Introduction Values Threats May 2008 May EVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Values and threats Values and threats UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME SERVICE KENYA WILDLIFE KENYA FORESTS WORKING GROUP EWASO NGIRO SOUTH D A presentation by: MAU COMPLEX UNDER SIEGE MAU COMPLEX UNDER SIEGE Introduction Values Threats

and the

and the

forest, it is forest,

forest, it is forest,

Hills. Hills. combined. combined. of Kenya, with Mt. Kenya, of of Kenya, with Mt. Kenya, of The Mau Complex covers ha, as large some 400,000 and theas Mt. Kenya Aberdares of forest It is the largest Kenya. As a montane one of the five main “water towers” the Aberdare Kenya, Range, Mt. Elgon Cherengani

The Mau Complex covers ha, as large some 400,000 and theas Mt. Kenya Aberdares of forest It is the largest Kenya. As a montane one of the five main “water towers” the Aberdare Kenya, Range, Mt. Elgon Cherengani

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U g a n d a d n a g U S Introduction: Introduction Values Threats

Lake Natron) Lake

Lake Natron) Lake

Î

Î Lake Victoria) Lake Nakuru) Lake Victoria) Lake Nakuru) Lake Victoria) Lake Nakuru) Lake Nakuru) Lake Victoria)

Lake Nakuru)

Lake Turkana) Lake Victoria) Lake Nakuru) Lake Victoria) Lake Baringo) Î Lake Nakuru)

Lake Victoria) Lake Victoria)

Lake Nakuru) Lake Turkana)

Î (Kenya / Ethiopia) Lake Victoria) Lake Baringo) Î

Î

Î

Lake Victoria) Î

River ( Î Î Î (Kenya / Ethiopia) (Tanzania / Kenya)

Î Î Î Î Î Î Î Î (Tanzania / Kenya) Î Î Î River ( Î River ( River Nyiro River ( River River ( River River River ( River ( River River ( River River ( River River ( River River ( River Molo Mara River ( Kerio Ewaso Nyando Sondu Nzoia Yala Njoro Nderit Makalia Naishi Lake Victoria Lake Turkana Lake Baringo Lake Nakuru Lake Natron Basin)Lake Victoria (Nile River Lake Turkana Lake Natron Naishi( River Njoro ( River Nderit River ( Makalia ( River Nzoia ( River Yala ( River Nyando River ( Î Sondu ( River Mara River ( Kerio ( River Molo ( River Ewaso Nyiro River ( Lake Victoria Lake Turkana Lake Baringo Lake Nakuru Lake Natron Basin)Lake Victoria (Nile River Lake Turkana Lake Natron • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Mau Complex forms the of all (but upper catchments of the Rift west one) main rivers including: Valley, including: lakes, It feeds major of which three are cross- boundary: The Mau Complex forms the of all (but upper catchments of the Rift west one) main rivers including: Valley, including: lakes, It feeds major of which three are cross- boundary: Mau Complex: critical water catchments Introduction Values Threats

tea estates)

tea estates) tea estates) tea estates) in the he current

MW

MW

MW MW % of t %

River : 508 : 5.3 billionyear /

River 9.0 MW 9.0 5.3 billionyear /

20.0 20.0 MW 20.0 209.0 MW 209.0 50.0 MW 209.0 MW 209.0 50.0 MW

ed capacity

River Ngiro nting 50 nting River River Ngiro River River River install Potential: 9.0 Potential: Potential: 220.0 Potential: Potential: Potential: Potential: Developed: 60.0 MW (Sondu-Miriu) Developed: 4.0 MW (Kericho Planned: 21.4 (Sang’oro) MW Planned: 9.2 MW (Nandi Potential: Potential: 220.0 MW 220.0 Potential: • • • • • • • • • Potential: Potential: Potential: Developed: 60.0 MW (Sondu-Miriu) Developed: 4.0 MW (Kericho Planned: 21.4 (Sang’oro) MW Planned: 9.2 MW (Nandi approx. Kshs • • • • • • • • • approx. Kshs Market value of electricity electricity of Market value and generated from developed planned hydropower plants: Total potential: 508 MW 508 Total potential: current of the Representing 50% in the capacity installed total country Nyando Sondu Mara River Ewaso Yala Market value of electricity electricity of Market value and generated from developed planned hydropower plants: country Total potential Represe total Nyando Sondu Mara River Ewaso Yala 1 3 2 4 3 4 1 2 Mau Complex: catchments with high hydropower potential Introduction Values Threats

