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First Edition The Complete Methode to analyse, to understand and to correct any sentences on
“Structure and Written Expression” TOEFL Test
This class requires well understanding and using of basic grammar rules, including classes and functions of words and expressions.
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TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 0
UNIT 1: Sentence with One Clause
A. Structure of simple sentences
Simple sentence must at least consist of a subject and a predicate. What can be a subject? 1. Noun ` 2. Pronoun 3. To + Verb infinitive What can be a predicate? 1. Predicative Verbs a. Transitive Verbs + Object b. Intransitive Verbs (+) prepositional phrase c. Auxiliary Verb + Ordinary Verb 2. Linking Verbs
a. Be + Complement b. non-be + Adjective Highlight 1. An Adverb sometimes follows the structure “Subject and Predicate”, but it is not necessary. What can be an adverb? 1. Adverb 2. Prepositional Phrase 3. Sub Clause (adverbial clause)
2. An Appositive comes between the subject and the verb sometimes. Appositive is an additional information; noun or noun phrase that comes before or after another noun and it is generally set off from the noun with commas, and it is not a subject. Possible appositive taking place: Shabrina, my best friend, loves cats. My best friend, Shabrina loves cats.
3. Sometimes, Infinite Verbs come as a subject, an object, an adjective, an adverb, even a conjunction. Infinite verbs are verbs that don’t function as a verb; To + Verb infinitive and Participles. # To + Vinf : The lecture asked me to read this book. # Present Participles : The boy crying in the class is my cousin. # Past Participle : The class lead by Maza is Grammar Class.
4. Prepositional Phrase can sometimes make a confusion. A preposition is followed by nouns, noun phrases, noun clauses, gerunds or pronouns.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 1
• recognize that some answer choises may contain extra words while other are missing words • try to identify the subject and the verb for both must be present in gramatical sentence Tips • decide what kind of verb that must follow, depending on the subject's form (singular/plural)
Exercise
...... 1. For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with the fewer than the maximum number of units can add additional courses.
...... 2. On her lunch hour went to a nearby department store to purchase a wedding gift.
...... 3. The fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November.
...... 4. In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground.
...... 5. The papers being delivered at 4.00 will contain the announcement of the president.
...... 6. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping mall.
...... 7. The portraits exhibited in the Houston Museum last month are now on display in Dallas.
...... 8. With sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the other players.
...... 9. The song written by Kiko Loureiro played in Jazz Set concert last night.
...... 10. In Pare is very hot and dusty.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 2
TOEFL EXCERCISE 1: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. The North Platte River ____ from 7. Henry Adams, born in Boston, ____ Wyoning into Nebraska. famous as a historian and novelist. (A) it flowed (A) became (B) flows (B) and became (C) Flowing (C) he was (D) with flowing water (D) and the became
2. ____ Biloxi received its name from a 8. The major cause ____ the pull of the Sioux word meaning “first people.” Moon on the Earth. (A) The city of (A) the ocean tides are (B) Located in (B) of ocean tides is (C) It is in (C) of tides in the ocean (D) The tour included (D) the oceans’ tides
3. Apride of lions ____ up to forty lions, 9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth including one to three males, several century, ____ limited to the rich. females, and cubs. (A) was (A) can contain (B) was photography (B) it contains (C) it was photography (C) contain (D) photography was (D) Containing 10. A computerized map of the freeways 4. ____ tea plants are small and white. using information gathered by sensors (A) The embedded in the pavement ____ on a (B) On the local cable channel during rush hours. (C) Having flowers the (A) airs (D) The flowers of the (B) airting (C) air 5. The tetracyclines, ____ antibiotics, are (D) to air used to threat infection.
(A) are a family of (B) being a family Score: (C) a family of (D) their family is Note:
6. Any possible academic assistance from taking stimultans ____ marginal at best. (A) it is (B) there is (C) is (D) As
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 3
UNIT 2: Sentence with Multiple Clauses
A. Structure of compound sentences Compound sentence is a sentences that consists of 2 main clauses separated by coordinate connectors (and, but, or, so, yet) and commas (,). Eg: Tina is reading, and I am writing. Romeo is tall, but Juliet is short. I must get close to you, or someone will do it. The author wrote this book, so we can learn TOEFL easily. The teacher is sad, yet he still makes others happy. B. Structure of complex sentences Complex sentence is a sentences that consists of one main clause and one or more sub clauses separated by connectors. Sub-clauses can be adverbial, adjective or noun clause. In this section, we will further discuss Adverbial Clause, Adjective Clause and Noun Clause. 1. Adverbial Clause is a clause which functions as an adverb. It gives information about time, cause, condition, contrast, manner or place. Only does this clause have an only form: Connector + Subject + Verb # Adverb time connectors after, before, when, while, whenever, as, as long as, as soon as, by the time, once, since, until. Eg: Shabrina decided to come to Pare after she had been graduated.
# Adverb cause connectors as, because, now that, since, inasmuch as Eg: Because I had to able to speak English, I came to Pare.
# Adverb condition connectors if, whether, in case, provided, providing, unless. Eg: Unless you study English in right course, you won’t be able to master it.
# Adverb contrast connectors though, even though, although, while, whereas. Eg: Although it was raining, she kept going to the class.
# Adverb manner connectors as, in that Eg: James. H wrote Master of Puppet as he played his guitar.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 4
# Adverb place connectors where, wherever Eg: Wherever he performed, Suicmez is always playing guitar perfectly.
# Adverb comparison connectors as...... as, so...... as, -er/more/less...... than Eg: My classmates are more diligent than I am.
2. Noun Clause is a clause which takes the positions in which a noun does. It can take a position as subjects, object of verbs, objects of prepositions or complement. This clause may be either Connector + Subject + Verb form or Connector/Subject + Verb form. # Noun clause connectors what, when, why, how, whatever, whenever, whether, if, that Eg: What I did makes her sad.
The fact is that the earth rotates every 24 hours.
# Noun clause connector/subject who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever Eg: I knew who had written this book.
The student look for who can deliver the material well.
3. Adjective Clause is a clause that functions to describe a noun. This clause always follows the noun it describes. This clause may appear either as Connector + Subject + Verb or as Connector/Subject + Verb. # Adjective clause connector whom, which, that, whose (of which) Eg: The girl whom I met last night is my classmate.
Joe Satriani wrote some songs to which you are listening now.
# Adjective clause connector/subject who, which, that Eg: Petrucci is a guitarist who plays for Dream Theatre.
The cat that always meows is mine.
# Adjective clause connector (relative adverb) when (on which), where (in which), why Eg: Pare in the city in which I live.
Sunday in the day when I was born.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 5
C. Structure of compound-complex sentences. Compound-complex sentence is a sentence containing 2 or more main clauses and 1 or more sub clauses. It is a combination between compound sentences and complex sentences. Hence, this sentence consists of more than 2 connectors, more than 3 subjects and more than 3 verbs.
Eg: Yngwie Malmsteen performed incredible guitar shreds with who wrote “always with me always with you” when he was in 3G concert.
Section 2 on TOEFL test is a section that consists of structure and written expression question, so you must be aware of grammar skill that you have studied.
That the student must have basic comprehension of using grammar rules is the requirement before they joined this class.
Highlight 1. An Adverbial clause sometimes appears in the beginning of a sentence, and it is separated with comma from the main clause. Eg: When I was a kid, I always dreamed to be a president. 2. An adjective clause can be set off from the noun which it describes by commas. Eg: The man, who played guitar so fast, is Yngwie Malmsteen. He was Yngwie, who played guitar so fast last night. 3. There are some prepositions which have the same meaning as adverbial clause connector. Be aware that prepositions can’t be followed by subject + verb, while connector must be followed by subject + verb. Preposition: due to, on account of, in spite of, despite, during. Conjunction: because/since, although/even though, when/while.
