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The Logatchev Hydrothermal Field (MAR, 15°N): High- and Low-Temperature Alteration of Ultramafic Oceanic Crust – Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy

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The Logatchev Hydrothermal Field (MAR, 15°N): High- and Low-Temperature Alteration of Ultramafic Oceanic Crust – Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy The Logatchev Hydrothermal Field (MAR, 15°N): High- and Low-Temperature Alteration of Ultramafic Oceanic Crust – Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Nico Augustin Kiel 2007 1 Referent: Prof. Dr. Colin W. Devey Koreferent / in: Priv.-Doz. Dr. Thor Hansteen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05. Februar 2008 Zum Druck genemigt: Kiel, <<<<<<<<<. Der Dekan Für Sophie. Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine monographische Dissertation dar, deren Einzelkapiteln jeweils eine Einleitung voran gestellt ist und die bezüglich ihres Aufbaues derart konzipiert sind, dass sie unabhängig voneinander publizierfähig sind. Durch diesen Umstand besitzt jedes Kapitel eine eigene Einleitung, Diskussion und Literaturverzeichnis. Der Schreibstil sowie die Formatierung von Tabellen und Abbildungen wurden ebenfalls den Anforderungen moderner Fachzeitschriften angepasst. Der Leser möge dies berücksichtigen. Kiel, November 2007 Nico Augustin Table of Contents Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................ I Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ III Chapter 1: The geology and structure of the Logatchev hydrothermal field ....................... 1 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 2. Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Geological setting ..................................................................................................................... 4 4. Seafloor morphology of the MAR at 14°45’N ....................................................................... 5 Rift Valley ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Rift Mountains (RM) ...................................................................................................................... 6 Slumped structures (land-slide) ...................................................................................................... 8 Hydrothermal fields ......................................................................................................................... 8 5. Geology of the Logatchev hydrothermal field ..................................................................... 9 6. Discussion and Conclusions ................................................................................................. 17 7. References ................................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 2: Trace elements and isotope signatures as tracers for water/rockand melt/rock interaction ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 24 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 24 2. Geological Setting ................................................................................................................... 26 3. Material and Methods ............................................................................................................ 28 4. Results ...................................................................................................................................... 30 Petrography & X-ray diffraction ................................................................................................... 30 Trace element concentration of gabbro, serpentinite and sediment .............................................. 31 Trace element concentration of clay mineral concentrates ............................................................ 32 Isotopic composition ...................................................................................................................... 34 5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 34 Secondary mineral formation under varying temperatures .......................................................... 34 Trace element variations and fluid/rock interaction ..................................................................... 36 Talc alteration ............................................................................................................................... 41 Implications for melt/rock interaction ........................................................................................... 41 Sub-seafloor conditions and heat sources in the Logatchev hydrothermal system ........................ 43 6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 45 7. Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. 46 8. References ................................................................................................................................ 47 9. Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 3: Mineralogical and chemical mass changes in mafic and ultramafic rocks .... 56 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 56 2. Regional Setting ...................................................................................................................... 58 3. Methods ................................................................................................................................... 58 4. Results ...................................................................................................................................... 59 Petrology and Mineralogy ............................................................................................................. 59 Chemical Composition ................................................................................................................... 62 5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 64 Compositional effects of alteration ................................................................................................ 64 6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 68 7. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 69 8. References: ............................................................................................................................... 70 9. Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 72 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 76 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 77 Publications related to this thesis ..................................................................................................... 78 Papers ............................................................................................................................................... 78 Conference Abstracts ..................................................................................................................... 79 Danksagung ........................................................................................................................................ 80 Zusammenfassung Detailierte bathymetrische Kartierungen vom Mittelatlantischen Rücken (MAR) bei 15°N sowie genaue geologische Beobachtungen ermöglichten eine sehr gute Beschreibung es Logatchev Hydrothermalfeldes (LHF) bei 15°45´N. Der größte Teil des LHF liegt in einer mit Sedimenten und Talus gefüllten Senke. Dieses Material ermöglicht eine erhöhte Porosität des Untergrundes und beeinflusst dadurch stark die Bewegungen hydrothermaler Lösungen. Die im LHF erstmals beschriebenen „rauchenden Krater‚ scheinen abhängig von der Beschaffenheit des Untergrundes zu sein und sind bisher nur noch von einer weiteren Lokalität im Nibelungen-Feld am südlichen MAR bekannt. Die Interpretation bathymetrischer Karten lässt darauf schließen, dass die Position des LHF an große Störungen gebunden ist. Im LHF kennt man bisher 5 rauchende Krater, 2 hydrothermale Hügel mit aktiven „schwarzen Rauchern‚ sowie
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