Futuristic Rhythm

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Futuristic Rhythm Futuristic Rhythm Modernisme i tjuetallets jazz Erlend Bronken Mastergradsoppgave ved institutt for musikkvitenskap / Det humanistiske fakultet UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2015 Futuristic Rhythm En redegjørelse om modernistiske strømninger i det sene 1920-tallets jazz. © Erlend Bronken 2015 Futuristic Rhythm: modernisme i tjuetallets jazz. Erlend Bronken http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Allkopi, Oslo. II Sammendrag Den tidligste jazzen som dokumenteres på plate, fra 1917 og fremover, har fortrinnsvis en enkel og tradisjonell skala- og akkordbruk. I siste halvdel av tjuetallet kan man derimot se en høy forekomst av jazzinnspillinger som demonstrerer innflytelse fra samtidig, progressiv kunstmusikk. I visse miljøer er dette så fremtredende at man kan snakke om en egen stilistisk bevegelse – i oppgaven navngitt som «futurismen». I det man kan kalle den offisielle jazzhistorien er dette fenomenet ikke beskrevet. I noen grad har man observert at den legendariske trompetisten Bix Beiderbecke, som var sentral i bevegelsen, hadde en fascinasjon for fransk impresjonisme, men man har sviktet i forhold til å se at dette kun er en bit av et større hele. Strømmen av progressive jazzinnspillinger opphører etter børskrakket på Wall Street i 1929, som medfører drastisk endrede arbeidsvilkår for musikere. I det følgende tiåret kan man ikke observere noen tilsvarende jazzbevegelse. Det er likevel visse forbindelseslinjer til fremveksten av be-bop på førtitallet og cooljazz på femtitallet, som taler for at futurismen er av betydning for jazzens historiske utvikling. Ideologiske faktorer som har preget prosessen frem mot etableringen av dagens offisielle jazzhistorie har imidlertid ført til et smalt perspektiv på tjuetallets jazz, hvor mer tradisjonell jazz er blitt prioritert. III IV Forord For en del år tilbake ledet undertegnede et ensemble i Oslo, som søkte å gjenskape en type tett arrangert orkesterjazz som var en dominerende sjanger i plateproduksjonen i siste halvdel av tjuetallet. Vår debut fant sted på Stortorvets Gjæstgiveri, et viktig sentrum for såkalt tradjazz – improviserte småbandjazz med røtter i samme periode. I pausen oppsto det en lang kø av folk som ville takke oss. De fortalte stort sett alle det samme; at dette var musikk de hadde lyttet til innspillinger av i årevis og at de hadde håpet at noen skulle begynne å fremføre den igjen. Samtidig sto denne begeistringen i kontrast til signaler vi fikk om at sentrale personer i trad-jazzmiljøet rynket på nesen over musikken vår, fordi den var for arrangert, og prøvde å hindre at vi fikk engasjementer. I dette orkesteret hadde vi et begrep: futuristisk. Ordet, som vi hadde snappet opp fra platetitler, brukte vi uhemmet om bestemte trekk i musikken, av og til om hele låter. Vi kunne like eller ikke like en låt, fordi den var eller ikke var futuristisk. Vi kunne også gi instruksjoner som «dette må fraseres futuristisk» og vi brukte begrepet like fritt overfor innleide som faste musikere. For oss var det en selvfølgelighet at futurisme var noe helt essensielt ved det sene tjuetallets jazz og vi fant denne ideen igjen hos menneskene rundt oss. Mange år senere tok jeg emnet «Jazzanalyse» ved Institutt for musikkvitenskap ved Universitetet i Oslo. Der gikk det opp for meg at «futurisme» ikke var noe definert, anerkjent fenomen i litteraturen som omtalte perioden. Generelt ga historiebøkene et bilde jeg, som mangeårig platesamler, hadde vondt for å kjenne meg igjen i. Videre ble jeg satt inn i de heftige debattene som har omkranset jazzen, om hva jazz er og hva som skal inkluderes i jazzbegrepet. Diskursen går ofte langs skillelinjer som svarte kontra hvite musikere, arrangert kontra improvisert og svingende kontra ikke svingende musikk. Det gikk opp for meg, at denne debatten pågår friskt om nyere tids jazz, mens den like gjerne kunne vært ført om tjuetallets jazz, men dette skjer i all hovedsak ikke. Arbeidet med eksamensoppgaven i jazzanalyse, titulert «Avantgardisme og kunstmusikalitet i tjuetallets jazz», ansporet meg til å skjønne at jeg satt på materiale til en masteroppgave. I eksamensoppgaven ble trekk innlånt fra kunstmusikk observert mest som kuriøse innslag, som sporadiske forekomster av interesse for denne typen materiale blant jazzmusikere i perioden. Forskningsarbeidet som ligger til grunn for denne masteroppgaven avdekket imidlertid, til min egen overraskelse, noe betydelig større. V Det har vært tre veiledere tilknyttet oppgaven, samt en fjerde tilknyttet et relatert, individuelt leseemne. Jeg vil takke alle disse for deres bidrag i prosessen. Odd Skårberg takkes