• there has to be a or more connectors if you see 2 or more subjects and verbs • be careful of the use and meaning of connectors in any clauses, especially for connector/subject • make sure that the verbs used in clauses is consistent and match to the time Tips marker given
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 6
TOEFL EXCERCISE 2: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. The president of the United States 6. According to the hypothesis in the study, appoints the Cabinet members, ____ the monarchs pick up the magnetic field of appointments are subject to Senate the ____ migrate by following magnetic approval. fields. (A) their (A) target monarchs (B) with their (B) target since monarchs (C) because their (C) target since monarchs are (D) but their (D) target
2. The prisoners were prevented from 7. ____ show the relations among neurons, speaking to reporters because ____ . they do not preclude the possibikity that (A) not wanting the story in the papers other aspects are important. (B) the story in the papers the (A) Neural theories superintendent did not want (B) A neural theory (C) the public to hear the story (C) Although neural theories (D) the superintendent did not want the (D) However neural theories story in the papers 8. ____ or refinanced, the lendetr will 3. Like Thomas Berger’s fictional character generally require setting up an escrow Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to account to ensure the payment of find himself where ____ of important property taxes and homeowner’s events took place. insurance. (A) it was an extraordinary number (A) A home is (B) there was an extraordinary number (B) A home is bought (C) an extraordinary number (C) When a home (D) an extraordinary number existed (D) When a home is bought
4. ____ sucked groundwater from below, 9. If ultraviolets radiation enters the Earth’s some parts of the city have begun to sink atmosphere, ____ generally blocked by as much as ten inches annually. the ozone concentrated in the (A) Pumps have atmosphere. (B) As pumps have (A) It (C) so it is (C) So pumps have (B) it is (D) then it (D) With pumps 10. Among human chromosomes, the Y 5. Case studies are the target of much chromosomes in unusual ____ most of the skepticism in the scientific community, chromosome does not participate in ____ used extensively by numerous meriotic recombination. researchers. (A) In (C) and (A) they are (B) So (D) in that (B) are
(C) yet they (D) yet they are
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 7
1. The three basic chords in ____ the tonic, 6. The Sun’s gravity severely distorted the the dominant, and the subdominant. path of the comet, ____ entered its eildly (A) functional harmony erratic orbit around Jupiter. (B) functional harmony is (A) it (C) functional harmony are (B) when (D) functional harmony is they are (C) after the comet came into it (D) once the comet 2. ____ Hale telescope, at the Palomar Observatory in shouthern California, 7. Each object ____ Jupiter’s magnetic field scientists can photograph objects several is deluged with electrical charges. billion light years away. (A) enters (A) The (B) it enters (B) With the (C) entering (C) They use the (D) enter (D) It is the 8. As its name suggests, the Prairie 3. Without the proper card installed inside Wetlands Resource Center ____ the the computer, ____ imposible to run a protection of wetlands on the prairies of graphics program. the Dakota, montana, Minnesota, and (A) is definetely Nebraska. (B) because of (A) it focuses (C) it is (B) focuses on (D) is (C) focusing (D) to focus on 4. The charter for the Louisiana lottery was coming up for renewal, ____ spared no 9. One of the largest and most powerful expense in the fight to win renewal. birds of prey in the world, ____ a six-foot (A) the lottery committee wingspan and legs and talons roughly the (B) so the lottery committee and size of a man’s arms and legs. (C) so the lottery committee (A) so the harpy has (D) the lottery committee made (B) the harpy having (C) with the harpy having 5. While im reality Alpha Centaury is a triple (D) the harpy has star, ____ to the naked eye to be a single star. 10. ____ creation of such a community was a (A) it appears desirable step, the requisite political (B) but it appears upheaval had to be accepted. (C) appears (A) Since the (D) despite it (B) The (C) Later, the (D) It was the
Score: Note:
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 8
Unit 3: Reduced Adverbial and Adjective Clause
Sometimes adjective or adverbial clause can appear in reduced form. Present and past participle and to + Vinf take role in this kind of sentence.
A. Reduced Adverbial Clause There are 2 forms of reduced adverbial clause. # with a “be” verb. The characteristics of reduced adverbial clause with ‘be’ verb are omitting the subject and the ‘be’ verb, so only will it leave the complement of the clause. From: My teacher kept coming to the class although he was sick.
To be: My teacher kept coming to the class although sick.
# with a “non-be” verb The characteristics of reduced adverbial clause with ‘non-be’ verb are omitting the subject and changing the verbal verb to be present participle. From: Before he plays in the match, Mesut Ozil always prays to God.
To be: Before playing in the match, Mesut Ozil always prays to God.
B. Reduced Adjective Clause There are 2 forms of reduced adjective clause. # with a “be” verb.
The characteristics of reduced adjective clause with ‘be’ verb are omitting the connector/subject and the ‘be’ verb, so it will only leave the complement of the clause.
From: The song which was written by J. S. Bach is now played in the concert.
To be: The song written by J. S. Bach is now played in the concert.
# with a “non-be” verb
The characteristics of reduced adverbial clause with ‘non-be’ verb are omitting the connector/subject and changing the verbal verb to be participle verb.
From: Kirk Hammed is a Turkish who plays as a lead guitar for Metallica.
To be: Kirk Hammed is a Turkish playing as a lead guitar for Metallica.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 9
Besides using participles, Reduced adverbial clause with ‘non-be’ verb can also use to + Vinf. There are some patters which can detect this kind of clause; superlative marker, indefinite time marker, ‘the only’ marker, ordinal-number marker or indefinite pronoun.
From: The first years-old-age composer who performed classical music was Mozart.
To be: The first years-old-age composer to perform classical music was Mozart.
Highlight 1. A reduced adverbial clause occurs if the subject in both main and sub clause are the same. 2. Sometimes, a reduced adverbial clause can be placed in the beginning of a sentence and separated by comma from the main clause. Eg: Using seven-string Stratocaster guitar, Yngwie played “Arpeggios from Hell.”
• reduced adverbial clause never ommits the connector • only adjective clause of which the connector also function as a subject can be reduced Tips • recognize the non-essential adjective clause function in the sentence
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 10
TOEFL EXCERCISE 3: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Dolphins form extremely complicated 6. Acloud’s reservoir of negative charge allegiances and ____ continually change. extends upward fro, the altitude at ____ (A) enmities that the freezing point. (B) that are enmities (A) temperatures hit (C) en,ities that are (B) hit temperatures (D) that enmities (C) which temperatures hit (D) which hit temperatures 2. Scientists are now beginning to conduct experiment on ____ trigger different sorts 7. In a 1988 advanced officer’s training of healts risks. program, Sampson developed a plan to (A) noise pollution can incorporate police in enforcing (B) that noise pollution environmental protection laws whenever (C) how noise pollution ____ feasible. (D) how noise pollution can (A) it is (B) is 3. The Apollo 11 astronauts ____ of the (C) has Earth’s inhabitants witnessed on the (D) it has famous first moonwalk on July 20, 1969, were Neil Amstrong and Buzz Aldrin. 8. ____ will be carried in the next space (A) whom shuttle payload has not yet been (B) whom millions announced to the public. (C) were some (A) It (D) whom some were (B) What (C) When 4. At the end of the nineteenth century, (D) That Alfred Binet developed a test for measuring intelligence ____ served as the 9. During free fall, ____ up to full minute, a basis of modern IQ tests. skydriver will fall at a constant speed of (A) has 120 m.p.h. (B) it has (A) it is (C) and (B) which is (D) which has (C) being (D) is 5. ____ have at least four hours of hazardous materials response training is 10. The fact ____ the most important ratings mandated by federal law. period is about to begin has caused all the (A) All police officers networks to shore up their schedules. (B) All police officers must (A) is that (C) That all police officers (B) of (D) For all police officers (C) that (D) what
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 11
1. ____ loom high above the northern and 7. ____ in the first draft of the budget will northeastern boundaries of the not necessarily be in the final draft. expanding city of Tucson. (A) Although it appears (A) The Santa Catalina mountains (B) It appears (B) Because the Santa Catalina (C) What appears mountains (D) Despite its appearance (C) The Santa Catalina mountains are (D) That the Santa Catalina mountains 8. If a food label indicates that a food is mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean 2. Radioactive ____ provides a powerful ____ is a good food to eat. way to measure geologic time. (A) and it (A) it (B) and (B) dates (C) that it (C) dating (D) when (D) can 9. A need for space law to include 3. ____ contained in the chromosomes, commercial concerns has been and they are thought of as the units of recognized inasmuch ____ been heredity. expanding drastically in recent years. (A) Genes which atre (A) the commercial launch industry (B) Genes are (B) the commercial launch industry has (C) Whene genes (C) as has the commercial launch (D) Because of genes industry (D) as the the commercial launch 4. The benefit ____ the study is that it industry has provides necessary information to anyone who needs it. 10. The report on the nuclear power plant (A) of indicated that when the planty had gone (B) which on line ____ unsafe. (C) that (A) and it had been (D) because (B) it had been (C) had been 5. The same symptoms that occur ____ (D) that it had been occur with cocaine.
(A) amphetamines can (B) with amphetamines can Score: (C) so amphetamines (D) with amphetamines they Note:
6. Many companies across the country have molded the concepts ____ describes into an integrated strategy for prevening strees. (A) and wolf (B) that wolf (C) what wolf (D) so wolf
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 12
Unit 4: Inversion of Subjects and Verbs
Inverted subject and verb can sometimes make a confusion on TOEFL test. The simplest example of inverted subject and verb is shown in question sentence.
Eg: Do you have a shower every day?
In what month does she usually go to Pare?
When will I see you again?
A. Expression of Place Expression of place often appears in prepositional-phrase form on TOEFL test. An expression of place is necessary to be followed by inverted subject and verb when necessary to complete the sentence and placed in the beginning of the sentence. Eg: In Pare is Surowono cave. Between Pacific and Hindia is Indonesia located on. There are 4 students sitting in this chair.
