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Evolution of Stadiums: a Study in the Design and Construction of Ancient and Modern Stadia

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Evolution of Stadiums: a Study in the Design and Construction of Ancient and Modern Stadia University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences Evolution of stadiums: A study in the design and construction of ancient and modern stadia A dissertation submitted by Brett Jenaway in fulfilment of the requirements of Courses ENG4111 and ENG4112 Research Project towards the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Civil) Submitted: October, 2013 Evolution of stadiums ABSTRACT Stadia are an important structure within the urban landscape of a city. They offer a site for people with like-minded interests to gather and share an experience based on these mutual interests, and in turn provide economic and social benefits to the surrounding community. They are also a representation of advancements in technology and engineering that have occurred over history. Early stadia designs were constructed by the Ancient Greek and Roman societies, with a general focus on spectator capacities with little regard for the comfort or wellbeing of spectators. This focus has shifted over time, and evolution in the designs of such structures to meet the ever-changing demands and expectations of society has led to increasingly bolder and more unique stadia. This dissertation will explore the history of stadia from the early structures in the ancient Greek and Roman empires through to modern day arenas. It will then investigate modern stadiums and analyse a number of factors that are taken into consideration when designing and constructing such a unique and defining building on the urban landscape. A case study of a new stadium to be built in the city of Perth in Western Australia will also be presented, with a focus on many of the decisions that have been made for the stadium and an analysis of the reasons behind these decisions. Upon reading this dissertation, readers should gain an understanding and insight into the history that direction that stadia design and construction has taken in the past, and hopefully develop an understanding of where the stadia design and construction aspects will head in the future. i | P a g e Evolution of stadiums DISCLAIMER University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences ENG4111 & ENG4112 Research Project Limitations of Use The Council of the University of Southern Queensland, its Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences, and the staff of the University of Southern Queensland, do not accept responsibility for the truth, accuracy or completeness of material contained within or associated with this dissertation. Persons using all or any part of this material do so at their own risk, and not at the risk of the Council of the University of Southern Queensland, its Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences or the staff of the University of Southern Queensland. This dissertation reports an educational exercise and has no purpose or validity beyond this exercise. The sole purpose of the course pair entitled “Research Project” is to contribute to the overall education within the student’s chosen degree program. This document, the associated hardware, software, drawings, and other material set out in the associated appendices should not be used for any other purpose: if they are so used, it is entirely at the risk of the user. Executive Dean Faculty of Health, Engineering & Sciences ii | P a g e Evolution of stadiums CERTIFICATION I certify that the ideas, designs and experimental work, results, analyses and conclusions set out in this dissertation are entirely my own effort, except where otherwise indicated and acknowledged. I further certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for assessment in any other course or institution, except where specifically stated. Brett Simon Jenaway Student Number: 0050104215 __________________________________________ Signature __________________________________________ Date iii | P a g e Evolution of stadiums ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my research project supervisor, Paul Tilley from the University of Southern Queensland, who provided valuable feedback, recommendations and advice throughout the research project. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge my family for their support over my research project and providing opinions that I value. I would also like to thank them for their encouragement over my entire university experience and for their motivation towards the successful completion of my degree. iv | P a g e Evolution of stadiums TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. i DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................ ii CERTIFICATION................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ xi GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................... xii 1. Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Outline of the study ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Need for research ....................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Research Aims and Objectives ................................................................................. 3 1.5 Research Project Methodology ................................................................................. 4 1.6 Structure of this dissertation ..................................................................................... 4 1.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 5 2. Chapter Two: Literature review ...................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Literature review ......................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Ancient Stadia ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Stadia evolution .................................................................................................. 8 2.2.3 Modern Stadia ..................................................................................................... 9 2.2.4 Case study: Perth Stadium .............................................................................. 15 v | P a g e Evolution of stadiums 2.2.5 Future Stadia ..................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 18 3. Chapter Three: Origin of stadiums ................................................................ 19 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 19 3.2 The First Stadiums ................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Transition from Greece to Rome ........................................................................... 21 3.4 The Colosseum ......................................................................................................... 23 3.5 Roman Concrete ....................................................................................................... 27 3.6 Roman Arches ........................................................................................................... 29 3.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 32 4. Chapter Four: Stadiums throughout the ages ............................................... 33 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 33 4.2 Centuries of suspension ........................................................................................... 33 4.3 Stadium Revival: Middle Ages & The Renaissance ............................................. 34 4.4 Other sports and events .......................................................................................... 35 4.5 Rebirth of the modern Olympic Games ............................................................... 36 4.6 White City Stadium .................................................................................................. 39 4.7 Five generations of modern stadia ......................................................................... 40 4.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 46 5. Chapter Five: Modern Stadia .......................................................................
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