Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts on Agricultural Related Activities of Flood Disaster in and Around Panchganga River Basin

Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts on agricultural related activities of Flood Disaster in and around Panchganga river basin.

Mr. Harshavardhan U Kamble1, Mr. Aditya Arvind Yadav2, Miss. Ketki Suryakant Deshmane3,Mr. Akshay Sanjay Kamble4

1Student, M. Tech(Environmental Science and Technology), Department of Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India 2Student,M. Tech(Energy Technology),Department of Technology Shivaji University, Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India 3Student, M.Tech(Energy Technology), School of Energy Studies, SPPU, Pune, Maharashtra, India 4Student,M. Tech(Energy Technology),Department of Technology Shivaji University, Kolhapur,Maharashtra,India

Abstract-The Panchganga river basin is certainly affected by natural disaster and exaggerated by this event since year 2005. Natural disaster undoubtedly impact upon the individual’s livelihood in river basin areas and extent of result is sustained for a prolonged term. In this study survey method was implemented and data was collected through interview schedule by using simple random sampling for affected peoples in and around Panchganga river basin. The data was collected from household heads from all the flood affected talukas of Kolhapur district. This research intent to evaluate the various environmental and social impacts of flood on agriculture, animals, health of people in Panchaganga river basin flood affected areas. . Keywords: Disaster,socio-economic, agriculture, animal’s health, environmental.

I. INTRODUCTION

Disasters occur when hard meet vulnerable situations. Disaster is part of the cycle of nature. Some natural and man-made factors are responsible for this. The effects of natural and man-made disasters on human life are as great as this effect on nature, and perhaps even greater. Agriculture is also an important factor. Many people make a living by farming on the fertile land along the riverside. At the same time, they also do small and big businesses like animal husbandry which are complementary to agriculture. Most of the Panchgangariver basin is in the Western Ghats, so the Panchgangariver flows perennially due to the heavy rains that falls on the adjacent ghats. The River basin is rich in agriculture, so agriculture has become the backbone of the region along the Panchganga river. Many small, medium and large-scale industries have dependent here for the production of various seasonal crops. It is seen that the business of billion of rupees is done from the income of a single sugar industry. Problems such as pollution are becoming more serious due to human intervention in the environment. The direct impact is being seen in the emergence of problems

DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2020.7025.CHPXH 46

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 like climate change, global warming. Therefore, it is equally important to study the effect of climate as well as agriculture and livestock.

II. STUDY REGION

Genuinely floods are known to make hurt property and life forgetting about a drawn loathsome impact on the people who get affected by them. The force and enormity of floods ought to grow world over in the continuous decades considering natural change and an unnatural climate change wonder. The impacts of calamitous occasions, both with respect to human and cash related disasters, are appropriated excessively across get-togethers as are adjusting limits. Social factors, for instance, race and ethnicity, prosperity, preparing, establishment, and destitution are fundamental determinants of lack of protection.

The South Western Maharashtra is the most flood slanted zones in the state. Reliably Krishna, Warna, Panchganga Rivers and tributes are flooded. Also, because of that disaster make dangers influence on condition and its related parameters. Soexamination of this issue in coherent way is as the current need. The Kolhapur is orchestrated in the region of Maharashtra in India and having the Latitude of 16.7050° N, and Longitude 74.2433° E.

III. CLIMATE OF LOCATION

The temperature varies between 11°C to 35° C. The summer temperature of Kolhapur is comparatively warmer, but is more humid, compared to neighboring inland cities. Maximum temperature rarely exceeds 40°C and typically ranges between 34° C to 37° C, and lowers during the same season around 22° C to 26° C. The city has a monsoon season from June to September due to proximity to the Western Ghats. The temperatures are low in rainy seasons and ranges between 19° C to 30° C. Kolhapur experiences winter from November to February. Annual meteorological data of Kolhapur City is given below in table.

Table 1. Meteorological data for Kolhapur city

Month Air Relative Atmosp Wind Earth Heating Cooling temperatur Humidity heric speed temperat degree degree days e pressur ure days (%) e (m/s) (°C-d) (°C) (°C) (°C-d) (kPa)

January 24.6 42.1 96.1 2.1 27.3 0 455

February 26.6 36.6 96.0 2.6 30.5 0 464

March 29.1 36.6 95.8 2.7 34.3 0 590

April 29.7 43.1 95.7 3.0 35.7 0 599

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

May 28.2 57.4 95.5 3.6 33.4 0 574

June 24.9 81.1 95.4 4.0 27.0 0 447

July 23.9 85.5 95.5 4.3 25.1 0 428

August 23.5 85.2 95.4 3.9 24.8 0 419

Septemb 24.0 78.9 95.7 2.8 26.2 0 420 er

October 25.6 62.5 95.8 2.4 27.6 0 487

Novemb 25.6 46.3 96.0 2.4 27.5 0 470 er

Decembe 24.2 43.8 96.2 2.2 26.1 0 443 r

Annual 25.8 58.3 95.8 3.0 28.8 0 5796 measure d at (m)