særskilt for å ha satt meg inn i diskursen rundt jazzgenren, som altså åpenbarte oppgavens problemstilling for meg. Erlend Hegdal skal ha takk for å ha delt sin innsikt i tidlig jazzlitteratur, samt den oppmuntring han har gitt for å forfølge prosjektet, som har føltes kontroversielt. Hans T. Weisethaunet takkes spesielt for å ha gjort meg oppmerksom på sensitive spørsmål knyttet til problemstillingen og Ståle Wikshåland for uvurderlig hjelp til å få fullført skriveprosessen. Jeg vil også takke instituttet for stor velvillighet og tilrettelegging i en periode som har vært tung for min famille, samt ikke minst for innvilgningen av nevnte leseemne, som har vært av stor betydning for arbeidet. Jeg vil også takke ragtimepianisten Morten Gunnar Larsen, som ansporet meg til å forfølge betydningen pianostilen novelty har hatt å si for utviklingen av progressiv jazz. Til slutt vil jeg takke diverse venner og kolleger som har stilt opp som korrekturlesere og gitt gode råd. VI VII Innholdsfortegnelse 1 Innledning ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problemstilling ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Oppgaven i kontekst av eksisterende forskning .......................................................... 1 1.2.1 Historiesyn ........................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Forskningsmetode: jakten på futuristene ................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Diskografien og verksfortegnelsen ..................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Analyse ............................................................................................................... 11 1.3.3 Litteratur ............................................................................................................. 11 1.4 Avklaring av noen sentrale begreper ......................................................................... 12 1.4.1 Modernisme ........................................................................................................ 12 1.4.2 Futurisme ............................................................................................................ 12 1.4.3 Den offisielle jazzhistorien ................................................................................. 14 1.4.4 Jazzlitteraturen ................................................................................................... 14 1.4.5 Jazz ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Oppgavens struktur .................................................................................................... 16 2 Futurismen ........................................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Analyse: Humpty Dumpty ......................................................................................... 17 2.2 Hvem, hva, hvor ........................................................................................................ 21 2.3 Forutgående og parallelle fenomener ........................................................................ 24 2.3.1 Novelty ............................................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 New Orleans-Jazz ............................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Symfonisk jazz ................................................................................................... 27 2.3.4 Futurist Philosophy ............................................................................................ 29 2.4 De første tegnene ....................................................................................................... 31 2.4.1 The Original Memphis Five ............................................................................... 32 2.4.2 Frank Trumbauer og cool-jazzens premature fødsel .......................................... 35 2.4.3 Bix Beiderbecke og den moderne jazzsolo ........................................................ 37 2.4.4 Hoagy Carmichael: Birth of the Cool II. ............................................................ 42 2.4.5 Kontakten mellom de fire store. ......................................................................... 44 2.5 Futurismen: 1926-29 .................................................................................................. 47 2.5.1 Nichols-kretsen. .................................................................................................. 47 VIII 2.5.2 Nichols-kretsen hos Whiteman .......................................................................... 53 2.5.3 Trumbauer-kretsen. ...........................................................................................
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