1 JSFAME OF rUPIL

SCHOOL

CITY AND STATE

A SVSTEM

OF

PUHCTUATIOfi.

BY C. W. BUTTERKlEIvD.

MADISON, WIS.: MIDLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1^99. niDL/IND FUBLI5HINQ COflF/INT 208 East Main St., MADISON, WIS. A. 0. Wright's Civil Grovernment in the United States, - 75 cts. Clear and simple, especially adapted for class use M^A copy will be sent by mail to any teacher for examina­ tion for 50 cents. A. 0. Wright's Civil GrOVernment, Wisconsin Edi­ tion, ------§1.00. This consists of the Civil Government in the United States as above, with an addendum on the Wiscon­ sin State Government by A. O. Wright. The ad­ dendum on the Wisconsin Constitution is sold separately for 50 cents. A. 0. Wrig'ht's Civil Government, Kansas Edition. $1,00. This consists of A. O. Wrights' Civil Government of the United States with an addendum on the Kan­ sas State government by W. D. Kuhn. This book is adopted by the State of Kansas for use in all the schools of the State. Pres. L. D. Harvey's School Eeg-ister and Classifi­ cation Record, $1.50. Specially adapted for the course of study for com­ mon schools of Wisconsin, and the only register so adapted. I. N. Stewart's Hand-hook for Teachers, - - $1.00. Plain, practical, specially adapted to the needs of teachers in the interior states, to whom the abstract of school law in each of these states is alone worth the price of the book. 4®="Well adapted for use in high school classes in Theory of Teaching on account of its being practical rather than theoretical. Sent for examination for 60 cents. Principal M. H. Jackson's Test Yourself in Arith­ metic, ------12 cts. Excellent for supplementary work, or for private study. ^^^-In quantities, Sio.oo per hundred. Midland Report Cards, - - - - each, 1 ct. The best method of reporting to parents their chil­ dren's work. 4^Per hundred, 75 cents. Samples free. [CONTINUED ON THIRD PAGE OF COVER.] y4^,\/-

BUTTERFIELD'S .

A SYSTEM

OF

PUNCTUATION:

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS.

BT C, W, BUTTERFIELD.

COPYRIGHTED 1878.

MIDLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY, MADISON, WISCONSIN.

Curriculum Collection UWM LIBRARY BLACKBOARD DIAGRAM. To illustrate ''ButterfielcTs Punctuation?'^

I'oints

A

I Signs. [ ] /Grammatical

•35- ^ i t \ Refer ences.

1 If 3Iarh. s Siffns of Articulation. I 9 Bhetoricah f •*

Signs of Pronunciation. <

[ N Signs, Sign of Accent , , '

Sign of Emphasis

Signs of Inflection. . . .

Sign of Modulation. . . . CONTENTS.

PART I.—Punctiiation Defined—Its Characters, - - 5 Classification of the Characters of Punctuation, 6 Of Points—Signs—References, - - - 6 CHAPTER L—GrRAMMATICAL PUNCTUATION, - - 7 I.—GRAMMATICAL POINTS, - - 7 1. The , . - _ g 2. ' " , - - - 11 3. " , - - - - 12 4:, " Period, - - - - 12 SECTION II. —GRAMMATICAL SIGNS. - 13 1. The , - 13 2. " , 13 3. " Quotation Points, - 13 . 4. '' , 14 5. " Brace, - 14 6. *' , - 14 7. '' Asterisni, - 15 SECTION III —REFERENCES, - 15 1. The , or Star, - 16 2. " Obelisk, or , 16 3. - Double Obelisk, - - 16 4. '' Section, 10 5. " Parallel, - 16 6. '' , 16 CHAPTER 11. —RHETORICAL PUNCTUATION, - 18 SECTION L— -THE RHETORICAL MARK, 18 The , - 18 SECTION II.--RHETORICAL SIG r^s. 19 CONTENTS.

CLASS 1.—SIGNS OF ARTICULATION, 1^ 1. The Macron, - 2a 2. " Breve, 20 3. '' Cedilla, - 20 CLASS 2.—SIGNS OF PRONUNCIATION, - 20 1. The Dieresis, - 21 2. " , ' 21 3. " , - 22 4. '' , 22 CLASS 3.—THE SIGN OF ACCENT, - 2a The Mark of Accent , 2a CLASS 4.—THE SIGN OF EMPHASIS, 2a ^he Italic Line, 2a CLASS 5.—SIGNS OF INFLECTION, - 24: 1. The Interrogation Point, 24 2. *' Exclamation Point, 24 CLASS 6.—THE SIGN OF MODULATION, 25 The Parenthesis, - 25 PART II.—PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES, 27

TO TEACHERS AND STUDENTS.

