emotional environment, 54 Kotelmann, Ludwig W., 38 menopause, 265 Fleming, 52 Kotlarz, K., 138 life history transition, 122 Oxford Child Health Survey, Kramer, K. L., 232, 246 lifetime reproductive effort (LRE) 56 Kramer, P., 115 complementary foods, 252 of eighteenth century, 34–37 Krogman, Wilton M, 172 defined, 247 of growth, 47

Index 571

Lorenz, Konrad, 236 Martin, R. D., 159, 213, 215 Mendel, Gregor, 353 Louw, G. J., 462 massive catch-up, 472 Mendelian randomization, 349 love, 404–410 master genes, 18 menopause, 141, 247–248, 265, Lovejoy, O., 143 master-control gene, 11 268 low- and middle-income countries material and emotional security, defined, 264 (LMICs), 429 426–428 evolution, 264–269 low weight (LBW) births, 85 Maternal and Childhood Nutrition onset age, 264–265 Lukas, D., 232, 242 (Lancet), 432 pleiotropy hypothesis, 267–268 Lumey, L. H., 439 matricrine signaling, 376 menstrual cycle, hormonal control, luteinizing hormone (LH), 380, maturation. see sexual maturation 384 383–388 biological, 102 menstrual synchrony, 298 adolescent boys, 259, 260, 387 defined, 22 mental impairment embryo development, 385 delayed, 289 supernumerary X chromosome, infant growth, 110, 386 event timing, 258 370 menstrual cycle, 384 genetically controlled, 290 thyroid deficiency, 382 rise at puberty, 387 social inhibition, 169 Meredith, Howard, 49, 310 maturation time, inheritance of, metabolic rate Macaca nemestrina, 180 342 basal (BMR), 79 Macaca sinica, 180 maturity factor, 137 resting, 111 Mace, R., 231 Maya, 3–10, 29 “metabolically healthy obese MacVean, Robert, 59 ethnicity, 60–61 subjects,” 95 Magner, J. A., 409 growth velocity, 279, 285, 286 Michaelsen, M. F., 448 Malina, Robert, 328 height and weight, 277, 278–279 micro RNA interference, 372 malnutrition, 433, see diet; in Guatemalan school study, 60 microbiome, 19, 24, 296 undernutrition languages, 60 mid-growth spurt, 68, 74, 103, adolescent growth spurt of Guatemala, 60 115–117, 145, 163, 210 extension, 133 population fat distribution, 326 mid-parent height, 344 famine and starvation, 436 sex differences, growth, 287–289 Four Village Study, 366 growth and development, 61 Mayan migrants mid-upper arm circumference perinatal, 56, 84 impact on growth, 3–10, 285 (MUAC), 92, 337, 433 stunting, 432–433, 435 Mbuti, 245–246 migration, 474–478, see also Mayan twins, 361 McCabe, V., 239 migrants, urban migration maltreatment, under age 18 people, McClintock, Martha, 298 positive secular trend, 311 494, 494 Meaney, M. J., 408 Push-Pull factors, 464 mammalian growth, 146–149, measuring technology, 64–65 milk consumption, 442, 444, 447, 160–162 mechanistic Target of Rapamycin 449–451, 452 human growth comparison, 160 Complex 1 (mTORC1) milk hypothesis, 441–452 juvenile, 163–169 signaling pathway, 480 milk supplementations, 442 maturation, 160, 162 Medawar, Peter, 141, 267 milk teeth, 105, 113, 204 puberty, 162 meerkats, 412–413 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), 58 rat, 176 meiosis, 23, 369 minerals, 416 velocity curve, 160, 160 melanocyte-stimulating hormone, mini-growth spurts and saltations, mammalian target of rapamycin 381 395–397 complex 1 (mTORC1), 394 menarche minimal prepubertal velocity (MPV), Marks, Jonathan age, 503–504 281 Human Evolution as Biocultural genetic/environmental effects, Minnesota Starvation Experiment, Evolution, 190 295–298 The (Keys), 403 Marlowe, F., 231 growth (Pagliani), 38 Mismeasure of Man (Gould), 356 marmoset growth, 169, 170 growth tempo measurements, 310 missing heritability, 355, 491 Marmot, Michael, 325 infertility, 261 missing variance, 355 Marshall, W. A., 456 timing, 259 mitosis, 22–23, 72, 78–79, 146

