INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORANGE TECHNOLOGIES www.journalsresearchparks.org/index.php/IJOT e- ISSN: 2615-8140|p-ISSN: 2615-7071 Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | March 2021 Physical and geographical features of the Fergana Valley Zhabbarov Azam Mashrabovich Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Geography and Fundamentals of Economic Knowledge, Kokand State Pedagogical Institute named after Mukimi ------------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract This article highlights the physical and Republic of Uzbekistan. Among the mountain geographical features of the Fergana Valley: the valleys of Central Asia, the Fergana Valley is the physical, geographical and political border, water leader in terms of area, number and population resources, climate, seasons. The concept of the density, soil fertility, richness of inland water Fergana term: the history of its research, about resources, the development of ancient memorable places in the valley, mountains and agriculture, and the development of all types of deserts, about soils and the development of virgin transport (except water). Sufficient inland water lands, environmental protection. resources made it possible to transform the Keywords. Central Asia, Fergana Valley, foothill plains of the Fergana Valley into conical mountains, plains, physical border, political expanses, steep and gentle terraces, hilly and border, water resources, soils, climate, seasons, cross-country plains, the Central Fergana Desert Fergana term, history of exploration, hanging and even hills into irrigated oasis landscapes. revenge, valley development, nature protection. The main source of water in the Fergana Valley is the Syrdarya, its main and permanent Introduction tributaries are the Narin and Karadarya. All other Modern Chinese literature includes the last rivers, streams and brooks in the valley flow into Ching (1895-1911), the Republican period (1911- the Syrdarya in winter and spring. This is due to 1949), Mao (1949-1976), and the Post-Мао (1976 the fact that the population, density and to the present) periods. During the last Ching development of agriculture on the banks and in period, the literature witnessed a mixture of the valleys of these rivers. Closer to the center of Chinese and Western traditions: topics such as the Fergana Valley, there are about 30 rivers and social problems, historical evolution, and changes a stream flowing from the southern slopes of the in ethnic values were covered. Kurama and Chatkal mountain ranges, the most important of which are: Chadaksay, Gavasay, Main Part Pochchaotasay, Kosonsay, Chartaksay, Sumsarsay, It is known that 70 % of the territory of Karasuv. Rivers and streams flowing to the center Central Asia is occupied by plains, mainly of the Fergana Valley from the southern deserts and semi-deserts. Mountain and foothill mountains (from the northern slopes of the massifs occupy 30 % of the territory and they Turkestan and Alay mountains): have a number of mountain valleys. For Shakhimardansay, Sokh, Khojabakirgan, Isfara, example: Ili, Chuu, Chirchik-Akhangaran, Isfayramsay, Akbura, Arovonsay, Kurshab, Fergana, Zarafshan, Surkhan-Sherabad, Vakhsh. Dahanasay. From a political point of view, most of these Rivers and streams flowing into the Fergana valleys are located on the territory of the Valley from the mountains in the east, from the © 2021, IJOT | Research Parks Publishing (IDEAS Lab) www.researchparks.org | Page 94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORANGE TECHNOLOGIES www.journalsresearchparks.org/index.php/IJOT e- ISSN: 2615-8140|p-ISSN: 2615-7071 Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | March 2021 Central Tiyan Shan and the western slopes of the precipitation decreases sharply, and a real hot dry Fergana ridge: Narin, Karadarya, Yassi, Kugart, summer begins. The average July temperature is Karaungur, Mailisuv. On the slopes and hills +26 +27 oC, the maximum rises to +40 +42 oC. The around the Fergana Valley, the amount of growing season is up to 240 days, the total precipitation is much higher than on the plains of effective temperature reaches 4000-4800°. the valley. In addition to surface water, these Summer is the longest season, from May to areas generate a lot of groundwater. Groundwater October. During this period, the Turanian tropical is constantly moving towards the slope of the air mass prevails throughout the territory of relief, that is, towards the central part of the Central Asia. Fergana Valley. As a result, the water table rises Autumn is short, the first frost occurs in the from the perimeter of the valley towards the second half of October (October 15-17). center. For example, groundwater occurs on hills Concept word about "Fergana Valley". It is at a depth of 80-100 m, in the central part of the believed that the origin of the word "Fergana" valley at a depth of 2-3 m, on the banks of the comes from the name of the Scythian tribes that Syrdarya at a depth of 0.5-1 m. In some places, lived in the