THIS work has two principal divisions. The first treats of the nature and uses of the various cliaracters of Punctuation. The second contains promiscuous examples for their apphcation. The following pages are not expected to preclude the necessity for labor on the part of the teacher; nor is it presumed that a thorough knowledge of Punctuation can be acquired by the student without exertion; for, at best, "books are but helps." In using this book, students can confine themselves to answering the questions at the bottom of the pages, as a first course. Ques­ tions for a second, or advanced course, will be found at the end of the chapters. For concluding this course, the promiscuous exam­ ples given in Part II. snould be carefully punctuated. What ha» been learned of the theory of Punctuation, can thus be put in im mediate practice. A SYSTEM OF PUNCTUATION.

PARTI. AETICLE 1. Punctuation is the application of certain cliaraeters to a composition as guides to the sense of the author. Observation. The proper application of the various characters of Punctuation, is determined largely^ by established usage. We should employ such words in composition as wiU most clearly ex­ press our ideas, and then apply the marks of Punctuation as au­ thorized by a majority of abk writers, that the reader may per­ ceive, if possible, the exact sense, which words alone may not convey. ART. 2. There are thirty characters of Punctuation, as follow : The Comma (, ), Semicolon (;), Colon (s ), Period ( . ), Ellipsis ( * ^ "^), Caret ( ^ ), Quotation Points ("" '^ ), Brackets ( [] ), Brace (^-^ ), Index ( iW^ ), Asterism ( *^* ), Asterisk ( * ), Obelisk ( f ), Double Obelisk ( I), Section ( § ), Parallel ( || ), Para- graph (1"), Dash ( — ), Macron ( " ), Breve ( "^ ), Ceiil\?i{thus 9 ), Dieresis {" ), Apostrophe ( ' ), Hyphen ( - ), Tilde {thus fl),Mar k of Accent {'), Italic Line ({^), Interrogation Point ( ?), Exclamation Point ( ! ), Par­ enthesis, thus (). Ohs. The names of the characters of Punctuation have, general­ ly, a reference, in some way, to their nature or uses. Those given are such as have been adopted by established usage. [To TUB TEACHER. The characters of Punctuation may be written on the blackboard and copied by younger pupils upon their slates, before any attempt is made to teach them their nature or uses. They may be taught the name of each character, and be re­ quired to point it out when named. The teacher can, to a certain Art. 1. What is Punctuation? . Art. 2. How many characters of Punctuation are there ? Write the name and form of each. 6 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION. extent, illustrate, to primary classes, the nature and uses of these characters, by spealnng easy sentences, and causing them to be printed or written upon the slate or blackboard with the correct Punctuation.] ART. 3. Characters of Punctuation are classified as Points, Signs, and References. ART, 4. Points are characters at which the voice in reading is usually suspended or stopped. They are the Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Period, and Dash. Obs. The_ suspension or stopping of the voice is called a pause. Pauses are either grammatical or rhetorical. [To THE TEACHER. In communicating with pupils upon the subject of Punctuation, care should be taken not to confound char­ acters with pauses. The former are, of course, visible points or marks; the latter are suspensions or stoppings of the voice.^ ART. 5. Signs are characters employed without rel erence to the indication of pauses, to point out cer­ tain peculiarities in the construction or arrangement of composition or to serve as guides in reading. These characters are the Ellipsis, Caret, Quotation Points, Brackets, Brace, Index, Asterism, Macron, Breve, Cedil- la, Dieresis, Apostrophe, Hyphen, Tilde, Mark of Ac­ cent, Italic Line, Interrogation Point, Exclamation Point, and Parenthesis. ART. 6. References refer the reader to other parts of composition. They are the Asterisk, Obelisk, Double Obelisk, Section, Parallel, and Paragraph. Remark. As characters of Punctuation are used, primarily, either to indicate the proper relation or arrangement of sentences or parta of sentences, or to point out the proper regulation or management of the voice in reading, they are properly classified as grammatica] and rhetorical, and treated under the heads of, (Chapter) I. Grammatical Punctuation; (Chapter) II. Rhetorical Punctuation. Art. 3. How are the characters of Punctuation classified? Art. 4. What are Points ? Can you give their names ? Art. 5. What are Signs? Can you name them? Art. 6. References refer the reader to what? CHAPTER I.

