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New Arrangements New arrangements Chapter 4 Farm near Nobby, Queensland This chapter addresses three key questions fundamental to determining Definitions long-term average sustainable diversion limits (SDLs) for the Key ecosystem functions — Murray–Darling Basin: the fundamental physical, • How much water is required to achieve the environmental objectives of chemical and biological the Water Act 2007 (Cwlth)? (Section 4.1) processes that support the Basin’s environmental assets; • How should the Basin Plan take account of the expected impacts of for example, the transport of climate change? (Section 4.2) nutrients, organic matter and • What are the likely social and economic implications of reducing current sediment in rivers, wetting and diversion limits? (Sections 4.3 and 4.5) drying cycles, and provision for Together, these questions help to define the ‘decision space’ for the Murray– migration and recolonisation by Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) in determining the SDLs for the proposed plants and animals along rivers Basin Plan. The SDL proposals are described in Section 4.4, including and across floodplains. significant detail about the methods used to calculate them. Key environmental assets — In light of the SDL proposals, Section 4.5 outlines what the economic include the rivers, lakes, impacts may be for sectors and regions. It is important to also look at the billabongs, wetlands, wider picture presented in the transition arrangements (Chapter 5) to get groundwater-systems, floodplains more information about how MDBA and governments are working to and their flood-dependent minimise the effects on entitlement holders and communities. forests and the estuary of the Basin. They encompass water- The chapter ends by setting out the arrangements under the proposed Basin dependent ecosystems, ecosystem Plan for meeting critical human water needs, building on the experience services and sites with ecological gained with this complex issue during the recent drought (Section 4.6). significance. The productive base — the 4.1 Environmental water requirements support offered by ecosystems to human economic and One of the primary purposes of the Water Act 2007 (Cwlth) is to ensure social production. environmentally sustainable levels of extraction, or take, from the Basin’s water resources. The Water Act defines an environmentally sustainable Key environmental outcomes — level of take as the level of water that can be taken from a water resource defined in the Water Act to which, if exceeded, would compromise its key environmental assets include ecosystem functions, (i.e. water-dependent ecosystems, ecosystem services and sites with biodiversity, water quality and ecological significance), key ecosystem functions, the productive base, water resource health. or key environmental outcomes. The productive base of a water resource Ecosystem services — benefits includes those attributes that establish its capacity to contribute to social and people obtain from ecosystems. economic outcomes. Rivers, floodplains and wetlands For surface water, the determining factors for a healthy water- provide important ecosystem based environment are the key ecosystem functions and the key services, including clean environmental assets. water, food, timber, livestock production, flood control Estimating an environmentally sustainable level of take from the water and mitigation, groundwater resources of the Murray–Darling Basin is a challenging task. The approach replenishment, sediment and taken for surface water combines two elements: nutrient retention and transport, • an analysis of the environmental water requirements of fundamental reservoirs of biodiversity, cultural physical, chemical and biological processes, known as ‘hydrologic values, and recreation. indicator sites for key ecosystem functions’ Hydrologic indicator sites — • an analysis of the environmental water requirements for specific sites, have been used to quantify known as ‘hydrologic indicator sites for key environmental assets’. the environmental water From a surface-water flow perspective, many of the key ecosystem requirements across the functions and key environmental assets are hydrologically connected and Basin. These sites comprise 18 interdependent. This means that if sufficient water is provided for key hydrologic indicator sites for ecosystem functions at one location it will be sufficient for those functions assets, a subset of 2,442 key at many locations, both upstream and downstream. This same water will environmental assets and 88 sites also provide for floodplain and wetland ecosystem functions associated with for key ecosystem functions. environmental assets, as well as contributing to the ecosystem functions associated with the rivers connecting the assets together. Moreover, this water 90 Guide to the proposed Basin Plan Technical background Part I will provide for the broader environmental water requirements of ecosystem services, the productive base, and the key environmental outcomes for the water resource. The assessment of environmental water requirements for 88 hydrologic indicator sites for key ecosystem functions is applicable to the full spectrum of flow regimes (i.e. from low flows through to floods) across the entire Basin. It provides a mechanism to determine low-flow environmental water requirements, as well as inform the high-flow environmental water requirements of environmental assets. The assessment of environmental water requirements for 18 hydrologic indicator sites for key environmental assets provided detailed, site-specific analysis of high-flow environmental requirements. This analysis has been undertaken in recognition that high flows provide the greatest contribution to the volume of available water, and therefore high-flow environmental requirements must be assessed rigorously. A total of 106 hydrologic indicator sites have been used to determine the surface-water environmental water requirements of the Basin. The integration of water requirements for all the hydrologic indicator sites has been estimated to provide the flow needs for all water-dependent ecosystems across the Basin. This approach assumes that the water requirements to support the productive base and the environmental outcomes of the resource will be met if the water requirements of key environmental assets and key ecosystem functions are met, along with the water quality targets contained in the Water Quality and Salinity Management Plan (see Section 6.3). As a result of the inherent differences between surface-water and groundwater systems, the assessment of environmental water requirements for groundwater considered the productive base and key environmental outcomes for the water resource more explicitly in developing groundwater long-term average sustainable diversion limits (SDLs) (see ‘Environmental water requirements for groundwater’ later in this section, and Section 4.4). Key environmental assets Identifying key environmental assets One of the objects of the Water Act is to give effect to international agreements relevant to the use and management of the Basin water resources. To support this object, in conjunction with determining an environmentally sustainable level of take, key environmental assets were selected from the many tens of thousands of wetlands and floodplains, rivers, streams and other water-dependent ecosystems in the Basin. This involved the development of selection criteria, the identification of potential key environmental assets, and their assessment against the selection criteria. The criteria for identifying key environmental assets were developed with regard to the requirements of relevant international agreements (see Table 4.1). The initial process to identify potential key environmental assets used a combination of literature review, compilation and assessment of existing Southern Macquarie Marshes Nature inventories of aquatic ecosystems, and input from Basin states and Reserve, New South Wales independent scientific experts. In addition, relevant spatial data sources, such as data describing the distribution of threatened species and ecological communities, were extensively analysed. Potential key environmental assets identified from these various sources were then assessed against specific indicators developed for each of the five Chapter 4 New arrangements 91 Shoots on trees after a flood at Narran Lakes, New South Wales selection criteria. An asset was considered to be ‘key’ for the purposes of the Basin Plan if it met at least one of these criteria. This approach identified 2,442 named key environmental assets across the Basin (see Figure 4.1 and Appendix A, tables A1–A19), ranging from small alpine headwater streams to large, meandering lowland rivers and extensive floodplain wetland complexes. Table 4.2 lists the number of these key environmental assets in each of the Basin Plan regions. Groundwater systems have been assessed in terms of their contribution to the maintenance of these key environmental assets. The water requirements of individual assets overlap: flows that inundate one asset often inundate many others. This is an important concept — it means that the environmental water requirements for a number of assets is less than the sum of the requirements for individual assets. So, while there is a lack of detailed information on the environmental water requirements for many of the 2,442 key environmental assets, the approach taken by the Murray–Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) to estimating the environmental water requirements for all
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