valley "Parokon". From an groundwater seeps gradually to the surface and ethnological point of view, in the Iranian dialect forms springs. As a result, the surface became "Pargana" means "valley between mountains". saline, forming saline and sometimes wetlands on The word "Pargana" is always and still used in the the river banks. In dry, hot climates, evaporation local language. Indeed, since the Fergana Valley is is high, salts in the water settle to the surface, and surrounded by mountains, the above can be soil salinity increases. For the development of considered close to the truth. The concept of agriculture on the saline lands of Central Fergana, "Fergana Valley" is also used in scientific channels 5-6 meters deep were dug around the literature in the form of "Fergana sediment", fields. Canals are known to lower the water table, "Fergana depression", "Fergana depression". resulting in reduced salinity. The climate of the Among the scientists who were engaged in Fergana Valley is dry, with hot and long summers scientific research of the Fergana Valley in the and mild winters. Average January temperatures scientific literature, such as A. F. Fon-Middendorf, in the central part of the valley drop to -3 °C. With V. N. Weber, N. L. Korzhenevsky, A. Abdulkosimov, the arrival of cold arctic air masses from the north Yu. U. Sultanov, their works are excellent. and northeast, the temperature drops to -30 °C. In addition to a variety of unique and Only 50-62 days a year will the air temperature be attractive natural landscapes and agricultural below 0 °C. Some years winter comes warm and landscapes of the Fergana Valley, there are fresh water does not even freeze. Spring is short famous religious, cultural and historical centers, and the weather changes very quickly. In April, the number of visitors to which is growing from the air temperature sometimes warms up to +36 year to year. Such places are called "holy places" oC, sometimes drops to -3-5 oC (in mountainous or "sacred places" in Central Asia, especially in the areas) and often strong winds blow, heavy Fergana Valley. According to the Russian traveler precipitation falls in the air, heavy rains and V.P. Nalivkin (1886), the number of such places in floods are observed. From the second half of May, the Fergana Valley has increased since the XVI th the weather becomes very hot, the amount of century. © 2021, IJOT | Research Parks Publishing (IDEAS Lab) www.researchparks.org | Page 95 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORANGE TECHNOLOGIES www.journalsresearchparks.org/index.php/IJOT e- ISSN: 2615-8140|p-ISSN: 2615-7071 Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | March 2021 The flat part of the Fergana Valley is called 370-375 km, from north to south 80-100 km, and the Fergana Depression or turndown, and its sometimes 150-200 km. From a political and surroundings are divided into two orographic administrative point of view, the main part of the zones, which differ from each other in geological valley in the north, east and south is occupied by features and relief, namely hills and mountains. Jalalabad, Osh, Batken and partly Narin regions of Although sacred sites serve as shrines, they have the Kyrgyz Republic. In the west is the territory of also played an important role in the protection the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan. The and wise use of nature. By sanctifying the unique bulk of the plains in the central part of the valley, creations of nature, people have managed to that is, 77 % (17 000 km2) of the territory belongs preserve the ecological balance in a unique way. If to Uzbekistan. The first historical handwritten we pay attention to the territorial location of sources on the study of the Fergana Valley belong settlements in the Fergana Valley, then most of to the Chinese traveler Zhang-Qiang, who lived in them fall on the river basins in the mountainous the II century BC, and described the Fergana and hilly regions of the valley. There are more Valley as "Passage Valley". The development than 40 "sacred places" in the river basins that centers of the Fergana Valley have changed over surround the valley. For example: Shakhimardon, time. Initially, the center of the valley was Kasan, Yordon, Chungara, Khojabilolota, Abshirota, then Akhsikent, Andijan, Kokand. Satkok, Arsif, Vadil, Chadak, Parda Tursun, The relief of the Fergana Valley rises from Aksikent, Gova, Nanay. 78,7 % of the territory of west to east and from the center to the north, east Uzbekistan is flat, 70 % of them are deserts and and south. The lowest point of the valley above semi-deserts. Among the regions of Uzbekistan, sea level is in the west around the Kairokkum Navoi region occupies the largest desert area, and reservoir. The height of the city of Khojand, Andijan region is the smallest. The area of the located to the west of the reservoir, is 320 m Fergana Valley is 78 000 km2, of which the above sea level, and in the east of the Fergana mountainous part is 56 000 km2, and the flat part Valley this figure exceeds 4500 m.