572 Index

mixed-longitudinal study, 59, 180, NCD-RisC analysis, 273, 276 On the Proportions of Heat Economy 286 Neanderthal, adolescence, of Animals to their Size modeling, 280 224–229 (Bergmann), 303 descriptive, 67 negative emotional environment, ontogeny, 18, 126, 186, 191, general growth curves, 144–146 54, 406 193–196, 201 growth regulation, 14–16 Nelson, A. J., 227 Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Gould), growth stages, 175–176 neocortex, 143, 156 194 JPA-2, 282 neocortical system, 157 oocyte depletion, 267, 270 logistic, 280 neonatal death, 81, 82 organ growth, 51 predictability, 20 neonatal period, 81, 82, 104–105 organogenesis, 16, 77 Moerman, Marquisa LaVelle, 261 neonatal stage, 73, 104–105 organs, size/weight, 207 molecular karyotyping, 371 neotenous features, 236–240 Origin of Races, The (Coon), 299 molecular zipping, 199 neoteny, 194–195, 197, see also Origin of Species (Darwin), 44, 70, Mølgaard, C., 448 heterochrony 303 monozygotic twins, 353, 359 and mid-growth spurt, 210 Origins of Altruism and Monte-Carlo simulations, 466 Netherlands, population height and, Cooperation, 404 mortality, 10 277 Origins of Form, The (Carroll), 196 differential, 10 neuroendocrine hypothesis, 408 ossification, 50, 101, 218, 289–290, juvenile, 164 neuroendocrine mechanisms, 408 369 relative, 81–82, 82 Newell-Morris, Laura, 185 osteocalcin (OC), 425 Mossman, H.W., 149 Newton, Isaac, 505 over-fatness, 90, 502–503 motor skills, infancy, 108–109 NHANES reference data, 9 overweight/obese (OW/OB), 99 Mousterian tool, 225 Nicolson, A. B., 137 overweight/obesity epidemic, Mülllerian Inhibiting Substance nitrogen balance, 79 460–462 (MIS), 398 non-communicable diseases (NCDs), ovulation frequency, 257, 261 Multicentre Growth Reference Study 273 Oxford Child Health Survey, 56, 65 (MGRS), 108, 109,467 norm of reaction, 46 oxytocin, 239, 381, 465 multilevel selection model, 255, 271 normal distribution, 37 Murray, Charles, 357 normal weight obesity (NWO), Paedomorphosis, 194 muscle cell division, 389 94–95 Pagliani, Luigi, 38 muscle mass, 69, 79, 92–93, 99, Nuremburg Laws, 43 Paired box protein, 198 130–132, 171, 260, 263, 460 nutrient deficiency, 331, 351, 417, paleontology, 19 muscle tissue, 79, 92, 122, 146, 263 420, 499 Paloma site, height measurements, muscle turnover, 79 nutrients, see essential nutrients 317–318 Mustelanivalis, 413 nutrition. see diet; malnutrition; Pan-American Health Organization Mutambudzi, M., 84 undernutrition (PAHO), 314, 423–424 nutritional deficiency, 417 Papio cynocephalus, 180 Nakano, Y., 115 nutritional dual-burden, 92, paracrine action, 376, 377, 381, 395 National Center for Health Statistics 502–503 paracrine signaling, 376, 377 (NCHS) reference data nutritional independence, 251 Paradox of peramorphic factory children comparison, 40, nutritional interventions, 365, 430 paedomorphosis(Godfrey & 40 Nylin, Karl Gustav, 455 Sutherland), 196 National Health and Nutrition parental imprinting, 375 Examination Survey, 94 Oakes, P. J., 475 parental investment, 149, 153–154, natural selection, 10, 23, 45–46, Oatridge, Angela, 414 160, 235–236, 242, 141, 164–165, 186, 193, 236, obesity. see fatness 247–249, 502 253, 255, 272, 354, 451, 484 odds ratio (OR), 84, 85 parenting behaviour learning, 496 Nautilus, 20, 21,67 old age, 27, 30, 49, 51, 77, parenting, shape-mediated NCD Risk Factor Collaboration 89–140 response, 236–240 (NCD-RisC 2016), 276, 419, old-age pensions, 441 Patau syndrome, 369 439, 451 On Growth and Form, 172 pathology, depiction in art, 32