GRAMMATICAL PUNCTUATION.

ART. 7. Grammatical Punctuation teaches the proper application of grammatical characters to composition.

ART. 8. Grammatical characters are such as are em­ ployed in the grammatical construction of composition. Tliey are the Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Period, Ellipsis, Caret, Quotation Points, Brackets, Brace, Index, Aster­ ism, Asterisk, Obelisk, Double Obelisk, Section, Parallel, Paragraph.

ART. 9. Grammatical characters may be classified as, (SEC) 1. Grammatical Points; (SEC) 2. Grammatical Signs; (SEC) 3. References.

SECTIOK I. OF GRAMMATICAL PoraTS. ART. 10. Grammatical Points are inserted between sentences,—their divisions and combinations, to indicate grammatical relation. They are the Comma, Semicolon, Colon, and Period.

Art. 7. What does Grammatical Punctuation teach? Art. 8. Grammatical characters are such as are employed where ? Can you name them ? Art. 9. How may grammatical characters be classified? Art. 10. Grammatical Points are inserted where?—For what purpose? Can you give their names? 8 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION,

1. OF THE COMMA [,]. ART. 11. The Comma is used to indicate certain re­ lations of the different parts of speech, and also certain relations existing between clauses.

I. RULES FOR THE AppLiOATioiT OE THE COMMA TO PARTS OF SPEECH. RULE I. The Comma applied to Nouns. The Comma is applied to Nouns (a) When in apposition, if modified by other words than the; as, 1. *' Socrates, the great Athenian philosopher, was poisoned." 2. ** But He, our gracious Master, kind as just, Knowing our frame, remembers we are dust." (6) When used independently; as, 1. ** James, come here."—" My/nVnc^s, awake." 2. ^^ Harry, he is dead."—^' The play-wtiters, where are they?" 3. ** Ris father dying, he returned home." (C) When their connectives are understood; as, ** Among the essential virtues are veracity, justice, charity." [Veracity aitcl justice and charity.]

RULE II. The Comma applied to Pronouns. The Comma is applied to Pronouns (a) When in apposition; as, " The boy, he who reads so well, is iU." (b) When used independently; as, 1. "ife that is in the city, famine shall devom' him." 2. '^ He being resolute, they desisted." Art. 11. The Comma is used to indicate what? Rule 1. When is the Comma applied to Nouns ? Can you write examples and apply the Comma according to Rule I. ? Rule II. When is the Comma applied to Pronouns ? Can you write examples and apply the Comma according to the Rule? BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION, ^

RULE 111. The Comma applied to Verbs. The Comma precedes Verbs (a) When their subjects are followed by several words connected with them; as, "The effeH of this universal diftusion of gay and splendid Ught, was wonderful." (6) When their subjects are phrases or sentences of considerable length; as, 1. "To withdraiv from all associations with bad men, is your duty." 2. '^ How far it is right to face temptation, is doubtful." (c) When their subjects are two or more in number, if the connecting word between them is un­ derstood; as, ^^Reason, virtue, answer one great end." [Reason and virtue answer.] Obs. Where the finite verb of a member of a sentence is under­ stood, a Comma is inserted; as, "Reading makes a full man; con­ ference, a ready man." [Makes a ready man.]

RULE IV. The Comma applied to Participles. The Comma is used to set apart Participles wlien they have the import of clauses which do not limit preced­ ing ones; as, "He was firmly bound, owiitg to his former escape." \Which was owing.]

RULE V. The Comma applied to Adjectives. The Comma is used to set apart Adjectives when they

Rule III. When does the Comrna precede Verbs? Write ex­ amples and apply the Comma according to the Rule. Rule IV, When is the Comma used to set apart Participles ? Write an example. Rule V. When is the Comma used to set apart Adjectives ? Write an example. 10 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION.

have the import of clauses which do not limit preced­ ing ones; as, "He was a very active man, able to accomplish much." \And was able.]