B. Negatives Expression Negatives expressions; seldom, rarely, only, barely, scarcely, hardly (ever), never, nor, neither, no longer, not once, not only, may appear in front of subject and verb. If so, the subject and the verb are inverted. Eg: Everybody knows that never is the earth flat. Hardly will you master English if you aren’t more serious to study. That neither could i get up in the morning nor could i sleep early at night is my habit.
C. Conditional Sentence Conditional sentence using had, should, or were may omit connector if and be followed by inverted subject and verb. Eg: Were you me, you would know how hurt it is. The earth might have been beautiful had humans cared about the environment. Should we get, we also had to give.
Highlight 1. Negative expressions sometimes appear at the beginning or in the middle of compound, complex or compound-complex sentence. Thus, the subject and the verb following them must be inverted still. 2. Sometimes inversion in conditional sentence can be confusing when the sub clause is in the middle of a sentence.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 13
3. Comparison structure can sometimes be followed by inverted subject and verb. This inversion sounds rather formal. Eg: Real Madrid was stronger than the opponent. Real Madrid was stronger than the opponent was. Real Madrid was stronger than was the opponent.
Rani speak English more fluently than Rina. Rani speak English more fluently than Rina does. Rani speak English more fluently than does Rina. 4. Elliptical sentence using neither or so must be followed by inversion. Eg: The earth is not flat, neither is the sun. My girlfriend got 600 on TOEFL test, and so did I. 5. Passive can also be formed as inversion mode since it use to emphasise the passive meaning (participle). Eg: Written by Megadeth is “A Tout Le Monde”. Wanted by the police were the terrorists.
• recognize that there are some reduced clauses which don't use verbal verb • reduced adjectice clause (non-essential) can be placed in front of sentence • if there are two verb /verb phrases with no conjunction, it must be inversion in conditional Tips • comparison can also be followed by inverted subject and verb
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 14
1. Rarely ____ located near city lights or at 6. Potassium has a valence of positive one lower elevations. because it usually loses one electron (A) observatories are when ____ with elements. (B) are (A) does it combine (C) in the obsevatories (B) it combines (D) are obsevatories (C) in combining (D) combination 2. There are geographic, economic, and cultural reasons why ____ around the 7. The economic background of labor world. legislation will not be mentioned in theis (A) diets differ course, ____ be treated. (B) do diets differ (A) trade unionism will not (C) are diets different (B) nor trade unionism will (D) to differ a diet (C) nor will trade unionism (D) neither trade unionism will 3. Were ____ millions of dollars each year replenishing eroding beaches, yhe 8. ___ test positive for antibiotics when coastline would be changing even more tanker trucks arrive at a milk processing rapidly. plant, according to federal law, the entire (A) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not truckload must be discarded. speending (A) Should milk (B) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not (B) If milk spend (C) If milk is (C) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (D) Milk should does not spend (D) not spending the U.S. Army Corps of 9. Located behind ____ the two lacrimal Engineers glands. (A) each eyelid 4. Nowhere ____ more skewed than in the (B) is each eyelid auto industry. (C) each eyelid are (A) that retail trade figures (D) each eyelid which is (B) retail trade figures are (C) are retail trade figures 10. Only for a short period of time ___ run at (D) retail trade figures top speed. (A) cheetahs 5. New York City’s Central Park is nearly (B) do chetaahs twice as large ____ second smallest (C) that a cheetah can country, Monaco. (D) can (A) as (B) is the (C) as is (D) as is the
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 15
1. When ____ nest during spring nesting 7. In Hailey, the best-known’ lecturer was season, Canadian geese are flercely women’s rights Abigail Scott Duniway of territorial. Portland, Oregon, who could usually be (A) building (C) built persuaded to speak ____ town visiting her (B) are building (D) are built son. (A) she was in (C) while she was 2. In 1870, Calvin, along with Adirondack (B) while in (D) was in hunter Alvah Dunning, made the first known ascent of Seward Mountain, ____ 8. The National Restaurant ____ Washington, far from roads of trails. says that federal efforts to regulate (A) a remote peak workplace smoking woyuld limit (B) it is a remlote peak restaurants’ ability to respond to the (C) a remote peak is desires of their patrons. (D) which a remote peak (A) association in (B) association is in 3. Kokanee salmon begin to deteriorate and (C) association which is in die soon ____ at the age of four. (D) association, based in (A) they spawn (B) after spawning 9. ___ in North American waterways a little (C) spawn over a decade ago, zebra mussels have (D) spawned the salmon already earned a nasty reputation for their expensive habit of clogging water pipes in 4. ____ behind goverment secrecy for nearly the Great Lakes area. half a century, the Hanford plant in central (A) The first sighting Washington produced plkutonium for the (B) Although first sighted nuclear weapons of Cold War. (C) Zebra ,ussels were first sighted (A) It is hidden (D) First sighting (B) Hidden (C) Which is hidden 10. Small companies may take their goods (D) The plant is hiding abroad for trade shows without paying foreign value-added taxes by acquiring 5. Until ____ incorrect, astronomers had ____ an ATA carnet. assumed that the insides of white dwarfs (A) a document calls were uniform. (B) a document called (A) they (C) calls a document (B) their proof (D) called a document (C) the astronomers recently proven (D) recently proven Score:
6. ___ artifacts from the carly Chinese Note: dynasties, numerous archeologists have explored the southern Silk Road. (A) They were searching for (B) It was a search for (C) Searched for (D) Searching for
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 16
Unit 5: Subject and Verb Agreements
To be grammatical, verbs must agree with the subject preceding. In this unit, we are going to relate that there are 3 kinds of verb following subjects; singular verbs, plural verbs and free verbs and there are 2 kinds of subject that the verbs must agree with. Singular verbs can only follow singular subject, and plural verbs can only follow singular subjects. Singular verbs: is, Verb +s/es, does, has, and was Plural verbs: are, the present form of verb, do, have, and were. Free verbs: modal, the past form of verb, and did
# Markers for singular subject 1. a/an/the preceding singular noun will be followed by singular verb. The teacher says to all of the students. 2. each/every preceding singular noun will be followed by singular verb. Each student has to join one of extracurricular programs. 3. one of preceding plural noun will be followed by singular verb. One of the extracurricular which is most preferred is music. 4. each of preceding plural noun will be followed by singular verb. Each of the music instruments has its own class. 5. every one of preceding plural noun will be followed by singular verb. Every one of the participants is going to perform in the first meeting. 6. the number of preceding singular noun will be followed by singular verb. The number of the student joining guitar class is twenty six. 7. amount of preceding non-countable noun will be followed by singular verb. An amount of music feels so hard in the first lesson. 8. A great deal of preceding non-countable noun will be followed by singular verb. A great deal of rice is imported from Thailand.
# Markers for plural subject 1. Many, several (a) few, both, two, fifty-eight preceding plural noun will be followed by plural verb. All students are invited to the farewell party. Both students have to perform a song. 2. A number of preceding plural noun will be followed by plural verb. A number of invitation have been sent. 3. A couple of preceding plural noun will be followed by plural verb. A couple of oranges contain 500mg vitamin C.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 17
# Markers that can be followed by either count noun or non-count noun
1. All, no, some, any, most If they are followed by plural count noun, the verb must be plural. Most music instruments have made of wood. If they are followed by non-count noun, the verb must be singular. Any energy is needed to play a music instrument. 2. (a) lot of/ lots of If they are followed by plural count noun, the verb must be plural. A lot of music instruments use string. If they are followed by non-count noun, the verb must be singular. Lots of happiness has been shown when the students get holidays. 3. Plenty of If they are followed by plural count noun, the verb must be plural. Plenty of musicians were solo players. If they are followed by non-count noun, the verb must be singular. Plenty of equipment has been prepared for the concert. Highlight 1. Sometimes prepositional phrase followed the subject can make confusion. Eg: The books in the library are not sold. The key to the doors is the big one. 2. Sometimes expression of quantity; all of, most of, some of, half of can be followed either by singular or plural noun. The verb must agree with the noun following the expression of quantity. Eg: All of the books are free. All of the book is expensive. 3. Certain word must be followed by singular verb. anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, something, someone Eg: Something makes me sad. Everybody loves the things you do.
