First Edition the Complete Methode to Analyse, to Understand and to Correct Any Sentences On
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Follow Us : misterpepsipare @misterpepsipare misterpepsipare M. Mazany, S.S First Edition The Complete Methode to analyse, to understand and to correct any sentences on “Structure and Written Expression” TOEFL Test This class requires well understanding and using of basic grammar rules, including classes and functions of words and expressions. Alamat kami / Pendaftaran : Flamboyan Street 143 B Tulungrejo 64212 Pare, Kediri East Java, Indonesia QR Barcode Location Telp :0821.3209.9539 & 0822.3460.3828(office) Office Hour : 07:00 - 17:00 (Monday – Saturday) Email : [email protected] QR Barcode Website : KampungInggrisKita.com Location TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 0 UNIT 1: Sentence with One Clause A. Structure of simple sentences Simple sentence must at least consist of a subject and a predicate. What can be a subject? 1. Noun ` 2. Pronoun 3. To + Verb infinitive What can be a predicate? 1. Predicative Verbs a. Transitive Verbs + Object b. Intransitive Verbs (+) prepositional phrase c. Auxiliary Verb + Ordinary Verb 2. Linking Verbs a. Be + Complement b. non-be + Adjective Highlight 1. An Adverb sometimes follows the structure “Subject and Predicate”, but it is not necessary. What can be an adverb? 1. Adverb 2. Prepositional Phrase 3. Sub Clause (adverbial clause) 2. An Appositive comes between the subject and the verb sometimes. Appositive is an additional information; noun or noun phrase that comes before or after another noun and it is generally set off from the noun with commas, and it is not a subject. Possible appositive taking place: Shabrina, my best friend, loves cats. My best friend, Shabrina loves cats. 3. Sometimes, Infinite Verbs come as a subject, an object, an adjective, an adverb, even a conjunction. Infinite verbs are verbs that don’t function as a verb; To + Verb infinitive and Participles. # To + Vinf : The lecture asked me to read this book. # Present Participles : The boy crying in the class is my cousin. # Past Participle : The class lead by Maza is Grammar Class. 4. Prepositional Phrase can sometimes make a confusion. A preposition is followed by nouns, noun phrases, noun clauses, gerunds or pronouns. TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 1 • recognize that some answer choises may contain extra words while other are missing words • try to identify the subject and the verb for both must be present in gramatical sentence Tips • decide what kind of verb that must follow, depending on the subject's form (singular/plural) Exercise ...............1. For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with the fewer than the maximum number of units can add additional courses. ...............2. On her lunch hour went to a nearby department store to purchase a wedding gift. ...............3. The fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November. ...............4. In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground. ...............5. The papers being delivered at 4.00 will contain the announcement of the president. ...............6. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping mall. ...............7. The portraits exhibited in the Houston Museum last month are now on display in Dallas. ...............8. With sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the other players. ...............9. The song written by Kiko Loureiro played in Jazz Set concert last night. ...............10. In Pare is very hot and dusty. TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 2 TOEFL EXCERCISE 1: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. The North Platte River ____ from 7. Henry Adams, born in Boston, ____ Wyoning into Nebraska. famous as a historian and novelist. (A) it flowed (A) became (B) flows (B) and became (C) Flowing (C) he was (D) with flowing water (D) and the became 2. ____ Biloxi received its name from a 8. The major cause ____ the pull of the Sioux word meaning “first people.” Moon on the Earth. (A) The city of (A) the ocean tides are (B) Located in (B) of ocean tides is (C) It is in (C) of tides in the ocean (D) The tour included (D) the oceans’ tides 3. Apride of lions ____ up to forty lions, 9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth including one to three males, several century, ____ limited to the rich. females, and cubs. (A) was (A) can contain (B) was photography (B) it contains (C) it was photography (C) contain (D) photography was (D) Containing 10. A computerized map of the freeways 4. ____ tea plants are small and white. using information gathered by sensors (A) The embedded in the pavement ____ on a (B) On the local cable channel during rush hours. (C) Having flowers the (A) airs (D) The flowers of the (B) airting (C) air 5. The tetracyclines, ____ antibiotics, are (D) to air used to threat infection. (A) are a family of (B) being a family Score: (C) a family of (D) their family is Note: 6. Any possible academic assistance from taking stimultans ____ marginal at best. (A) it is (B) there is (C) is (D) As TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 3 UNIT 2: Sentence with Multiple Clauses A. Structure of compound sentences Compound sentence is a sentences that consists of 2 main clauses separated by coordinate connectors (and, but, or, so, yet) and commas (,). Eg: Tina is reading, and I am writing. Romeo is tall, but Juliet is short. I must get close to you, or someone will do it. The author wrote this book, so we can learn TOEFL easily. The teacher is sad, yet he still makes others happy. B. Structure of complex sentences Complex sentence is a sentences that consists of one main clause and one or more sub clauses separated by connectors. Sub-clauses can be adverbial, adjective or noun clause. In this section, we will further discuss Adverbial Clause, Adjective Clause and Noun Clause. 1. Adverbial Clause is a clause which functions as an adverb. It gives information about time, cause, condition, contrast, manner or place. Only does this clause have an only form: Connector + Subject + Verb # Adverb time connectors after, before, when, while, whenever, as, as long as, as soon as, by the time, once, since, until. Eg: Shabrina decided to come to Pare after she had been graduated. # Adverb cause connectors as, because, now that, since, inasmuch as Eg: Because I had to able to speak English, I came to Pare. # Adverb condition connectors if, whether, in case, provided, providing, unless. Eg: Unless you study English in right course, you won’t be able to master it. # Adverb contrast connectors though, even though, although, while, whereas. Eg: Although it was raining, she kept going to the class. # Adverb manner connectors as, in that Eg: James. H wrote Master of Puppet as he played his guitar. TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 4 # Adverb place connectors where, wherever Eg: Wherever he performed, Suicmez is always playing guitar perfectly. # Adverb comparison connectors as........as, so........as, -er/more/less..........than Eg: My classmates are more diligent than I am. 2. Noun Clause is a clause which takes the positions in which a noun does. It can take a position as subjects, object of verbs, objects of prepositions or complement. This clause may be either Connector + Subject + Verb form or Connector/Subject + Verb form. # Noun clause connectors what, when, why, how, whatever, whenever, whether, if, that Eg: What I did makes her sad. The fact is that the earth rotates every 24 hours. # Noun clause connector/subject who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever Eg: I knew who had written this book. The student look for who can deliver the material well. 3. Adjective Clause is a clause that functions to describe a noun. This clause always follows the noun it describes. This clause may appear either as Connector + Subject + Verb or as Connector/Subject + Verb. # Adjective clause connector whom, which, that, whose (of which) Eg: The girl whom I met last night is my classmate. Joe Satriani wrote some songs to which you are listening now. # Adjective clause connector/subject who, which, that Eg: Petrucci is a guitarist who plays for Dream Theatre. The cat that always meows is mine. # Adjective clause connector (relative adverb) when (on which), where (in which), why Eg: Pare in the city in which I live. Sunday in the day when I was born. TOEFL “Structure and Written Expression” Preparation 5 C. Structure of compound-complex sentences. Compound-complex sentence is a sentence containing 2 or more main clauses and 1 or more sub clauses. It is a combination between compound sentences and complex sentences. Hence, this sentence consists of more than 2 connectors, more than 3 subjects and more than 3 verbs. Eg: Yngwie Malmsteen performed incredible guitar shreds with who wrote “always with me always with you” when he was in 3G concert. Section 2 on TOEFL test is a section that consists of structure and written expression question, so you must be aware of grammar skill that you have studied. That the student must have basic comprehension of using grammar rules is the requirement before they joined this class. Highlight 1. An Adverbial clause sometimes appears in the beginning of a sentence, and it is separated with comma from the main clause. Eg: When I was a kid, I always dreamed to be a president. 2. An adjective clause can be set off from the noun which it describes by commas. Eg: The man, who played guitar so fast, is Yngwie Malmsteen. He was Yngwie, who played guitar so fast last night. 3. There are some prepositions which have the same meaning as adverbial clause connector.