Index 573

Patton, R. G., 408 placenta, 149–153 growth hormone, 391 Pavelka, Mary, 267 brain size, 158–159 hormonal control, 391 PAX6 gene, 197–198, 339 insufﬁciency, 361 maternal effect, 368 PAX6 protein, 11, 198, 339 placental hormone, 385 MZ twins, 361 peak growth velocity (PV), 280, 282 plasticity, 102 prenatal growth deﬁcit, 106, 144, peak height velocity (PHV), 47, 128, in brain, 126 see birth weight, low 130, 132, 183, 258, 259, 260, learning, 156 measures of, 86–102 263, 280, 342, 370 of growth (Boas), 48 placental growth limits, 153, Pearl, Raymond D, 137 platelet-derived growth factors 360–361 Pearson correlation, 354, 358 (PDGFs), 398 prenatal stage, 72–81 Pearson, Joy, 137 play behavior, 124–125, 127 pre-pubertal stage, 74, 116–117 Pearson, Karl, 354 pleiotropy hypothesis, 141, 267–268 prestige factor, 6 Peiper, A., 406 Plomin, Robert, 357 primary oocytes, 267 GerhardtsHandbuch der political climate, 307 primate, 169–176 Kinderkrankheiten, 405 political disturbance, and menarche, adolescent spurt, 180–181 pellagra, 417 312 as models for human growth, pelvic growth, 262 political freedom, 10 184–186 pelvic inlet, 130, 214, 261 Political Psychology (Tajfel & baboon, 170, 170 percentile, 40, 40, 44, 81, 88, 95, Turner), 476 brain development, 176–177 133, 276, 322, 342–343 politics, and malnutritution, 331 chimpanzee, 175, 175, 217 perinatal malnutrition, 56 pollution, 20, 84, 415 colobus, 170, 171–172 periosteal deposition, 146 Pomeroy, Emma, 307 gibbons, 178 permanent teeth eruption, 41, 59, Pond, Caroline, 155 housing, and maturation, 185 113, 114, 115, 172–173, ponderal index, 42, 87, 365 human growth differences, 174, 204, 228, 291–292 pooled energy budget hypothesis, 241 183–184 Petty, Celia, 446 population data, for health workers, marmoset, 169–170 phenotype determinants, 298 329 modeling, 175 phenotype similarity, 355 post-menarchial ballerinas, 297 rhesus, 175, 175 phenotypes, 2, 11, 45, 244, 326, poverty recycling, 337 primate adolescent growth spurt 330, 345–347, 350, 352, powerful environment hypothesis, Leigh, 178–179 355, 357, 362, 371, 375, 64 skeletal, 180–181 482, 490, 500 Prader-Willi syndrome, 375 probit regression analysis, 292 phenotypic homogamy, 363 predictive adaptive responses prolactin, 122, 296, 381, 391 photogammetry, 64–65 (PARs), 333–334, 336, 338 Proos, L. A., 471 Phylogeny domain, 339 predictive model, 67 proteases, 392 physical activity, 42, 50, 62, 79, 95, Preece, Michael, A., 280, 281 proteins, 19, 66, 79, 112, 141, 198, 124–126, 125, 242, 297, Preece-Baines function, 280, 282, 201, 339, 373, 385, 392, 398, 302, 307, 309, 326, 331, 361, 285 416, 418, 448 372, 378, 394, 419, 455, preformation, 33 pruning, 126 460–461, 502 pregnancy. see also birth; prenatal psychological effect of gonadal physique. see body build environment; reproduction hormones, 389 Piagetian stages, juveniles, 211 hormonal changes, 414 psychological stress, 140, 297 Pickett, Kate E., 325 nutrient supplementation, 431 psychological-emotional Pike, M. C., 474 nutrition education, 430 phenotype, 482 pituitary, 110, 380, see also parenting preparation, 261–262 psychology of parenting, 236 adrenocorticotropichormone prenatal famine exposure, 440 psychosocial short stature, 405, (ACTH); follicle stimulating starvation of, 436 408–409 hormone (FSH); growth teenage, 138–140, 147 puberty, 74, 120, see also hormone; luteinizing prematurity, 27, 81–82 adolescence; gonadarche; hormone (LH); thryroid prenatal environment menarche stimulating hormone DZ twins, 362 boys, 258, 294