• always remeber that non-countable noun is always follwed by singular verb • recognize that verb preceding subject is agree with the subject in inversion mode • remember that nuber is for count noun and amount is for non-countable noun. • the words police and percent have no -s, but they need plural verbs, except Tips preceded by singular marker.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 18
1. In the United States ____ approximately 7. Because the project depends on ___ at four million miles of roads, streets, and the federal level, the city and country may highways. have to wait until the budget cutting (A) there ends. (B) is (A) it happens (C) they (B) which happening (D) there are (C) what happens (D) that it happens 2. ___ twelve million immigrans entered the United States via Ellis Island. 8. ___ definitive study of a western hard- (A) More than rock mining community cemetery appears (B) There were more than to have been done is in Silver City, (C) Of more than Nevada. (D) The report of (A) Most (B) The most 3. The television, ____ so long been a part of (C) Where most our culture, has an enormous influence. (D) Where the most (A) has (B) it has 9. One of the areas of multimedia that is (C) which growing quickly ____ is sounds. (D) which has (A) yes it easily overlooked (B) is easily overlooked 4. Psychologists have traditionally (C) it is easily overlooked maintained that infants cannot formulate (D) that is easily overlooked long-term memories until ____ the age of eight or nine months. 10. ___, early approaches for coping with (A) they workplace stress dealt with the problem (B) they reach only after its symptoms had appeared. (C) to reach (A) Although well-intending (D) reach (B) Although it is a good intention (C) Although a good intention 5. ___ a cheese shop has since grown into a (D) Although well- intended small conglomerate consisting of a
catering business and two retail strores. (A) In the beginning of (B) It begin as (C) Its beginning which was (D) What began as
6. Primarily a government contractor, ____ preferential treatment from government agencies as both a minority-group member and a woman. (A) receives Weber (B) Weber receives (C) the reception of Weber (D) according to Weber’s reception
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1...... several unsuccessful attemps, Robert Peary reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. a. After b. When c. He made d. His
2. The musical instrument ...... is six feet long. a. Is called the bass b. It is called the bass c. Called the bass d. Calls the bass
3. One problem with all languages ...... they are full of irregularities. a. When b. So c. Is that d. In case
4...... of economic cycles been helpful in predicting turning points in cycles, they would have been used more consistenly. a. Psychological theories b. Psychological theories have c. Had psychological theories d. Psychologists have theories
5. Hospital committees ...... spent weeks agonizing over which artificial kidney candidate would receive the treatments now find that the decision is out of their hands. a. Once b. That once c. Have d. Once had
...... 6. More than half of the children in the 1356-member district qualifies for reduced- A B C D price of free lunches.
...... 7. Five miles beyond the hills were a firewith its flames reaching up to the sky. A B C D ...... 8. Kettledrums, what were first played on horseback, were incorporated into the A B C D orchestra in the eightteenth century.
...... 9. When is a flag hung upside down, it is an internationally recognized symbol of A B C D distress.
...... 10. The Museum of the Confederation in Richmond hosts aa exhibition which A documenting the origins and history of the banner the most Americans think of as B C D the Confederate flag.
Score: Note:
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Unit 6: Parallel Structure
Parallel structure is a common source of confusion involving the wrong form of a word. It means that when information in a sentence is given as a list or a series, all components of that list or series must be grammatically parallel or equal (the same type). A. Coordinate Conjunction Coordinate conjunctions are and, or, but. Eg: TOEFL class is interesting, challenging and sometimes confusing. Students must dress properly or cannot study in the class. The writer of “Wild World” is not Mr. Big, but Cat Steven. B. Paired Conjunction Paired conjunctions, sometimes called correlative conjunction, tie together pairs of structure; both...... and, not only...... but also, either...... or, and neither...... nor. Eg: This class is both comfortable and peaceful. Music is not only used as entertainment, but also as media to communicate emotions. Aw Karin is neither beautiful nor smart. C. Comparison Comparisons have their parallel conjunction; more...... than, -er...... than, less...... than, as...... as, so...... as, the same...... as, and similar...... to. Eg: Pare is more interesting than others. TOEFL has the same difficulties as IELTS. Gumul is as beautiful as Arch de Trionphe. Highlight 1. Sometimes parallel structure, especially those with coordinate conjunction or paired conjunction, can appear as subject, object or complement in a sentence. Eg: Both applicant and examiner must attend to the class on time. The best pair to win the competition are Tontowi and Liliana. The will buy defender or striker to better line-up of the team. 2. Comparison is used to compare two equal things, so the two things that must be the same structure are before and after the comparison and its conjunction.
• the TOEFL test often contains word form questions that ask you to recognize that a sentence should have a parallel structure but doesn’t • something that can be paralleled; words, phrases, clause • Be careful of the verb used when a parallel structure appears as subject or Tips complement.
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1. ___ variety of flowers in the show, from 7. Some fishing fleets might not have been simple carnations to the most exquisite so inefficient in limitting their catch to roses. target spesies ____ more strict in (A) A wide enforcing penalties. (B) There was a wide (A) the goverment had been (C) Was there (B) if the goverment had (D) Many (C) had the goverment been (D) if the goverment 2. The wedges ____ dart board are worth from one to twenty points each. 8. The Dewey Decimal System, currently (A) they are on a used in libraries throughout the world, (B) are on a ____ all eritten works into ten classes (C) are they on a according to subject. (D) on a (A) dividing (B) divides 3. ___ producing many new movies for (C) it would divide release after the new season begins. (D) was divided (A) His company is (B) His companies 9. Individual differences in brain-wave (C) The company activity may shed light on why some (D) Why the company is people are more prone to emotional stress disorders ____ . 4. ___ that Emily Dickinson wrote, 24 were (A) that others are. given titles and 7 were published during (B) and others are. her lifetime. (C) others are. (A) Of the 1,800 poems (D) than are others. (B) There ere 1,800 poems (C) Because the 1,800 poems 10. ___ squeezed, the orange juice in a one- (D) The 1,800 poems cup serving provides twices the minimum daily requirement for vitamin C. 5. Since an immediate change was needed (A) It is freshly on an emergency basis, ____ by the (B) If freshly governor to curtail railway expenditure. (C) You freshly (A) so it was proposed (D) If it freshly (B) was proposed
(C) because of the proposal (D) it was proposed
6. In the Morgan Library in the New York City ____ of medieval and Renaissance manuscripsts. (A) a collection is (B) in a collection is (C) is a collection (D) which is a collection
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TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 6: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. The growth of hair ...... cyclical process, with phases of activity and inactivity. a. It is b. Is a c. Which is d. A regular
2. The fire ...... to have started in the furnance under the house. a. Is believed b. That is believed c. They believed d. That they believed
3. In Roman numerals, ...... symbols for numeric values. a. Are letters of the alphabet b. Letters of the alphabet are c. Which uses letters of the alphabet d. In which letters of the alphabet are
4. The legal systems of most countries can be classified ...... common law or civil law. a. As either b. Either as c. Either to d. To either
5. One difference between mathematics and language is that mathematics is precise ...... a. Language is not b. While language is not c. But language is not d. While is language
6. Your criticism of the three short stories should not be less than 2000 words, nor ...... more than 3000. a. Should it be b. It should be c. It is d. Should be it
...... 7. In 1870, the attorney general was made head of the Departement of Justice, given A an enlarged staff, and endow with clear-cut law-enforcement fuctions. B C D ...... 8. The general Sherman Tree, the largest of all the giant sequoias, are reputed to be A B C the world’s largest living thing. D ...... 9. The skeleton of a shark is made of cartilage rather than having bone. A B C D ...... 10. At least one sample of each of the brands contains measurable amounts of A B aflatoxin, and there is three which exceed the maximum. C D
Score: Note:
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Unit 7: Comparative and Superlative
Most descriptive adjectives and adverbs have two forms: the comparative including equal and unequal comparison, and the superlative.
A. Comparative Degree Another word choice type of question requires you to know how comparative sentences are generally structured. A comparison indicates the degree of difference or similarity between two things.
# Equal comparison: as + adjective/adverb + as An equal comparison indicates that two nouns or noun phrases are (or are not) exactly the same. Eg: This picture is as old as that. Grisham writes as well as any modern writer.
To make the phrase negative, add not before the construction. Eg: Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.
# Unequal comparison Some sentences compare things that are not equal. More/less ...... than or ...... -er than Eg: He studies more frequently than she does. This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s.
B. Superlative Degree
The superlative compares three or more items, one of which is superior or inferior to the others. the most/least ...... or the ...... -est eg: This is the most powerful car of the three. This house is the least expensive of all.
C. Special Sentence “the –er, the –er” Double comparative sentences, the –er, the –er, contain two comparative constructions, one at the beginning of the sentence and one at the beginning of the second clause. Eg: The sooner we finish the project, the sooner we can start the next one. The more friends, the more chats.
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Highlight
1. Sometimes so is substituted for as before the adjective or adverb in negative comparisons. Eg: Fender is not so expensive as Ibanez. Fender is not as expensive as Ibanez. 2. When a comparison is made between two people and a pronoun is used to represent one of them, the subject form of the pronoun should be used after the final as. (Keep in mind that in conversational English, many people use the object form of the pronoun after as, which is incorrect.) Eg: Fina is as high as I. Biology book is more complex than English book. 3. Sometimes unequal comparisons can be further intensified by adding much or far before the comparative form. Eg: This house is far more expensive than the others we have seen. This book is much less interesting than the one I read last month.