RULE VI. The Comma applied to Adverbs. The Comma sets apart Adverbs when they have the import of clauses; as, " We must not, however, pay the price." \lfhe does ask it, pay. | RULE VII. The Comma applied to Prepositions. The Comma sets apart Prepositions and their objecti? when they interrupt the natural connection of parts; as, " They, by continued and well-directed ettbrt,will succeed." [They » win succeed by.^ RULE VIII. The Comma applied to Interjections. The Comma sets apart Interjections when they form a part only of an exclamation; as, "ZfaiZ, holy Hght! offspring of heaven first born."

II. RULES FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE COMMA TO CLAUSES. RULE I. The Comma applied to Unlimited Clauses. The Comma is inserted after a Clause not limited by the one following; as, "JY^ writes beantifnlly, and she reads plainly." Obs. 1. An Unlimited Clause is one which is not modified. Obs. 2. Words having only the import of Unlimited Clauses, if they havje a connective following them understood, are punctuated the same as complete Clauses; as, Rule VI. When does the Comma set apart Adverbs? Write an example. Rule VII. When does the Comma set apart Prepositions and their objects ? Write an example. Rule VIII. When does the Comma set apart Interjections ? Write an example. Rule I. (Clauses.) When a Clause is followed by another not limiting it, what character is inserted between them? Write au example. BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION, H

\. "He was a brave, ^ood man."' 2. "She writes beautifully, neatly, tastefully." \Remark. Some punctuists insert a Comma where a connective is expressed \i a previous one is understood; as, "He can read, write, and cipher."!

RULE II, Tile Comma applied to Limited Clauses. The Comma is inserted after a Limited Clause (a) When it has parts properly separated by the Comma, each of which is equally limited; as, ^^They ivere the PAIKTERS, POETS, and STATESMEN, whom chance has rendered famous.'' (6) When there are two or more Clauses following, each one alike limiting it; as, "We should have respect for the theories of the philosopher, whose judgment is clear, lohose learning is extensive, whose reason­ ing is profound." * Obs. A Clause is hmited when its meaning is modified; as, "Self-denial is a s^cri^ce which virtue must make.'^ In this ex­ ample, " self-denial " is not spoken of as "a sacrifice " in general, but is limited to the one ^^ virtue must make;'' hence, the Comma is omitted after " sacrifice." [. For the use of the Comma as a Grammatical Sign, see Obs. I., under Art. 22.]

2. OF THE SEMICOLON [ ; ]. ART. 12. The Semicolon is inserted between con­ junct members of a sentence; as, 1. " Songs soothe our pains; and age has pains to soothe." 2. " Songs soothe our pains; age has pains to soothe." Obs. Conjunct members of a sentence are such as have connect­ ing words expressed or understood between them. Remark. When the Semicolon is properly inserted, that which precedes it makes complete sense; while the part following it, al­ though distinct from, is, in some way, related to the preceding part, usually explaining or illustrating it.

Rule II. Wh,en is the Comma inserted after a Limited Clause? Can you write an example of each? Art. 12. Where is the Semicolon inserted? Can you write examples? 12 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION

3. OF THE COLON [ : ]. ART. 13. The Colon is inserted between members of a sentence that are not conjunct,—that is, such as have no connecting words expressed or understood between them; as, "Johnson puts the case thus: 'The historian tells what is false or what is true.' " GEI^ERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMMA, SEMICOLON, AND COLON. Obs. 1. When Unlimited Clau^ses have different degrees of dependence, those having the least are separated by the Semicolon, while such as have the closest dependence are separated by the Comma; as, "Eloquence is the clear conception, outrunning the deductions of logic; the high purpose; the firm resolve; the dauntless spirit, speaking on the tongne, beaming from the eye, inform­ ing every feature, and urging the whole man onward, right onward, to his object." Obs. 2. When members of a sentence have different degrees of dependence, those having the closest are separated by the Semicolon, while such as have the least dependence are separated by the Co­ lon; as, " They now heard of the exact acconiplishment of obscure pre­ dictions: of the punishment, over which the justice of heaven had seemed to slumber: of dreams; omens; warnings from the dead." 4. OF THE PERIOD [ . ]. ART. 14. The Period is inserted at the end of every complete sentence which is not interrogative or exclam­ atory; as, " Every deviation from truth is criminal. Abhor a falsehood." [NOTE. For the use of the Period as a Grammatical Sign, see 0&5. II., under Art. 22.] *** Two cliaracters of Punctuation, the Interrogation Point and the Ex­ clamation Point [ ? and ! 1, have, when used, a double office,—one of which is, to fljl the place of the Comma, Semicolon,Colon, or Period; the other, to- indicate inflections of the voice. As the latter is their primary of^ce, they are classed as rehetorical characters and treated of hereafter. See ARTS. 44, 45, 46, and General Observations on the Signs of Inflection which follow the latter. Art. 13. Where is the Colon inserted? Write an example of the proper use of the Colon. Art. 14. The Period is inserted where? Write an example of its proper use. BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION. 13