574 Index

puberty (cont.) Report on the sanitary conditions of Rosenberg, K. R., 105 CNS, 256–257 the labouring population of “rough and tumble” play, 125 defined, 117 Great Britain (Chadwick), Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 39 girls, 294 427 Rozzi, Ramirez, 286 hormonal onset, 111 reproduction, 23, 149–156, see also Ryle, John, 56 mammalian/human, 162 pregnancy secondary sexual characteristics, growth limits, 147 Sapolsky, R. M., 478, 500 133–134 lactation, 153–156 Scammon, Richard E., 25, 35, 51, Tanner Puberty Stage menopause, 264 453 classification, 134 placenta, 149–153 Scheffler, Christiane, 104, 303, 410, pubic hair development, 134–135, post-weaning dependency, 111 432, 437 257–258, 293–294 reproductive dominance hypothesis, Schell, Lawrence, 415 Push-Pull factors, 464 166 Schlegel, A., 263 Pygmies, 286–287 reproductive efficiency, and Adolescence: An Anthropological height and weight, 277 childhood, 220–221 Inquiry, 122 Pyle, S. I., 51, 65, 290 reproductive effort (RE), 192, 241, Schleiden, Matthias Jakob, 70 247–248, 250 Schlesinger, Eugen, 42, 411, 437 Quetelet Index (QI), 87 reproductive maturation, 235 Scholte, R. S., 440 Quetelet, Adolphe, 37, 87 female, 138–139, 147 Schöneberg, Torsten, 372 male, 141, 262–263 school meals, 54, 61 race, 2 social inhibition, 167 Schultz, Adolph, 172–173, 184, 187, biracial infant studies, 84 reproductive success, 76, 156, 159, 215 birth weight, 84–85 164–165, 165, 231–233, “Growth studies in primates eugenics movement, 44 236, 242, 244, 247, 253, bearing upon man’s race-specific body proportions, 255–256, 260, 271–272, 412, evolution,” 172 308 484 Schulz, Laura, 440 racial genetics, 63 reproductive system, 104, 110, 176, Schwann, Theodor, 70 racial lines, 84 201, 242, 260, 272, 289, 383, Schwarz, Fraulein, 54 racial types, 45, 52–54 385, 401, 488 Scladina cave, 226 radiograph assessment, 56 growth curve, 110 Scladina juvenile, 226–227 random effects, 282 neuroendocrine change, 74 Sear, R., 231 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), reproductive tissue growth, primate/ seasonal growth 430–431 rat, 176 month of birth, 462–463 Rappaport, R., 405 reproductive value, 250 weight, 459 rat, growth patterns, 177 reserve capacity hypothesis, 270–271 secondary sexual characteristics, Ratcliffe, Shirley, 370 Reue, Karen, 329 75, 122, 128, 133–134, 137, Ravens’ Progressive matrices, 422 rhesus monkey 139, 168, 168, 191, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), growth, 175, 175 256–258, 292–295, see also 397, 400 model for human growth, 185 adrenarche; menarche recombinant human growth Richtsmeier, J. T., 187 secular trend, 309–310 hormone (rhGH), 69, 454 risk aversion hypothesis, 165–166, interpretation, 321 reference data. see NCHS reference 170–171 negative, 312, 315 data Roberts, Derek, 302 reversal, 310 Regression Towards Mediocrity in Robertson, M. L., 205, 207 sedentes, 9, 464, 469, 474, 480 Hereditary Stature (Galton, Robertson, T. Brailsford, 281 Sellen, D. W., 154, 205, 252 Francis), 344 Robson, E. Bette, 83 Sen, Amartya, 325 regulatory genes, 184 Roche, Alex F., 49, 470 senescence, 72, 77,89–140, regulatory genome, 19 Rogol, A. D., 409 267–269, 272, 395 Reiches, M. W., 241 Rohrer, Fritz, 87 sensory input, and learning, 159 renaissance, 27–33 Rohrer’s Index (RI), 87 SEPE. see social-economic- renewing tissues, 78–79 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 65, 499 political-emotional (SEPE)