National Reserve

National Reserve

National Park National

National Park National Forest National Reserve Forest National

National Reserve forest ecosystem ecosystem forest Forest National Reserve Forest National National Reserve forest ecosystem ecosystem forest Site (1990) Site Site (1990) Site Mara National Reserve National Mara Mara National Reserve National Mara Valley National Reserve National Valley Valley National Reserve National Valley Scenic landscape. Wildlife plentiful Wildlife landscape. Scenic Important Bird Area (over 470 species) 470 (over Area Bird Important Only remnant in Kenya of the Guineo- High biodiversity (birds, butterflies, plants…) Important Bird Area (over 450 species) (over Area Bird Important Second most visitedprotected area flamingoes the for area breeding Main game and big for famous World 450 species) (over Area Bird Important World Heritage Site game and big for famous World 540 species) (over Area Bird Important Ramsar in the Rift Valley Congolian great migration great migration Scenic landscape. Wildlife plentiful Wildlife landscape. Scenic Important Bird Area (over 470 species) 470 (over Area Bird Important • • • • • • • • • • • • • Only remnant in Kenya of the Guineo- High biodiversity (birds, butterflies, plants…) Second most visitedprotected area Ramsar flamingoes the for area breeding Main game and big for famous World 450 species) (over Area Bird Important World Heritage Site game and big for famous World 540 species) (over Area Bird Important Important Bird Area (over 450 species) (over Area Bird Important in the Rift Valley Congolian great migration great migration • • • • • • • • • • • • • Serengeti National Park Serengeti National South Turkana Kerio Lake Baringo Lake Nakuru Lake Natron Maasai Kakamega Kamnarok

South Turkana Kerio Lake Baringo Lake Nakuru Lake Natron Maasai Park Serengeti National Kakamega Kamnarok 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5 billion / year 5 billion

5 billion / year 5 billion NP NP

1.16 billion / year billion 1.16 1.16 billion / year billion 1.16

Mara NR & Lake Mara Nakuru Mara NR & Lake Mara Nakuru Direct and indirect revenues (2007): approx. Kshs approx. (2007): revenues indirect and Direct Maasai Kshs (2007): fee Entry 5 3 4 Maasai Kshs (2007): fee Entry Kshs approx. (2007): revenues indirect and Direct 2 1 6 7 8 Mau Complex: key to major conservation areas Introduction Values Threats

micro-climate micro-climate

conditions) as well as many many conditions) as well products (medicinal plants, firewood and grazing). A large majority of Kenya’s of Kenya’s A large majority in Lake lives population Victoria basin. This region is flowing major rivers by crossed from the Mau Complex. Some 5 million people live in the sub- locations these crossed by rivers. In addition the Mau Complex provides environmental to crop essential services river (continuous production flow, favourable conditions) as well as many many conditions) as well products (medicinal plants, firewood and grazing). A large majority of Kenya’s of Kenya’s A large majority in Lake lives population Victoria basin. This region is flowing major rivers by crossed from the Mau Complex. Some 5 million people live in the sub- locations these crossed by rivers. In addition the Mau Complex provides environmental to crop essential services river (continuous production flow, favourable Values: Key to people’s livelihood Introduction Values Threats

n / year

n / year

the Mau Complex the Mau Complex 8 billio 8 billio s s in particular South

x. Ksh x. x. Ksh x.

ro

ro app forests . app highlands near highlands highlands near highlands di di

f tea (2007): f tea (2007): e o and Nan e o and Nan orests where conditionsorests for optimum tea alu f alu near the Mau Complex,

a, 2003 Kericho Market v Kericho Market v and Northern Tinderetand ret

ea Board of Keny he T he Constant moisture Soil temperature between 16 and 25 ºC Air temperature between 10 and 30 ºC , T , a ● ● ● ea Map of Keny Source: The T Tea growing areas are located near montane production are met: The largest tea growing are areas in Kenya West Mau forest (Kericho), Tinde (Kericho), West Mau forest Values: Major micro-climate regulators for crops Introduction Values Threats 2,300 2,400 15,000 13,000 Estimated number of households South West Mau Eastern Mau Mau Maasai 2001 forest excisions and illegal encroachments Threats: Introduction Values Threats 2,300 2,400 15,000 13,000 Estimated number of households South West Mau Eastern Mau Mau Maasai 2001 forest excisions and illegal encroachments Threats: Introduction Values Threats mainly in the Mau in the Mau mainly representing 54.3 % and representing 54.3 % 27.3 % the summit of Mau escarpment. forest reserve land, ver 67,000 hectares of 7 ha respectively were excised 7 ha respectively affectedEasternMauForest Reserve and South West Mau Forest in Eastern Mau covers parts of 2001 excision affects the top of Mau In 2001, the Government excised o Complex. The largest excisions Reserve where 35,301 ha and 22,79 of these forests. The excision Eastern Mau FR: Introduction Values Threats 2001 excisions affect Lake Nakuru Eastern Mau FR: Introduction Values Threats