SECTIOJS" II. OE GRAMMATICAL SIGKS. ART. 15. Grrammatical Signs are characters employ­ ed without reference to the making of grammatical pauses, simply to indicate some peculiarity in the gram­ matical arrangement of a sentence or part of a sentence. They are the Ellipsis, Caret, Quotation Points, Brackets, Brace, Index, Asterism.

I. OF THE ELLIPSIS [ ^ ^ ^, or , or . . . ]. ART. 16. The Ellipsis is inserted where there is an intentional omission; as, 1. "In the days of Joram, * * * flourished the prophet Elisha." [Joram, King of Israel, flourished.] 2. "S—-n, D d, and Mr. , were present." [Simon, D avid, and Mr. i ones, were present.] 3. " He that can please nobody .... nobody can please." [He that can please nobody, is not so much to be pitied as he that nobody can please. J

2. OF THE CARET [A]. ART. 17. The Caret is inserted in manuscript only, to show where there is an accidental omission of a part which has afterward been written above the line; as,

'tj^iandmt a Amm^o/inei. ""^ A

3. OF THE QUOTATION Pl>INTS \^''']. ART. 18. The Quotation Points inclose a quotation or

Art. 15. How are Grammatical Signs employed?—To indicate what? Can you give their names? ^ Art. 16. The Ellipsis is inserted where? Write examples. Art. 17. Where is the Caret inserted ? Can you write an exam­ ple of its proper use ? Art. 18. The Quotation Points inclose what? Write examples of their proper use? When are single points used? 14 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION observation containing the original words complete; as, 1. In his book was this inscription: "God is love." 2. " Come quickly," said he. A quotation or observation within another is inclosed by single points; as, 1. " We read of ' Merry England.' "—Fronde. 2.. " My father said, ' James, come here.' "

4. OF THE BRACKETS, thus [ ]. ART. 19. The Brackets inclose (a) An explanation or correction; as, 1. "The city [Boston] is improving." 2. "Newton [Gallileol invented the telescope." {b) That which is to be explained, or is the subject of a previous explanation; as, 1. " [,j The Comma indicates the shortest pause." 2. "The letter i, when a pronoun, is a capital [I]." {c) That which is inserted to supply a deficiency; as "I'll go to-moiTOw or [next] day."

5. OP THE BRACE, [ ]\ ART. 20. The Brace connects parts with a term to which all have a common relation; as, "cious ] anW^^^a f ^^'^ prououuced shus.'' SCIOUS V ceous ^

6. OF THE INDEX [ 1^=^ ]. ART. 21. The Index is inserted before a part which is very remarkable. It is seldom used in books. Art. 19. What do the Brackets inclose ? Write an example of i ach. Art. 20. What does the Brace connect? Write an example. ' Art. 21. Where is the Index inserted ? BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION. 15

7. OF THE ASTERISM [ V J. ART. 22. The Asterism (Three Stars) is inserted at the beginning of, and to indicate, a note of considerable length which has no reference-mark.

OBSERVATIONS OK THE USE OF THE COMMA AND PERIOD . AS GRAMMATICAL SIGNS. Ohs, I. Of the Comma, (1.) The Comma as a Grammatical Sign, is inserted (being doubled) where a part is intentionally omitted, which is to be sup- pHed from, and to correspond exactly with, the part above; as, "Received on the within, March 5th, 1850, |400. " 20th, " 1800." ^ (2.) The Comma is also inserted as a Grammatical Sign to dis­ tinguish numbers (except dates), into periods of three figures each, for the easy understanding of their value; as, ^' 1,250,600.'' In writing this number in words, omit the . Ohs, II, Of the Period. The Period as a Grammatical Sign, is inserted (a) After Roman Numerals; as, " The passage is in Matthew, II., 4." (&) After pounds in sterling money, and before cents in fed­ eral currency; as, * 1. "£l9.5s. 6d." 2. "$3,000.00." (c) After abbreviations and initial letters; as, 1. "Mr.'^ for "Mister;" "Feb." for "February; "Geo." for "George." 2. " W. C. Bryant;" " W. Irving;" " G. P. R. James."