• comparison is used to compare two equal things • superlative is used to show which one of many is some way the most outstanding • the -er, the -er structure may or may not include a verb Tips • -er/-est is added to short adjective or adverb and more/most is added to long adjective or adverb • most adverbs are preceded by more/ less/ most
Circle the comparatives and superlatives in the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)...... 1. The coffe is more stronger today than it was yesterday...... 2. The tree that was stuck by lightning had been the tallest of the two trees we had...... 3. He will buy the most fuel-efficient car that he can afford...... 4. The closet it gets to summer, the longer the days are...... 5. The business department is bigger of the departments in the university...... 6. I really do not want to live in the Southest because it is one of the most hot areas in the United States...... 7. It is preferable to use the most efficient and most effective method that you can...... 8. Tonight’s dinner was more filling than last night’s ...... 9. The sooner the exam is scheduled, the less time you have to prepare...... 10. The house is now the cleanest that it has ever been.
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TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 7: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1...... , a liberal arts college specifically for deaf people, is located in Washington, D.C. a. Gallaudet College b. Gallaudet College is c. About Gallaudet College d. Bacause of Gallaudet College
2...... varieties of dogs at the show, including spaniels, poodles, and collins. a. The several b. Those c. Several d. There were several
3. While the discovery that many migratory songbirds can thrive in deforested wintering spots ...... , the fact remains that these birds are dying at unusual rates. a. It is heartening b. Hearten c. Heartning d. Is heartening
Choose the letter of the undelined word or group of words that is not correct...... 4. The coyote is somewhat smaller in size than a timber wolf. A B C D ...... 5. The weather reports all showed that there were a tremendous storm front moving A B C D in...... 6. Seldom cactus plants are found outside of North America. A B C D ...... 7. In a basketball game a player what is fouled receives one or two free throws. A B C D ...... 8. Until recently, California was largest producer of oranges in the United States. A B C D ...... 9. An understanding of engineering theories and problems are impossible until basic A B arithmetic is fully mastered. C D ...... 10. The earliest the CVS (Chorionic villus sampling) procedure in the pregnancy, the A B C greater the risk to the baby. D
Score: Note:
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Unit 8: Antecedents
The term antecedents is related to the pronoun; what the pronoun is has to refer to the right reference. First thing first, let’s recall what we have studied which is called pronoun and its explanation.
Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun Reflexive I me my ..... mine myself We us our ..... ours ourselves You you your ..... yours yourself/yourselves She her her ..... hers herself He him his ..... his himself It it its ..... not-used itself
# subject pronoun Certain pronouns are subject pronouns, which means that they should appear in the subject position of the sentence or after a form of the verb be. Eg: After meeting the professor, she was allowed to join the exam.
# object pronoun Other pronouns are object pronouns, which means that they should appear in the object either object of verb or preposition or complement position. Eg: Guitar is meaningful for me.
# possessive adjective Possessive adjectives must be followed by a noun. Eg: J. Loomis is always playing his most favourite song ‘Destroyer of Dreams.’
# possessive pronoun Possessive pronoun is used in place of a noun. It cannot be used as how we use possessive adjective. Eg: These phones are mine.
# reflexive pronoun Reflexive pronouns follow verbs and show that the subject is both giving and receiving the action. It can also be used to show emphasis. Eg: David Gilmour arranged Shakespeare’s sonnet 18 ‘Shall I Compare’ himself.
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Highlight 1. Sometimes expletive mood can be a confusion. It uses subject pronoun as its complement. Eg: It was she who arrived late. It is I whose book is being used in this class.
2. A common type of pronoun error results from an agreement problem. A pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to, both in terms of gender and number. Eg: Deborah Philip and Michael A Pyle writes TOEFL Preparation book as they want to help learners to get better way to solve the question.
Gender / Number Singular Plural
Feminine She They Masculine He They
The same gender He, She, It They Neuter It They
• recognize the gender and the number of pronoun used • recognize whether the noun is related to person or thing. Tips
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Circle the pronoun and possesive in the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)...... 1. Helicopters are being used more and more in emergency situations because of its ability to reach out-of-the-way places.
...... 2. The worker was fired by the chemical company because his refused to work with certain dangerous chemicals.
...... 3. If you have car trouble while driving on the freeway, you should pull your car over to the side of the freeway and wait for help.
...... 4. The administration will not install the new security system because they cost much...... 5. Some parents prefer to send their children to private schools because they believe that the children will be better educated...... 6. The air traffict controller was not blamed for the accident because he had strictly followed the correct procedures...... 7. The new student has been assigned to work on the project with you and I...... 8. Many different kinds of aspirin are on the market, but their effectiveness seems to be equal...... 9. You must bring a tent and a sleeping bag for your trip to the Sierras...... 10. Each of the team members had their new uniform.
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TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 8: Choose the letter of the word of group of words that best completes the sentence. 1...... worst phase of the Depression, more than thirteen million Americans has no jobs. a. It was in the b. During the c. While the d. The
2. Speech consist not merely of sounds but ...... that follow various structural patterns. a. Of organization sound patterns. b. Organized sound patterns. c. That sound patterns are organized. d. In organizing sound patterns.
3. When reading a book, you must keep your point of view separate from the point of view in ...... you are studying. a. That b. The material and c. The materials that d. The materials that are
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct...... 4. The latest medical report indicated that the patient’s temperature was near normal A B and their lungs were partially cleared. C D ...... 5. Most oxygen atoms have eight neutrons, but a small amount have nine or ten. A B C D ...... 6. When Paine expressed his belief in independence, he praised by the public. A B C D ...... 7. A vast quantity of radioactive materials is made when does a hydrogen bomb A B C D explode...... 8. Genes have several alternative form, or alleles, which are produced by mutations. A B C D ...... 9. A star that has used up its energy and has lost its heat became a black dwarf. A B C D ...... 10. Each lines of poetry written in blank verse has ten syllables, which are alternately A B C D stressed and unstressed.
Score: Note:
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Unit 9: Noun
Noun is one source of the problems in TOEFL test. The test taker should be familiar with these problems in order that the test taker will recognize them easily.
# key words for singular and plural noun Key words for singular: each, every, a, single, one Key words for plural: both, many, several, two, various Eg: Each students will get their book in the first meeting. Several students registered themselves before the first meeting.
# countable and uncountable noun Key words for countable: many, number, few, fewer Key words for uncountable: much, amount, less, little Eg: Fewer students will not understand all of the material. Little energy may be needed to write a poem.
Highlight 1. Many nouns in English have irregular form in their plural form. It means that the form of the plural noun does not end in –es/s. Plural forms with the same form of singular form deer – deer fish – fish sheep – sheep salmon – salmon trout - trout Plural forms with vowel change man – men foot – feet toot – teeth woman – women mouse – mice goose – geese Plural forms with –en child – children ox – oxen Plural forms from –is to be -es analysis – analyses diagnosis – diagnoses axis – axes parenthesis – parentheses hypothesis – hypotheses crisis – crises synthesis – syntheses thesis – theses Plural forms with –A bacterium – bacteria datum – data curriculum – curricula phenomenon – phenomena criterion – criteria Plural forms from –us to be –i ending alumnus – alumni bacillus – bacilli cactus – cacti fungus – fungi nucleus – nuclei radius – radii stimulus – stimuli syllabus – syllabi
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2. Distinguish person from thing. It means that noun can refer to person or thing. You have to make sure the meaning of the sentences on TOEFL test. Eg: She in an accountant. I look for a job in accounting. Shakespeare was a poet whose poem was used in my thesis.
• be aware of the key words/determainer of singular and plural noun • uncountable nouns can meet every, each, a/an, one, many, several, few, fewer, various, both .etc • be carefull of irregular form of nouns. Check your dictionary Tips • read the sentence carefully to make the meaning semantical
Circle the noun in the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)...... 1. The professor does not give many exam in chemistry class, but the one she gives are difficult.
...... 2. His thesis includes an analyses of the hypotheses.
...... 3. It was his dream to be a musical in the New York Philharmonic.
...... 4. For the reception, the caterers prepared a large amount of food to serve a large number of people...... 5. Many job opportunities exist in the field of nurse if you will accept a low-playing position...... 6. For each business trip you make, you can choose many different airlines...... 7. The stimulus for his career change is his acknowledgement that he is in a dead- end job...... 8. She wants to undergo a series of treatment, but she thinks it costs a little too much...... 9. The television producer that was shown last night on the CBS network from 9:00 to 11:00 was one of the best shown of the season...... 10. Various sight-seeing excursion were available from the tourist agency.