Index 575

serum glucocorticoids, 503 short stature, 45, 66, 69, 91–92, 177, small for gestational age (SGA), 69, seven ages of life, 28 273, 276–277, 287, 299, 332, 81–82, 362 sex chromosome 343–345, 351, 368, 382, small-but-healthy hypothesis, 45,X (Turner syndrome), 391–392, 502–503 332 369–370 idiopathic, 69, 391 Smith, B. H., 204, 213, 223 46,XY women, 370 Laron syndrome, 391 Smith, Daniel, 244 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), of pygmy adults, 286 Smith, Holly, 113, 270 369, 370 Prader-Willi syndrome, 375 Smith, Tanya, 226–227 maturation and, 63 psychosocial, 405, 408–409, 420, Smith’s statistical analysis, 113 SRY gene, 371, 385 433 smoothing techniques, 115, 178 supernumerary X, 370 short stature homeobox-containing social breeding, 233, 353 supernumerary Y, 369–370 gene (SHOX), 63, 309 social class. see socio-economic X growth inhibition, 369 SHOX haploin sufﬁciency, 371 status (SES) X, growth effect, 369 shrews, 159, 413–414 social Darwinism, 41, 48, 354 XXX, 370 Shuttleworth, Frank K., 49 social dominance hypothesis, XYY, 370 Silk, J. B., 245 170–171 Y growth promotion, 370 Simpson, Wallis, 480 social downgraders, 466 sex differences, 134, 184, 283, 387, size. see body size social grouping 401, 499 Size and Cycle (Bonner), 193 predation, 165 in growth, 287–289 skeletal age, 51, 57, 65, 101, 138, primate, 186 maturation rate, 289 227, 290, 321, 499 social homogamy, 363 sex steroids, 74, 379, 383, 384, 401, skeletal growth. see also bone social identity theory, 476 412, 414 growth; pelvic growth social isolation, elderly, 498 sex-related fat distribution, 131, 329 abnormal, 346–347 social learning, 497 sexual abuse, 41, 136, 494, 504, see and mechanical stress, 329 social mammals, 18, 111, 116, 124,

also child abuse and vitamin D3, 453 124, 128, 145–146, sexual dimorphism, 98, 132, 133, growth hormone stimulation, 391 163–164, 166, 167, 169, 223 primate adolescent spurt, 176, 189–190, 204, 214, and adolescent growth spurt, 260 180–181 217, 306 chimpanzee, 174 testosterone effects, 183 social mobility, 7, 298–300, in body size and composition, X chromosome effect, 370 481–482 128 Y chromosome effect, 370 Social Network Theory, 476 sexual maturation. see gonadarche; skeletal maturation, 138 social networks, 306, 404, 410, 462, menarche; puberty as developmental measure, 99 465–470, 472, 477–478, event timing, 257 assessment, 65 480–482 genetic component, 291, 294 atlases, 50, 65 social upgraders, 466–467, 470, sexual development, 120, hand-wrist radiographs, 50 477, 480 258–260, 263 Oxford Child Health Survey, 56 social-economic-political- sexual selection, 186, 255, 354 population differences, 290 emotional (SEPE), 3, 10, 303, Sforza, Luigi L Cavalli, 362 skeletal shape, femur, 223 306–307, 320–322, Sguassero, Y., 428 skimmed milk, 421, 442, 450 325–326, 328, 339, 350, shape-invariant models (SIM), 115 skin infections, 433 363–364, 410, 415, 420, 425, Shapiro, Harry L, 468 skinfold caliper measurements, 64 438–439, 442–443, 447, shared intentionality, 74, 108–109, skinfold measurements 460–461, 463–464, 468, 243–244 Guatemala, 327 474–477, 480–481, 491, Shea, B. T., 194–195, 299 Montreal sample, 131, 132 492, 499–500, 503 Shockley, William, 357 skull shape, 3, 12, 237 socioeconomic status (SES), 5–6, 35, short and plump physique, 279 skull transformational grids, 58–59, 82, 117, 277, 411 short nucleotide polymorphisms 11, 12 agriculture, and stratiﬁcation, 318 (SNPs), 63, 347, 349–352, Skuse, D., 409 fat distribution, 83 355, 378, 386, 491 slums, 423, 427, 430–431, 466 growth relationship

