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Transition of City Development in China Jiangyuan Lu

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Transition of City Development in China Jiangyuan Lu Transition of city development in China Jiangyuan Lu To cite this version: Jiangyuan Lu. Transition of city development in China. Political science. Université de Bordeaux, 2018. English. NNT : 2018BORD0362. tel-02076605 HAL Id: tel-02076605 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02076605 Submitted on 22 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SP2 : Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique SPÉCIALITÉ : Science politique Par Jiangyuan LU TRANSITION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Sous la direction de : M. Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot Soutenue le 20 décembre 2018 Membres du jury : M. Guy TAPIE, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture et de Paysage de Bordeaux Président Mme. Sophie NIVOIX, Université de Poitiers rapporteur M. Jean-Michel UHALDEBORDE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour rapporteur M. Vincent HOFFMANN-MARTINOT, Sciences Po Bordeaux Examinateur M. Ping ZHANG, Académie Chinoise des Sciences Sociales Examinateur Titre : Transition de Développement des Villes en Chine Résumé : L’industrialisation et l’urbanisation rapides de la Chine ont été provoquées par un mode de développement déséquilibré: attirer des travailleurs migrants à bas prix dans les zones rurales et imposer des terres agricoles à la campagne, en les transférant à des prix constructifs. Les travailleurs à faible coût et les terres issues de la réglementation en vigueur ont été utilisés pour subventionner un parc industriel afin de promouvoir le niveau industriel et urbain des villes, ce qui a contribué à la croissance rapide de l'urbanisation des villes chinoises. Cependant, la transition économique et la croissance économique modérée ont mis fin à ce schéma déséquilibré. Le système foncier non orienté vers le marché a entraîné la création de bulles immobilières dans les grandes villes, les terres ayant été restreintes à des limites d'utilisation, et le gouvernement local a dû réaliser la citoyenneté des travailleurs migrants à un coût élevé lorsque le dividende démographique était épuisé. Le mode de développement de la ville doit alors être transformé en un système plus équilibré par les réformes économiques. Cette thèse analyse la transition urbaine dans le cadre de trois réformes: la réforme fiscale, la citoyenneté des travailleurs migrants, la réforme du système d'utilisation des terres. Mots clés : Developpement des villes ; Gouvernance urbaine; Développement déséquilibré ; Transition urbaine; Réforme économique Title : Transition of City Development in China Abstract : The rapid industrialization and urbanization in China were driven by an unbalanced development mode: attracting low-cost migrant workers form rural areas and imposing farming land from countryside, transferring to constructive land by a reduced price. Both low-cost workers and lands from current regulations were used to subsidy industrial park to promote the industrial and urban level of cities, which contributed the fast growth of urbanization of Chinese cities. However the economic transition and moderate economic growth led to the end of this unbalanced pattern. The non-market oriented land system resulted in the housing bubbles in big cities with the land tightened by use limit, and the local government needed to achieve the migrant workers’ citizenization in a high cost when demographic dividend exhausted. The city development mode then must be changed to a more balanced one by economic reforms. This dissertation then analyzes the city transition under conditions of three reforms: fiscal reform, migrant workers citizenization, Land use system reform. Keywords : City development ; Urban governanceͺUnbalanced development ͺUrban transition ͺEconomic reform Unité de recherche Centre Emile Durkheim, UMR 5116, Faculté de sociologie de l’Université de Bordeaux sur le campus Victoire II Summary China has experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization during recent years, thanks to a low-cost and local government-led industrial development pattern. The industrial and urban development pattern inherit from land restricted and residence limited regime, pushed down the land and labor cost. Based on low price land and low-cost labor, the local governments keened on constructing industrial park or special economic park, which contributed to large part of the local GDP statistics and local fiscal revenues. The low-cost industrialization thus caused enormous immigration from rural areas to cities, pushing up the urbanization rate in Chinese cities. However recently China has stepped into “New normal”—— lower growth and economic transition. These were caused by the rising labor cost and booming land price, while the land and residence regime could not hold up the augmentation of factor price. The former city development pattern encountered economic and social problems caused by the outdated regime, such as city housing bubbles, mass disturbance and residents-immigrants conflicts. Meanwhile, the industrial and land oriented fiscal revenues could not support the local government’s expenditure obligations, on the contrary, the local government had to cover a large amount of immigrant’s citizenship cost and to bear hea vy debt promised by unsustainable land revenues. The old development pattern will not continue, and the way of city development needs to be changed. As analyzed, the old development pattern was driven by unbalanced land and labor regime, which led to an unfair urban fiscal budget system. Thus, the reforms should be taken to make the city development more balanced and fairer. There are three major reforms in this political-economic framework: fiscal system reform, migrant workers citizenization, land use system reforms. The small changes of certain regime could bring huge influence on city development dynamically since all the factors —— land, labor, government budgets, industries —— were tightly connected by the regime. This dissertation then plotted the scenario simulation under different policy mix. LU Jiangyuan Thèse pour le doctorat en Science politique | 2018 3 ᑻ TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................. 3 Figures ................................................................................................................ 6 Tables .................................................................................................................. 8 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 9 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10 1st Part: Literature Review .................................................................................. 20 Urbanization and City Transition ................................................................ 21 Industrialization and Urbanization ....................................................... 21 The Land Regime and Reforms ........................................................... 24 The Urban Migration and Citizenship .................................................. 27 Social Stratification .................................................................................... 31 Traditional Social Stratification ........................................................... 31 Chinese Social Stratification ............................................................... 35 Social Integration ....................................................................................... 37 Migration and Social Integration ......................................................... 37 Social Capital and Integration ............................................................. 39 Methodology .............................................................................................. 40 Legal Provisions Analysis ................................................................... 40 Field Research and Interview .............................................................. 42 Quantitative Analysis .......................................................................... 45 Economic and Political Models ........................................................... 46 2nd Part: The Dual Structure of Chinese Society 漡Origin,Development,and Reforms .......................................................................................................................... 48 The Urban-Rural Duel Structure ................................................................. 48 The Origin ˖Political Ideology of Modernization and Industrialization ....... 54 Backwardness and Hope of Modernization .......................................... 54 Form an Economic Structure ˖Economic Catch-up Strategy ................ 57 Combining A Social Structure ˖Control Productive Unit and Labor .... 60 Revolution of Hukou System ............................................................... 63 Hukou System and Unequal Rights .....................................................
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