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TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 9 (noun): choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. Presidential ...... held every four yeras on the final Tuesday after the first Monday in November. a. Electing b. Elections are c. Is elected d. Elected and
2. Studies of carcinogenesis in animals can provide data on ...... in human sesceptibility. a. Differences are b. That differences are c. Differences have d. Differences
3. Those who favor the new law say that the present law does not set spending limits on lobbyists’ gift to politicians, nor ...... statewide funds. a. It limits b. Limits it c. Does it limits d. Does it
4. The population of the earth is increasing at a tremendous rate and ...... out of control. a. They have become b. Are soon going to be c. Soon will be d. Why it will be
5. Starting in 1881, traders and manufactures were more easily able to send goods upriver in ...... provided the necessary power to counteract the flow of the waters. a. Steamboats b. Which c. That d. That steamboats
Choose the letter of the underlined word or goup of words that is not correct...... 6. Temperature indicates on a bimetallic thermometer by the amount that the A B C D bimetallic strip bends...... 7. Many of the food consumed by penguins consist of fish obtained from the ocean. A B C D ...... 8. Before the newspaper became widespread, a town crier has walked throughout a A B C village or town singing out the news. D
...... 9. All of NASA’s manned spacecraft project are haedquartered at the Lyndon B. A B C D Johnson Space Center in Houston.
...... 10. Fungi cause more serious plant diseased than do other parasites. A B C D
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Unit 10: Verb
A. Verb Verb has 5 forms; the infinitive form, the present form, the past form, the present participle and the past participle. Every form has its position in the verb phrase. # the infinitive form is the original form of verb. It is constant with no influence of any factor. eat, drink, invite, be The infinitive form is used in the imperative sentence, after to and after modal Eg: Read this book! I want to read a book. I will read that book before sleeping. # the present form is a form a a verb that gives meaning that the sentence is in present time. It comes after the subject. It is an independent verb. Sometimes it adapts to the subject. eat/eats, drink/drinks, invite/invites, am/is/are. Only is the present form used after Subject. Eg: She reads a novel. They read a newspaper. # the past form, is a form of a verb that gives meaning that the sentence is in past time. It comes after the subject. It is an independent verb. It has two forms; regular and irregular. ate, drunk, invited, was/were Only is the present form used after Subject. Eg: She read a novel. They needed help. # the present participle is the –ing form of verbs. It belongs to infinite verb which cannot directly follow the subject as a verb. eating, drinking, inviting, being the present participle is used along with ‘be’ to make a progressive tense sentence. Eg: She is reading a novel. They are eating noodle. # the past participle is –ed form, but it is not the past form. It cannot give ‘the past’ meaning in a sentence. It belongs to infinite verb which cannot directly follow the subject as a verb. eaten, drunk, invited, been the present participle is used along with ‘be’ to make a passive sentence, along with ‘have’ to make a perfect tense sentence. Eg: I have invited all of my students to come on time. We had had lunch before we went to the class.
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Highlight
1. Sometimes time markers can make a confusion. Present perfect tense includes time markers such as since (1990), lately, so far etc. Past tense includes time marker such as in (1990), last (December), (4 months) ago, etc. Past perfect tense includes time markers such as by (1990), before (1990) etc. Eg: Foe died in 2003. Indonesia has got its independence since 1945. By 1998, Indonesia had twice turned president.
2. Linking verbs are a verb that don’t show action. They connect the subject to complement instead. The complement must be followed by adjective. Linking verbs include words such as be, appear, feel, become, seem, look, remain, sound, smell, stay, and taste. Eg: Jeff appears ill. The food tastes good.
3. Non-continuous verbs are verbs that can be formed as –ing form when functioning as a verb. Non-continuous verbs include a. Abstract Verbs: be, want, cost, seem, need, care, contain, owe, exist b. Possession Verbs: possess, own, belong, have c. Emotion Verbs: like, love, hate, dislike, fear, envy, mind d. Sense: smell, taste, hear, sound, look, appear, seem
• be carefull of the meaning of passive sentence • active sentence is that the subject does the action of th verb tips • passive sentence is that the subject receives the action of a verb
Underline the verbs twice in the following sentences. Then indicates if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)...... 1. After the old radiator had be replaced, the travelers continued their cross- country trip...... 2. During the lightning storm, he stuck in the head by a falling tree...... 3. While I am on vacation, the pets should be feeds every morning and evening...... 4. A book being written now by a team of writers will be published in the fall...... 5. I found out that the real estate agent had already been leased the condominium...... 6. The house tha Mrs. Martin has always wanted to buy has just placed on the market...... 7. The foundation should have been finishing by the construction workers before they left the construction site...... 8. We must leave that money in the checking account because the hills pay on the first of the month...... 9. The horses can’t be taken out now because they have been rode for the past few hours...... 10. It is being announced by a presidential aide tha a lawyer from Virginia has been named attorney general.
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TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 10 (Verb): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentences. 1...... separates Manhattan’s Upper East Side from the Upper West Side. a. Central park b. Where central park c. Where is central park d. Central park which
2. Bioluminescent amimals ...... the water or on land. a. Live b. Are living either c. They are found in d. Can be found in
3. The porpose of a labor union is to improve the working conditions, ...... , and pay of its members. a. Jobs are secure b. To be secure c. Job security d. The job’s security
4. When ...... on July 4, 1789, the federal tariff, intended by the Founding Fathers to be the Gorvernment’s primary source of revenue, was remarkably evenhanded. a. Was first enacted b. First enacted c. Was enacted first d. It first
5...... inclined to push for such a reduction, it would probably not be seccessful. a. The Office of Management b. The Office of Management was c. In the Office Management d. Were the Office of Management
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct...... 6. Helium has the most low boiling point of all subtances. A B C D ...... 7. There is twenty-six bones in the human foot, fourteen of them in the toes. A B C D ...... 8. Extension of the countdown hold to fourteen hours was order to give crews more A B C time to repair wiring and clear away equipment. D
...... 9. The study demostrates that either experience or awareness will improve chances A B C D of succes...... 10. Some of the eye movement used in reading is actually unnecessary. A B C D
Score: Note:
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TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (passive): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1...... Big Dipper, a seven-star constellation in the shape of a cup, is part of Ursa Major. a. The b. It is the c. With the d. That the 2. The Military Academy at West Point ...... on the west bank of the Hudson River, north of New York City. a. Located b. Is located c. Which is located d. Whose located is 3...... impressive chapter in the book was the chapter on Stuart’s scientific theories. a. It was the most b. The most c. Most d. Most of the
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct...... 4. The first fish have appeared on the earth approximately 500 million yeras ago. A B C D ...... 5. Only rarely sound waves are of a single frequency encountered in practice. A B C D ...... 6. Cameos can be carved not only from onyx and sardonyx or from agate. A B C D ...... 7. Altough most of the wild horses on the western range have already been rounded A B up, the most remote the area, the greater the possibility that wild horses can still C D be found...... 8. During this period, $206 was spend annually on food by families in the lower A B C D third income bracket...... 9. The dangers of noise are, unfortunately, not as clear-cut than are those from most A B C D other heath hazards.
...... 10. In a recent survey of Americans, more than 75 percen expressed the view that the A B government it should take a more active role in health care. C D
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Unit 11: Adverb and Adjective
The TOEFL test often contains questions that ask you to identify when an adjective is being used instead of an adverb. A review of the basic differences between these parts of speech is important.
A. Adverb Adverbs modify verbs (except linking verbs), adjectives, and other adverbs. An adverb answers the question “how?”. Eg: Alberto drives carefully. Michelle speaks Spanish fluently.
B. Adjective Adjectives modify pronoun and noun. Adjectives answer questions such as “what kind?” or “how any?” Eg: This is a good movie. She is an excellent student.
Highlight
1. There are several –ly adjective such as costly, early, friendly, kindly, likely, lively, lonely, manly, daily, hourly, monthly, nightly, quarterly, weekly, yearly, lovely, northerly, easterly, southerly, westerly Eg: A daily milk is needed to fulfil the protein needed. They are very friendly.
2. There are some adjectives that only appears as predicate such as alike, alone, alive, asleep, afraid, aglow, afloat, ill, well, ablaze, abreast, aghast, alert, aloof, ashamed, afire, aloof, awake, aware, fond, unaware Eg: Maria was still awake when the murderer assassinated the ministry. The victim was aghast at this statement.
3. Recognize the position of basic adverbs and adjective correctly. An adverb can appear in many position, but it cannot be used between verb and its object. Eg: We are now discussing the position of adverbs and adjective.