IV. OBJECTIVES

The present study has addressed the floods of the year 2019 faced by the Panchganga river basin. The main objective of the present study is to analyse the socio-economic impacts of flood disaster occurred in the year 2019. However, specific objectives are-

1. To assess social impacts of floods occurred during 2019 in the study region. 2. To study impacts of the flood disasters on agriculture, animals affected during floods. 3. Investigate and intricate relationship between post flood socioeconomic vulnerability. 4. Understand impact of flood on food, animal health, water systems and livelihood and on the gender dimension of flood impact. 5. Evaluate socio-economic profile of the study area.

V. METHODOLOGY

1. Data collection during the post-flood phase. 2. The effect of floods in the Kolhapur area will analysed and compared with the data collected on major flood prone area. 3. To determine the zone of research and collect all the information necessary for effective evaluation and analysis. 4. Identify the major flood affected zones and analyse the impact of flood on particular area.

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

VI. CONSEQUENCES OF FLOOD DISASTER

Flooding is the most common environmental hazard; due to the wide spread geographical distribution of river valleys and coastal areas and attraction of human settlements to these areas. Flooding has occurred in certain parts of country and thus flood is an oldest phenomenon in India. The flooding always occurs in the deltaic part of the river Panchganga.

VII. IMPACT OF FLOOD ON ARICULTURE

The Panchganga river basin has mostly agriculture related activities in the corresponding tehsils of Kolhapur districts. The majority farmers rely on crops like sugar cane, rice, soyabean, vegetables, flowers, and other crops respectively. The primary analysis involves the impact of flood disaster based on agriculture land i.e. on the basis of Dry crop land and irrigated land. The table 2 represents the impact of flood on dry crop land in Kolhapur District based on number of affected farmers, total affected area, and total funds to be made available in Rs. (Lakhs)

Table 2. Impact of flood on dry crop land in Kolhapur district.

Sr. no. Name of taluka No. of affected No. of affected Total funds in farmers area (Hectare) Rs. (Lakhs) 1. Karveer 8243 1335.63 12040 2. Kagal 11978 1384.87 101.54 3. Radhanagari 8619 978.54 74.17 4. Gaganbawada 2407 514.74 38.09 5. Panahala 5778 1162.33 102.99 6. Shahuwadi 7964 838.88 72.13 7. Hatkanagale 5376 1505.63 112.64 8. Shirol 0 0.00 0.00 9. Gadhinglaj 8357 977.43 104.19 10. Ajara 4248 418.81 50.08 11. Chandgad 23750 3610.24 281.27 12. Bhudargad 4740 484.98 63.95 Total 91460 13211.38 1120.75

From the dry crop land analysis of flood disaster in 12 talukas of Kolhapur district, the highest number of affected farmers are from Chandgadtaluka i.e. 23750; whereas lowest is in Shiroltaluka. The total affected farmers in Kolhapur district is around 91460. The total affected area in hectare is 13211.38 hectares. The maximum affected area is Chandgad i.e. 3610.24 and lowest is in Shirol taluka respectively.

Table 3. Represents the total impact of flood disaster on irrigated land in Kolhapur district.

Sr. no. Name of taluka No. of affected No. of affected Total funds in farmers area (Hectare) Rs. (Lakhs) 1. Karveer 33516 9467.49 1462.84

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

2. Kagal 15911 3677.80 519.62 3. Radhanagari 18059 3411.71 503.32 4. Gaganbawada 6370 2145.06 294.02 5. Panahala 25178 5484.23 850.06 6. Shahuwadi 15811 3274.95 466.31 7. Hatkanagale 18121 8398.92 1247.23 8. Shirol 50021 22974.98 3293.95 9. Gadhinglaj 6179 1633.46 230.02 10. Ajara 3135 550.60 77.05 11. Chandgad 18700 2915.80 393.64 12. Bhudargad 5840 980.49 158.88 Total 216841 64915.49 9460.94

From the irrigated crop land analysis of flood disaster in 12 talukas of Kolhapur district, the highest number of affected farmers are from Shiroltaluka i.e. 50021; whereas lowest is in Ajarataluka. The total affected farmers in Kolhapur district is around 216841. The total affected area in hectare is 64915.49 hectares. The maximum affected area is Shirol i.e. 22974.98 and lowest is in Ajarataluka respectively.

VIII. IMPACT OF FLOOD ON VARIOUS CROPS

The crop wise damage analysis for more than 30% loss for various crops like sugarcane, rice, soyabean, groundnut, vegetables, flowers and other crops according to the total sown area is given below.