SECTION. III. OE REFERENCES. ART. 23. References are inserted at a part requiring something explanatory or additional, and are repeated at

Art. 22, The Asterism is inserted where? Art. 23. Where are References inserted ? How many References are there? Can you write the name and form of each? 16 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION, the explanation or addition,—which is usually at the bottom of the page or in the margin, though sometimes at the end of the chapter or book. References are the Asterisk, or Star ( * ), the Obelisk, or Dagger ( f )i Double Obelisk ( % ), Section ( § ), Parallel ( || ), and Paragraph (^). Obs. Letters of the alphabet and numerical characters are fre­ quently used as References. Art. 23. Where are References inserted? Can you write the name and form of each?

QUESTIONS FOR A SECOND OR ADVANCED COURSE. LESSON I. ART, 1. What is Punctuation ? Ohs. The proper application of the various characters of Punctuation, ig determined by what? What is said of the employment of words in composi­ tion? and of the application of the characters of Punctuation ? ART. 2. How many characters of Punctuation are there? Write the name and form of each. ART. 3. How are the characters of Punctuation classified? ART. 4. What are Points.^ What are their names ? Ohs. What is a pause ? There are how many kinds of pauses ? ART. 5. What are Signs? Can you name them? ART. 6. References refer the reader to what? Name them. Bemarlc. Why are characters of Punctuation properly classified as gram matical and rhetorical ? They are treated of under what heads ? ART. 7. What does Grammatical Punctuation teach? ART. 8. Grammatical characters are such as are employed where ? Can you name them? ART. 9. How may Grammatical characters be classified? ART. 10. Grammatical Points are inserted where? For what purpose? They are how many m number? Can you give their names? LESSON II. ART, 11. The Comma is used to indicate what? RULE I. When is the Comma applied to Nouns ? Can you write examples and apply the Comma according to Rule I. ? RULE II. When is the Comma applied to Pronouns? Can you write examples and apply the Comma according to the Rule ? RULE HI. When does the Comma precede Verbs? Write ex­ amples and apply the Comma according to Rule III. Ohs. The Comma is inserted where, in a member of a sentence? BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION. IT

RULE IV. When is the Comma used to set apart Participles? Write an example. RULE V, When is the Comma used to set apart Adjectives? Write an example. RULE VI. When does the Comma set apart Adverbs? Write an example. RULEVIL When does the Comma set aside Prepositions and their objects? Write an example. RULE VIII. When does the Comma set apart Interjections? Can you write an example. ^ RULE I. (CLAUSES). When a Clause is followed by another not limiting it, what character is inserted? Write an example. Ohs. 1. What is an Unlimited Clause? Ohs. 2. What is said of words having only the imjyort of Unlimited Clauses? RULE IL When is the Comma inserted after a Limited Clause? Can you write an example of each? Ohs. When is a Clause limited? ART. 12. Where is the Semicolon inserted? Can you write examples? Ohs. What are conjunct members of a sentence? Bemarlc. When the Semicolon is properly inserted, the part preceeding it makes what? What is said of the part following it? ART. 13. Where is the Colon inserted? Write an example of the proper use of the Colon. GEN. OBS, — Ohs. 1. How are Unlimited Clauses, having different de­ grees of dependence, punctuated? Ohs 2. How are members of a sentence having diflferent degrees of depen­ dence, punctuated? ART. 14. TJie Period is inserted where? Write an example of its proper use. LESSON III. ART. 15. How are Grammatical Signs employed?—Simply to in­ dicate what? Can you give their names? ART. 16. The EUipsis is inserted where? Write examples. ART. 17. Where is the Caret inserted? Can you write an ex­ ample of its proper use? ^ ART. 18. The Quotation Points inclose what? Write examples of their proper use. When are single points used? ART. 19. What does the Brackets inclose? Can you write ex­ amples of the various uses of the Brackets ? ART. 20. What does the Brace connect? Write an example. ART. 21. Where is the Index inserted? ART. 22. The Asterism is-inserted where? Ohs. I. (1.) The Comma as a Grammatical Sign, is inserted where? Write an example. (2.) As a Grammatical Sign, how does the Comma distinguish numbers? Write an esample. Ohs. II. The Period as a Grammatical Sign, is inserted where? Can you write examples and apply the Period as a Grammatical Sign? ART. 23. Where are References inserted? Can you write the name- and form of each ? Ohs. Are letters of the alphabet and numerical characters ever used as References ? 18 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION,

CHAPTER II.