576 Index

socioeconomic status (SES) (cont.) stress, 502–503, see also emotional Secondary Sexual Maturation higher SES migration, 314 environment Stages, 293 juvenile growth (Guatemala), adolescent growth spurt, 177 Tanner-Whitehouse III method, 291 117–118 menarche timing, 296 Tardieu, Christine, 218 migration to higher SES, 314 neuroendocrine effect, 408–409 technological developments, 64–65 status-environment conﬂict, 312 obesity, 389 tempo of growth, 36, 47, 210, 322, intergenerational effect in stress hormones, 66, 315, 479, 480, 349 matching, 85–97 487 assessment by menarche, 310 somatomedins, 390, 405, see insulin- Stringer, Chris, 224 testosterone like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) structural assimilation, 464 behaviour effects, 387 somatostatin, 389 structural chromosome aberrations, human/primate differences, 183 somatotyping, 65 369, 371 timing, 259 Sonuga-Barke, Edmund, 471 structural genes, 184, 341 thalidomide, 24 South African blacks, stature studies. see also longitudinal theory of mind, 74, 109, 241–243, decrease, 312 studies 493 Sparks,Corey, 355 descriptive, 13 Thissen, D., 282 Spencer, Herbert, 191, 478 ethics, 17 Thompson, D’Arcy, 11, 96, 195, 499 spermarche, 75, 139 hypothesis testing, 13, 17 growth theory, 70 spermatozoa, 23, 33, 34, 123, 138, life history approach, 18 Nautilus modeling, 67 258, 268, 383, 384 types, 13 On Growth and Form, 70, 172 Spitz, René, 406, 408 Stulp, G., 483 transformational grids, 11, 12,70 Spock, Benjamin, 39, 407 stunting, 40–41, 54, 60, 86, 92, Thompson, Emery, 269, 484 Common Sense Book of Baby and 419–421, 419, 423–425, Thompson, J. L., 227 Child Care, The,39 428, 430–433, 435–436, 459, thyroid hormones SRY gene, 371 472, 474, 487–488 control mechanism, 381–383 standardized BMI scores (zBMI), Subramanian, S. V., 438 growth promotion, 382 460–461 subsistence agriculture, 366 thyroxin, 381 starvation suckling, primate, 159, see also triiodothyronine, 381 childhood, 438 breast-feeding thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth pattern, 437 sugar-proteins, 346 380–381 impact of, 436 Sumerian growth records, 27 thyrotropin releasing hormone long-term effects of, 394–395 Sundal, Mary B., 445 (TRH), 380, 381 malnutrition, 436 super cooperators, 233 thyroxine (T4), 383 nutritional situation, 437 SuperImposition by Translation And time tally, 14, 14, 16, 123 of pregnancy, 436 Rotation (SITAR) model, Tipu site, 319 stasis, 78, 395, 397 282–284, 283, 284 tissue hormone sensitivity, 377 static tissues, 78–79 Swan, A. V., 456 tissue types, 78–79 statistical approaches, nineteenth synapse connectivity, 126 Tobias, Phillip, 312 century, 37–38 synpolydactyly, 346 Todd, J. T., 236 statistical hack, 89 Todd, T. W., 50 stature homeobox-containing gene Tajfel, H. Atlas of Skeletal Maturation, 50, 65 (SHOX), 309, 371 Political Psychology, 476 Toepfer, Klaus, 403 Steinberg, Laurence, 503 Takahashi, Eiji, 446 Tomasello, M., 243 strategic growth adjustments, tammar wallabies, 153 Tomiyama, A. J., 94 144–145, 411–412, 414–415, Tanner, J. M., 25, 57, 80, 161, 181, tool usage, 165, 219 426, 435–436, 468–469, 290, 295, 298, 301 toxic stress, 425, 425 472–473, 477, 477, 500–501 A History of the Study of Human trade-offs (TOs), 191, 192, 242, 250, Strategy of Genes, The Growth, 309 256, 307, 333–337, 340 (Waddington), 372 Growth at Adolescence, 57, 411 traditional societies, 73, 111, 128, street children, 95, 112 growth model, 14–16 203, 235, 247, 264, 493 street vendor food, 424 Maturation Staging System, 256 Trang, K., 127