4. An adjective comes before the noun which it describes. It does not come directly after. Eg: An easy method is needed.
• participle (present/past) can also be an adjective. be careful ao the meaning of participle as adjective. • present participle (-ing form) shows active adjective. Tips • past participle (-ed form) shows passive adjective.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 38
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (adverb): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. Patty Berg, the top tournament winner in woman’s golf, ...... eight-three golf tournament from 1935 through 1964. a. She won b. Winning c. Won d. Who won 2...... with about fifteen times its weight in air does gasoline allow the car buretor to run smoothly. a. It is mixed b. To mix it c. When mixed d. Only when mixed
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words tha is not correct...... 3. The Colorado River reaches their maximum height during April and May. A B C D ...... 4. Plant proteins tend to have few amino acids than proteins from animal sources. A B C D ...... 5. The Viking spacecraft has landed on Mars in July of 1976. A B C D ...... 6. Admiral Byrd commanded airplane expeditions over both the Arctic or the A B C D Antarctic...... 7. The advertising campaign will be based on the recent completed study. A B C D ...... 8. Coronary occlusion results from a disease in wich fatty substances with a large A B amount of cholesterol is deposited in the arteries. C D ...... 9. Her money gave back as soon as the threatened to take the matter to court. A B C D ...... 10. Other sites of fossil discoveries throughout Wyoming, ranging from the fiery A B Tyrannosaurus rex to the milder Triceratops, have proven equally excite. C D
Score: Note:
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 39
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Adjective): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. During the early nineteenth century, the Spanish missions in Alfa. California ……… to be an integral part of the economy and productive capacity of the region. a. Proved b. They proved c. They proved it d. Proved it
2. Still other hurdlers remain before ……… suitable for private cars. a. Fuel cells b. Become c. Fuel cells become d. That fuel cells become
3. The daughters of Joseph LaFlesche were born into the generation of Omaha forced to abandon tribal traditions, ……… on the reservation, and to adapt to the white man’s ways. a. They matured b. To mature c. Maturing d. To maturity
4. Among the most revealing aspects of mining towns ……… their paucity of public open space. a. Was b. Were c. It was d. so
Choose the letter of the underline word or group of words that is not correct.
……… 5. Factor analysis is used to discover how many abilities are involve in intelligence A B C D test performance. ……… 6. One of the early orders of marine mammals, manatees have evolved more than A B fifty million years ago from land animals. C D ……… 7. Dolphins and chimps are like in that they have been shown to have language A B C D skills. ……… 8. In the appendix at the end of the chapter are the instructions to be used for the A B C completion correct of the form. D ……… 9. Used sound that various not only in time but in space, whales at close range may A B C communicate with sonar like “picture”. D ……… 10. The 1898 Trans-Mississippi International Exposition has the distinction of being A B the last major fair which held during the Victorian period. C D
Score: Note:
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 40
Unit 12: Preposition and Article
The Structure section of the exam frequently tests your knowledge of prepositions and articles, sometimes in terms of their general use and sometimes as part of idiomatic expressions. The following chart shows how prepositions and articles are used.
# the idea of prepositions
Eg: The lawyer did not go to the court because of sick. Plato translated the script from Arabic into Greek.
# the basic use of article Article, based on the idea it gives, is divided into two groups; specific (a/an) is used when there are many, but you do not know which one is it. when there are many, but you do not care which one is it. general (the) ) is used when it is the only one. when there are many, and you do know which one is it. when the word is mentioned before. Eg: I need a newspaper. The newspaper is about art and culture.
Highlight 1. Make article agree with the noun (a or an). a is used with noun of which first sound is vowel. an is used with noun of which first sound is consonant. Eg: I want to teach in a university. She will arrive an hour later. 2. Sometimes incorrect preposition is given in TOEFL test. Eg: She is afraid of snake. Most students are interested in music. 3. Sometimes the necessary preposition is omitted in a sentence. Eg: The professor is waiting for the student in the front office. Nadia were listening to the radio when the robber broke into her house. TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 41
• a singular noun must have an article (a, an, the) or some other determainer such as: every, my etc • a/an is only used with singular countable noun • the is used in all of types on noun ( singular/plural/countable/uncountable) tips • you should never use a/an with plural nouns
EXERCISE (preposition): Circle the prepositions in the following sentences. Mark where they have been omitted. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)...... 1. The students must hand in their homework...... 2. It will be difficult to forgive you of breaking your promise...... 3. Elizabeth excels math and science...... 4. She insisted on going to work in spite of her cold...... 5. Bob reminds me to his father because he looks just like him...... 6. If you are cold, you should put on your sweater...... 7. Mr. Sanders is not here now, but he will call you when he returns...... 8. I do not want to interfere your plans...... 9. Alan waited Marie after school...... 10. Bill laughs me whenever he looks me.
EXCERCISE (article): Circle the article in the following senteces. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
...... 1. He took a money from his wallet to pay for sweater.
...... 2. The notebook that he left had an important assignment in it.
...... 3. Because of previous disagreements, they are trying to arrive at an understanding.
...... 4. The appearance of room could be improved by adding a green plants.
...... 5. The senate passed law banning smoking in public workplaces.
...... 6. A radar images of Venus add details about a planet dominated by volcanoes and A B C D lava...... 7. In 1863 and 1864, the U.S. Congress passed the National Bank Acts, which set up A a system of privately owned banks chartered by a federal goverment. B C D
...... 8. An human ear responds to a wide range of frequencies. A B C D ...... 9. We need to get phone...... 10. People use the plant in many different ways.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 42
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 12 (preposition): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. In any matter, heat tends to flow ...... to the cooler parts. a. Hotter parts b. There are hotter parts c. From the hotter parts d. Toward the hotter parts 2. Certain authorities claim that the costumes that people wear to parties ...... into their personalities. a. Give subtle insights b. They give subtle insights c. Which give subtle insights d. Subtle insights 3...... Army camps new Washington, D.C., in 1861, Julia Ward Howe wrote “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” a. She visited b. After visiting c. When visited d. When was she visiting
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct...... 4. The body depends in food as its primary source of energy. A B C D ...... 5. Regular programming was interrupted to broadcast a special news bulletins. A B C D ...... 6. Sulfa drugs had been used to treat bacterial infection until penicillin becomes A B C widely available. D ...... 7. Plans for both the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank were drawn up A B C D at the Bretton Woods Conference.
...... 8. Seldom Antarctic icebergs will move far enough north to distrub South Pacific A B C shipping lanes. D ...... 9. In 1958, a largest recorded wave, with a height of 500 meters, occurred in Lituya A B C D Bay, Alaska...... 10. Exercise in swimming pools is particularly helpful because of the buoyant effect A B C D water. Score: Note:
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 43
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE 12 (article): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. In economics, “diminishing returns” describes ...... resource inputs and production. a. among b. when it is c. among them d. the relationship between 2. Rarely ...... remove the entire roof of a dandelion because of its length and sturdiness. a. can the casual gardener b. the casual gardener c. the casual gardener will d. does the casual gardener’s 3. When lava reaches the sureface, its temperature can be ten times ...... boiling water. a. the temperature b. that of c. it is d. more
Choose the letter of the underlined word of group of words that is not correct...... 4. Operas can be broadly classified as either comedies or they are tragedies. A B C D …...... 5. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and for this reason it is often A use in equipment that must withstand high temperature. B C D ……….6. Whereas there are forty-three ant species in Great Britain, the same amount of ant A B C species can be found in a single tree in Peru. D ……… 7. People voice theirs opinion first in groups or among friends and acquaintance. A B C D ……… 8. Inside the Lincoln Memorial is a large statue of Lincoln make from white marble. A B C D ……… 9. Detailed photometric data of the area just north of Triton’s equatorial region A
indicate the existence of a thin, transparent layers of frost. C D ……… 10. U.S. census figures indicate that people with only an elementary education can A B earn just half as much as college graduation. C D
Score: Note:
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 44
Unit 13: Common Errors
1. Another, (the) other and (the) others. Another, other and others , indefinite articles, can be used as a determiner or as a pronoun. The other and the others Other, definite article, can be used as a determiner or as a pronoun. Have a look at the table below. Singular Plural I have another book. I have other books. indefinite I have another. I have others. I have the other book. I have the other books. definite I have the other. I have the others.
Eg: Yngwie will use another guitar to perform in Indonesia. Beethoven finished writing other songs when he was 16. I can only answer a questions correctly, while my classmates can answer others. J. Loomis has the other guitar. Kirk Hammed buy the other. They only scored a goal when we scored the others.
Exercise (another, other, others) ...... 1. It is essential to complete the first program before working on the others.
...... 2. The waitress will bring you the another bowl of soup if you want.
...... 3. You should pack another pair of shoes in case that pair gets soaked.
...... 4. It is difficult to find others workers who are willing to work such long hours.
...... 5. Since the lamp you wanted is out of stock, you must choose another.
...... 6. The other desk clerk must have put that message in your mailbox.
...... 7. If your identification card is lost or stolen, you cannot get another.
...... 8. Because they were not pleased with the hotel accommodations last year, they have
decided to try a other hotel this year.
...... 9. As some students moved into the regeneration area, others took their places in line.
...... 10. The printer will not function unless it has another cartridges.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 45
2. Like, unlike, dislike, alike. ‘Like’ can be a verb, an adjective and also preposition. Eg: She likes me. She is like a queen. She is not talking about like thing when you compare football and golf. ‘Dislike’ is the antonym of like as a verb. Eg: They dislike dangdut music, but they enjoy metal music. ‘Unlike’ is the antonym of like as a preposition. Eg: Orchids are unlike roses because they can have better resistance. ‘Alike’ is an adjective which only used as predicate. Eg” The two girls look much alike.
Exercise (like, dislike, unlike, alike)
...... 1. The two routes you have chosen for the trip are like.