Table 4. Represents the total impact of flood disaster on crops with more than 30% loss in Kolhapur district.

Sr. Name of taluka Sown Rice Sugarcane Soyabean Groundnut no. Areas (Hectare) 1. Karveer 47460 1500 12488 400 50 2. Kagal 47770 1161 4998 650 970 3. Radhanagari 28735 2994 4357 0 0 4. Gaganbawada 7135 1435 965 0 25 5. Panahala 30618 3110 6833 444 386 6. Shahuwadi 32497 2730 2240 13 103 7. Hatkanagale 49820 206 11047 1988 710 8. Shirol 37573 0 27400 3193 68 9. Gadhinglaj 44093 595 1122 1623 575 10. Ajara 23786 808 1201 37 66 11. Chandgad 35288 570 1895 0 190 12. Bhudargad 7005 984 1137 12 140 Total 391780 16093 75683 8360 3283

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

The total sown area in hectare is greater in Hatkanagaletaluka and is least in Bhudargadtaluka respectively. The major impact of flood on rice plantation with more than 30% loss is in Panahalataluka, whereas least is in Shiroltaluka. For sugarcane plantation with more than 30 % loss with greater impact is in Shiroltaluka, and least is in Gaganbawada. For Soyabean plantation the major impacted area is Shiroltaluka, whereas least is for Radhanagari, Gaganbawada, and Chandgad. For groundnut plantation the major impacted area is in Kagaltaluka, whereas least impacted areas is Radhanagari respectively. Table 5. Represents the total impact of flood disaster on crops with more than 30% loss in Kolhapur district.

Sr. Name of taluka Sown Vegetables Flowers Other crops no. Areas (Hectare) 1. Karveer 47460 20 2 0 2. Kagal 47770 0 0 271 3. Radhanagari 28735 5 25 0 4. Gaganbawada 7135 0 0 400 5. Panahala 30618 27 2 79 6. Shahuwadi 32497 8 4 142 7. Hatkanagale 49820 37 0 105 8. Shirol 37573 112 0 5 9. Gadhinglaj 44093 17 0 12 10. Ajara 23786 0 0 18 11. Chandgad 35288 96 0 118 12. Bhudargad 7005 15 0 90 Total 391780 337 33 1240

The most impacted area with more than 30% loss due to flood disaster is in Shiroltaluka, whereas least is in Kagal, Gaganbawada and Ajara. For flower plantation the most impacted area is in Radhanagaritaluka. For other crop plantation other than above specified the most impacted area is Gaganbawada respectively.

Sugar cane affected plantation during flood

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

IX. IMPACT OF FLOOD ON ANIMALS

The damage due to flood on various animals in flood prone area is as given in table 6.

Table 6. List of affected animals during floods

Sr. Name of taluka No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of no. affected affected affected affected affected cows buffaloes cow calf’s/ goats poultry calf birds. 1. Karveer 45 34 08 02 265 2. Kagal 01 04 00 02 0 3. Radhanagari 02 07 00 12 86 4. Gaganbawada 00 05 03 08 0 5. Panahala 14 09 00 30 52 6. Shahuwadi 07 19 03 08 0 7. Hatkanagale 34 41 36 17 16086 8. Shirol 85 67 72 91 11382 9. Gadhinglaj 03 06 03 12 19090 10. Ajara 01 02 01 1 6500 11. Chandgad 10 22 01 73 0 12. Bhudargad 02 07 00 0 8670 Total 204 217 127 256 62131

The most affected region as per animals affected region is Shirol taluka respectively.

Affected animals during flood

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

Increase in water level in Panchganga river basin.

Water Clogging due to flood in Sugar cane planted farms.

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

Water level rise due to flood in Kolhapur city areas.

Water clogging near residential housing due to increase in water level.

Water clogging in residential areas in Kolhapur city.

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 07, Issue 04, [April-2020] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

X. CONCLUISON

The flood-disaster is one of the natural disasters, which affects on socio-economic conditions of the society. The floods occurred in the Panchganga river basin in the year 2019 was one of the worst floods in the known history of the river basin. The majority population in Panchganga river basin rely on agriculture as a major source of income. The socio-economic condition in Panchganga river basin had horribly affected by the flood disaster in the year 2019. The flood disaster terribly affected on agriculture, transportation facilities, shops, milk production, basic facilities of the villages, livestock of the villages, houses and households etc. The loss in terms of money was more than rupees ten million. The flood prone villagesin Panchganga river basin had also noticed health problems during the flood period. Like negative socio-economic consequences, positive consequences are also observed in the study region. They are- increase in the fertility of the land, increase in the ground water level and mitigation of the problem of saltation.

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