RHETORICAL PUNCTUATION.

ART. 24. Rhetorical Punctuation teaches the proper application of rhetorical characters to composition. ART. 25. Rhetorical characters are such as indicate, primarily, the proper regulation or management of the voice in reading. They are the Dash, Macron, Breve, Cedilla, Dieresis, Apostrophe, Hyphen, Tilde, Mark of Accent, Italic Line, Interrogation Point, Exclamation Point, and Parenthesis. ART. 26. Rhetorical characters may be classified as, (SEC.) 1. The Rhetorical Mark; (SEC.) 2. Rhetorical Signs.

SECTION I. OF THE RHETORICAL MAEK. ART. 27. The Rhetorical Mark is inserted to indicate a rhetorical pause. It is THE DASH [ — J. ART. 28. The Dash is inserted (a) When a thought is continued, slightly changed; as, "It was a second thought—an emendation."

Art. 24. What does Rhetorical Puntuation teach ? Art. 25. What are Rhetorical characters ? Can you name them ? Art. 26. How may Rhetorical characters be classified? Art. 27. The Rhetorical Mark is inserted to indicate what? Can you write its name and form? Art. 28. Wh-ere is the Dash inserted? Can you write examples^ and apply the Dash according to Art. 28 ? BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION. 19

(6) When a part is abruptly broken off; as, "If thou beest he—but 0, how faUenI"

(6) When a part is followed by something unex­ pected; as, **Put out the Hght, and then—^put out the Ught." (c?) When a part commences or terminates ab­ ruptly; as, 1. " * Knowledge is power.'—BACON.'' \This is a quotation from Bacon]. 2. *' PU give.—Of giving, tliere is no end."

SECTIOK II. OF RHETORICAL SIGNS. ART. 29. Rhetorical Signs are characters used to in­ dicate modifications of the voice in reading. ART. 30. Rhetorical Signs may be classified as,

(CLASS) 1. Signs of Articulation; (CLASS) 2. Signs of Pronunciation; (CLASS) 3. The Sign of Accent; (CLASS) 4. The Sign of Emphasis; (CLASS) 5. Signs of Inflection; (CLASS) 6. The Sign of Modulation.

CLASS 1. OF THE SIGNS OF ARTICULATION. ART. 31. The Signs of Articulation are used to indi­ cate certain peculiarities of elementary sounds. They are the Macron, Breve, and Cedilla.

Art. 29. Rhetorical Signs are characters used to indicate what ? Art. 30. How may Rhetorical Signs be classified ? Art. 31. The Signs of Articulation are used to indicate what?. They are how many in number? Can you nain^ them? 20 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION.

1, OF THE MACRON [ "J. ART. 32. The Macron is placed over vowels, to indi­ cate sounds such as are heard in the words "name," "mete,'' "pine," "tone," '4ute;" as, "raven," ahircl; —where the a has the sound heard in " name," usually called the long sound.

2. OF THE BREVE [-J. ART. 33. The Breve is placed over vowels, to indi­ cate sounds such as are heard in the words "hat," "met," *'pin," "lot," "hut;" as, "raven," to devour;—where the a has the sound heard in "hat," usually called the short sound.

3. OF THE CEDILLA [Q]. ART. 34. The Cedilla is placed under the letter c?, to indicate a sound such as is heard in the word "face;" as, " Fa9ade," pronounced " Fa-5ade."

CLASS 2. OF THE SIGN^S OF PRONUNCIATION. ART. 36. The Signs of Pronunciation are used to indicate peculiarities in the utterance of certain syl­ lables or words. They are the Dieresis, Apostrophe, Hyphen, and Tilde.