2003 of Lake Nakuru, of Lake Nakuru, Loss of dense vegetation cover between 1973 – Inside FR: 15,820 ha Inside 15,820 FR: ha 20,960 FR: Outside ha 36,780 Total:

of Lake Nakuru. Betweenof Lake

Boreholes are already drying Boreholes are already ment in the catchment 2003 dense vegetation cover were lost its total dense vegetation cover. u impacts tremendously on the catch becoming seasonal (Njoro). 2001 excisions affect Lake Nakuru

University) and rivers University) Landsat MSS and ETM images. False colour composition colour False images. and ETM MSS Landsat Forest boundaries: KIFCON project, Forest Department Forest project, KIFCON boundaries: Forest The 2001 excision in Eastern Ma 1973 Sources - - 1973 and 2003, 36,780 hectares of 1973 representing of a loss of 49 % (Egerton Eastern Mau FR: Introduction Values Threats 2001 excisions affect Lake Baringo Eastern Mau FR: Introduction Values Threats South West Mau FR: 2001 excisions & illegal encroachments Introduction Values Threats 2007 ry brua 24 Fe on aken h t ap gr to Pho South West Mau FR: Illegal encroachments Introduction Values ThreatsThreats

n nt . ed on the ed ies compositio

r felled outside orest Departme orest bas 7, 98 clea t boundar alse colour alse y fores t ary CON project, F CON y d upon in 1 d ide the ide ee nd ETM images. F were of forest gr M a ks e ins e e a e rest-forest boundar Straight line bound River boundary Ridge boundar Main encroachmen Fo rest boundaries: KIF plac ) wer Landsat T Fo Legend Sources - - en es ar tak

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d Mau ments 2003 Mau (46 st 2003 ch hectares

hectares roa nce the delineatio nc . Si Mau Fore Mau 3,382 hectares i e forest inside and 16,948 hectares ntly, e ntly, sa e forest inside an 16,948 hectares ce

r between 1986 – th Maa Past forest destruction re r between 1986 – ries: ries: 3,382 hectares mmission he daries of the Maasai ries: ries: Co

oun s of t s More s. rie Mau: rie Inside the bounda Outside the boundaries: Total: 20,330 of th representing 30 % outside the boundaries of the Maasai Loss of forest cove rk of the Ntutu Inside the bounda Outside the boundaries: To tal: 20,330 of representing 30 % ou tside the b Lo ss of forest cove The bounda The wo the bounda the Maasai Introduction Values ThreatsThreats 2005 ry brua 17 Fe on aken h t ap gr to Pho forest destruction

Photographs Mau: Flight path Flight Maasai Introduction Values ThreatsThreats 2005 ry brua 17 Fe on aken h t ap gr to Pho forest destruction

Photographs Mau: Flight path Flight Maasai Introduction Values ThreatsThreats 2005 ry brua 17 Fe on aken h t ap gr to Pho forest destruction

Photographs Mau: Flight path Flight Maasai Introduction Values ThreatsThreats ril 2005 21 Ap on aken h t ap gr to Pho forest destruction

Photographs Mau: Drive path Maasai Introduction Values Threats 08 20 ary ary anu 3 J 3 n on 2 ke Photograph ta Photograph

Pusimoru: current forest destruction Ol Introduction Values Threats

Pusimoru: Impacts on Ewaso Ngiro River

Mau / Ol Maasai Introduction Values ThreatsThreats ne 2004 28 Ju 3 March 1989 3 March on none aken h t ap gr to TransmaraForest Reserve Pho gazetted forest 937.7 hectares Kiptagich Tea Estate Kiptagich Location: Area: Gazette Notice: Excision Notice: Excision Legal Status: Private tea estates

FR: FR: Transmara Introduction Values Threats Landsat, 4 February 2003 Landsat, 4 February e the Estate in Private tea estates

FR: FR: the neighbouring tted forest gaze indigenous Tea growing outsid Transmara Introduction Values Threats Impacts on the Mara River

FR: FR: Transmara