...... 2. The science books this semester are like the books used last semester.
...... 3. Alike the restaurant where we usually eat, this new restaurant has early-bird specialist.
...... 4. Unlike the traditional red fire engines, the new fire engines are yellow.
...... 5. The two girls were embarrassed because they were wearing alike dresses.
...... 6. The new piece that the pianist is preparing in unlike any she has ever played before.
...... 7. Like the Washington zoo, the San Diego zoo had several panda bears.
...... 8. The insurance package offered by that company is exactly alike the package our company
offers.
...... 9. Any further work done in a like fashion will be rejected.
...... 10. It is unfortunate that covers for this year’s and last year’s albums are so alike.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 46
3. Make and Do Make often has the idea of creating or constructing. The following expression show some of the possible uses of make: Eg: She likes to make her own clothes. Would you like to make a cake for dessert? If you make a mistake, you should correct it. He was unable to make a response to the threat. Do often has the idea of completing or performing. The following expressions show some of the possible uses of do: Eg: This morning she did all the dishes. The students are doing the assignments. The janitors did the work they were assigned. You can do your laundry at the Laundromat.
Exercise (make or do)
...... 1. The biology student did several mistakes in the lab report.
...... 2. I hope that you will be able to do me a favour this afternoon.
...... 3. No matter what job she has, she always makes her best.
...... 4. The runner did a strong effort to increase her speed in the mile race.
...... 5. It is comforting to think that your work can make a difference.
...... 6. His grade was not very good because he had not done his homework.
...... 7. In this job you will make more money than in your previous job.
...... 8. He was unable to do dinner because no one had done the lunch dishes.
...... 9. It is a pleasure to work with someone who always makes the right thing.
...... 10. If you make a good impression at your job interview, you will get the job.
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 47
Appendix
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 48
SUFFIX NOUN – ADJECTIVE NOUN – ADJECTIVE NOUN – ADJECTIVE
-AL relating to accident – accidental brute – brutal region – regional region – regional person – personal universe –universal
-ARY relating to quality or place custom – customary moment – momentary caution – cautionary compliment – complimentary honor – honorary diet – dietary
-FUL full of beauty – beautiful wonder – wonderful awe – awful skill – skillful success – successful delight – delightful
-IC having the nature of athlete – athletic base – basic history – historic photograph – photographic science – scientific rhythm– rhythmic
-ICAL having the nature of magic – magical logic – logical history – historical practice – practical statistic – statistical alphabet – alphabetical
-ISH origin, nature fool – foolish child – childish self – selfish sheep – sheepish pink – pinkish girl – girlish
-LESS without power – powerless friend – friendless worth – worthless use – useless home – homeless penny – penniless
-LIKE like like – lifelike lady – ladylike war – warlike child – childlike bird – birdlike spring – springlike
-LY like friend – friendly cost – costly month – monthly day – daily order – orderly coward – cowardly
-OUS quality, nature poison – poisonous danger – dangerous nerve – nervous courtesy – courteous mystery – mysterious victory – victorious
-Y like rain – rainy fun – funny dirt – dirty mess – messy dirt – dirty spot – spotty
SUFFIX VERB – ADJECTIVE VERB – ADJECTIVE VERB – ADJECTIVE
-ABLE able, can do agree – agreeable expand – expandable laugh – laughable pass – passable remark – remarkable pay – payable
-IBLE able, can do access – accessible force – forcible sense – sensible flex – flexible permit – permissible force – forcible
-ANT performing agent please – pleasant rely – reliant ignore – ignorant resist – resistant vacate – vacant comply – compliant
-ENT performing agent excel – excellent depend – dependent confide – confident urge – urgent differ – different equal – equivalent
-IVE causing effect attract – attractive create – creative select – selective posses – possessive prevent – preventive destruct – destructive
-ING causing effect amuse – amusing excite – exciting confuse – confusing relax –relaxing surprise –surprising amaze – amusing
-ED receiving effect amuse – amused excite – excited confuse – confused relax – relaxed surprise – surprised overwhelm – overwhelmed
-EN receiving effect freeze – frozen lighten – lightened darken – darkened braze – brazen shorten – shortened widen – widened
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 49
ADJ. FORM + LY –Y to – ILY – LE to – LY – IC to – iCALLY late – lately angry – angrily able – ably academic – academically right – rightly busy – busily capable – capably acoustic – acoustically hopeful – hopefully easy – easily idle – idly artistic – artistically complete – completely happy – happily noble – nobly classic – classically real – really lucky – luckily possible – possibly magic – magically definite – definitely ready – readily probably – probably politic – politically mature – maturely voluntary – voluntarily tragic – tragically
EXCEPTIONS ONE SYLLABLE EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTION true – truly dry – dryly (One syllable - no subtle – subtly – not easily public – publicly change.) noticed full – fully coy – coyly smile – smiley whole – wholly sly – slyly hole – holey
shy – shyly rule – unruly "an unruly crowd"
UNCOMMON ADVERB FORMS
In these words, the adjective and adverb word forms are the same, or already end in -ly.
good–well He is a good runner. (Adj) He runs well. (Adv)
fast–fast He is a fast runner. (Adj) He runs fast. (Adv)
hard–hard It was a hard game. (Adj) They played hard. (Adv)
loud–loud or loudly He is a loud speaker. (Adj) He speaks loud / loudly. (Adv)
early – early (already ends in -ly) It is the early / daily edition of the newspaper. (Adj) daily – daily The newspaper arrives early/ daily. (Adv)
friendly – in a friendly manner He is friendly. (Adj) (Rephrase the adverb with manner or way.) He behaves in a friendly manner / way. (Adv)
lovely – in a lovely way Her dancing is lovely. (Adj) (Rephrase the adverb with manner or way.) She dances in a lovely manner / way. (Adv)
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 50
HIFT IN MEANING
In these words the adjective and adverb differ in meaning.
hard (tough) –hardly (barely) A desk has a hard surface. (Adj) I hardly have time to sleep. (Adv) late (tardy) –lately (recently) He arrived late to work. (Adj) He hasn't been working lately. (Adv) high (related to height) –highly (very much) The picture is high on the wall. (Adj) The picture is highly valuable. (Adv) free (no cost) –freely (without restriction) Water is free. (Adj) You can speak freely. (Adv) pretty (beautiful) –pretty (rather) She is a pretty child. (Adj) She is pretty difficult to manage. (Adv) short (not tall) –shortly (soon) The distance is short. (Adj) We'll arrive there shortly. (Adv) right (correct, direction) –right (just, exactly, completely) You are right. (Adj) Take the right fork in the road. (Adj) The birds flew right over us. (Adv – directly) The wind blew my hat right off. Adv – (completely) We'll leave right away. (Adv –immediately) Do it right. (Adv – correctly)
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 51
Common Expressions with Do and Make The following expressions are set collocations (combinations of words that frequently appear together). Expressions with DO a burp a course a crossword a dance a drawing a fart a favor / favour a job a painting a project a service an assignment anything badly business chores damage everything exercises good harm laundry nothing research right (the right thing) something the gardening the housework the ironing the dishes the rest the shopping the washing well work wrong your best your hair your homework your job your nails your work
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 52
Expressions with MAKE a bet a cake a call a change a choice a comment a complaint a confession a connection a cup of coffee / tea a date decision a demand a difference a discovery a fool of yourself a fortune a face a friend a fuss a joke a line a list a living a loss a mess a mistake a pass at someone a noise a plan a point a prediction a profit an appointment a sound advances a reservation a sandwich a scene a promise alterations an effort a speech a statement a suggestion an announcement an attempt an error an escape an exception an excuse an impression an offer lunch amends peace famous an observation progress sense breakfast certain clear fun of someone dinner faces love inquiries possible arrangements money room sales trouble your way someone rich sure war your bed your mind up someone smile
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 53
Reference
Phillips, Deborah. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. Pearson Educations, New York: 2001.
Pyle, Michael. A, and Page, Mary Ellen Monuz, Cliffs TOEFL Preparation Guide. Cliffs Note Incorporated, Lincoln: 1995.
Peterson’s. TOEFL Success: Boost Your Test Score. 1996.
Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1999. English Grammar: Understanding and Using (the 3rd Edition). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Bull, Victoria. [Ed]. 2008. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary: New Edition. London: Oxford University Press.
Suharti, Sri and Samsuri. TOEFL Preparation II: revised edition. 2000.
Lester, M. 2008. ESL Grammar. New York. USA: McGraw-Hill.
Zuhri, Saifuddin. Grammar Basic Revolution: the essential of verb. 2016.
Mazany, Muhammad. Grammar: structure one and one plus. 2015.
iOS app: Merriam Webster since 1829, Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2017.
Android app: Longman, Longman, Inc. 2016.
www.english-at-home.com www.englishpage.com www.oxforddictionaries.com www.dictionary.cambridge.org http://www.grammar-quizzes.com
TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 54