Index 577

transcription factors, 198, 201, 309, vasopressin, 381 elephant, 167 346, 371, 385 Vegas culture, height lifetime reproductive effort, transformation grids, 11, 12,70 measurements, 317 251–252 transforming growth factor beta velocardiofacial syndrome, 371 mouse, 160 (TGF-beta) superfamily, 398 velocity curve, 35, 47, 47, 67, 103, post-weaning dependency, 111 Trevathan, W. R., 105 103, 145 sexual maturation, 156 triiodothyronine, 380–381, 383 Gambia, 279, 285, 286 weasels, 413 trimester, 33, 77–78, 80, 102, 105, general animal, 144–145 Weber, G. W., 462 144, 332, 436, 439–440, 459, human/mammalian, 160, 160 weight 462 infancy, 105, 106 growth indicator, 50 Tripathy, R. R, 404 modeling, 145 juvenile, 117–118 triple-logistic function, 281 peak velocity, 47 seasonal variation, 459–460 true placental mammals, 151 population differences weight data, 277 Trump, Donald, 483 boys, 279 WEIRDNESS, 240 Tsimane’ study, 487 girls, 285, 286 Weisner, T. S., 211, 496–497 tubers, 245 prenatal, 106 Weitz, Charles A, 137 tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), 399 Villermé, Louis-René, 40, 44, 47, Wells, J. C. K., 91, 96 Turkana 426, 431 Western, Educated, Industrialized, height and weight, 277 Vincent, M., 456, 458 Rich, and Democratic milk-based diet, 444 Virchow, Rudolf Ludwig Carl, 41 (WEIRD), 7, 30, 236, 482 Turkana boy, 223–224, 228 Visser, J., 429 Wheeler, P., 206–207 Turner, J. C. vitamin D, 292, 374, 438, 452–455, Whitehouse, Reginald, 57 Political Psychology, 476 458–459, 462 whole child approach, 57

twin studies, 296, 357, 359, 362, 368 vitamin D2, 453, 458 Widdowson, Elsie, 54, 119

menarche, 296 vitamin D3, 374–375, 452–456, Wiley, Andrea, 449 twin types (MZ, DZ), 359 458–459, 462 Wilkinson,Richard, 325 viviparity, 150, 155–156 Williams, George, 141, 250, 267 Ubelaker, Douglas, 317 von Baer, 199 Wilson, Allan C., 11, 198 Udry, J. Richard, 387 von Waltershausen, Sartorius, Wingless and Int-1 (WNT), 395 undernutrition, 277, see diet; 303 Winn, Steve, 266 malnutrition Vrba, E., 216 Wolanski, Napoleon, 64 growth retardation, 204 wolf children, 112 hormone levels, 365 Waddington, Conrad H. Women, Infants and Children (WIC) MZ twins, 361 Strategy of Genes, The, 372 program, 249 undifferentiated cells, 78, 390, 394 Wagstaff index, 323 Woodger, Joseph Henry, 199 United States Equal Employment Wagstaff method, 322, 324 World Health Organization (WHO), Opportunity Commission, 94 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 23 9, 88–89, 107, 109, 420, United States National Health and war, 5, 63, 248, 313, 318, 331, 403, 432–433, 435, 442, 494, Nutrition Examination 417, 423–424, 426, 436, 439, 494 Survey (NHANES), 449 441, 447, 466, 468, 474 Worthman, C. M., 127 United States National Institutes of WASH interventions, 427–429, 438, Wyatt, D. T., 409 Health, 373, 420 475 urban migration, 423, 447, 463–474 water, drinking, 5 Xq26, 371 Watt, James, 39 valuable grandmothers, 264–269, 272 Watts, Elizabeth S., 181, 185 yolk sac placenta, 150, 158 Van Loon, 106 Watutsi, 277 yolk sac, 150, 150 Van Noordwijk, 203 weaning, 202–205 young people, risks, 493–497 Van Schaik, C. P., 164–165 calorie lack, 205 Young, V. R., 79 Varea, Carlos, 104 deﬁned, 111, 156, 202 vascular endothelial growth factors dentition, 213 Zihlman, A. L., 212 (VEGFs), 398 dietary needs, 204–205 Zuckerman, Solly, 172