Art. 32. Over what is the Macron placed?—To indicate what? Can you write an example? Art. 33. The Breve is placed where?—To indicate what? Can you write an example of the proper use of the Breve ? Art. 34. Where is the CediUa placed ?—To indicate what ? Write an example? Art. 35. The Signs of Pronunciation are used to indicate what? Can you name them ? BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION, 21

1. OF THE DIERESIS [••]. AUT. 36. The Dieresis is placed over the latter of two vowels when there is danger of mistaking the pro­ nunciation, to indicate that they do not both belong to the same syllable, and that each has an independent sound; as, "Zoology," pronounced "Zo-ology."

2. OF THE APOSTROPHE [ ' ]. ART. 37. The Apostrophe is used * (a) With the apostrophic s\ to indicate the posses­ sive^ case; as, "This is ii/Zi2;a's book." (6) Without the apostrophic s, to indicate an omis­ sion of one or more letters of a word; as, "Like a worm i' th' bud." [In the bud.] (c) With the apostrophic 5, to indicate the plural of letters, figures, or characters; as, a's, b's; 3's, 4's; +X —'s.

OBSERVATION ON THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE AS A GRAMMATICAL SIGN. The Apostrophe is used as a Grammatical Sign to indicate abbre- vilitions that are not permanent where there is (a) A syncopation; as, "Jan'y" (instead of "Jan.") for "Janifa^y." (&) An omission of one or more letters of a word as redun­ dant; as, "Tho' " (instead of " Tho.") for "Tho^^^/K," The pronunciation, it will be observed, is not affected by the use of the Apostrophe, in such cases.

Art. 36. Where is the Dieresis placed?—To indicate what? Can you write an example? '. Art. 37. Where is the Apostrophe used? Can you write exam­ ples of the use of the Apostrophe, according to Art. 37 ? 22 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION,

li. OF THE HYPHEN [ - J.

ART. 38. The Hyphen is inserted {a) To form a compound word of two words that do not perfectly coalesce; as, " Over-critical;"' " Incense-breathing.''

(5) Between a prefix and an entire word; as, "Co-agent;" "Re-investigate;" "Pro-slavery."

(c) Between syllables of a word, to distinguish them; as, " The word actuary has four syllables: ac-tu-a-ry." (d) Between words of different parts of speech, to combine them into one; as, "Now-a-days;" "Mr. What's-liis-name." (e) Between two words, when the one which natur­ ally/o/to?^s is made io 'precede the other; as, " The verduous walls of paradise i^^-sprung."

(/) Between syllables at the end of a line; as, "Hope, the balm of life, soothes us, it is said, under every m%9 /(^rtune." % 4. OF THE TILDE [S^]

ART. 39. The Tilde is placed over the letter n,^ to in­ dicate that the sound of the following vowel is to be preceeded by that (^f ij; as,. "Caiion," a deep gorge, pro­ nounced " Can-^on."

Art. 38. Where is the Hyphen inserted? Can you write exam­ ples of its various uses ? - Art. 39. Where is the Tilde placed?—To indicate what? Can you write an example of its proper use ? BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION. 23

CLASS 3. OE THE SIGN OE ACCENT. ART. 40. The Sign of Accent is a character used to indicate a particular stress of the voice. It is

THE MARK OF ACCENT [ ^ ]. ART. 41. The Mark of Accent is placed over a syl­ lable, to distinguish it from others of the same word; as, "Lyceum;" "Museum; "Coliseum." Obs. The Mark of Accent is sometimes employed as a Sign of Pronunciation, used over the letter e, in poetry, to show that it must have its full sound; as, " The bruised sea-weed wastes away;"— where the word " bruised " is pronounced in two syllables [NOTE. The Mark of Accent is employed by writers of works on elocution, to indicate inflections of the voice, and is known as acute ( 0? grave (^ ), or circumflex (A or ^), according to the use it sub­ serves. In such cases, it is not, strictly speaking, a character of Punctuation.]

CLASS 4. Or THE SIGN OE EMPHASIS. ART. 42. The Sign of Emphasis is a character used in manuscript to indicate a distinct utterance. It is

THE ITALIC LINE [ J. ART. 43. The Italic Line is drawn under a part spe­ cially significant, which, when printed, is put in Italic letters; as, 1- ''Ofl c/oe4 nol deem AoUt^. (As wiitten.)

2. "It doesnot seem_pos.9iZ>?6." (As printed.)

Art. 40. The Sign of Accent is a character used to indicate what? Can you write its name and form? Art. 41. The Mark of Accent is placed over what?—For what purpose ? Art. 42. Where and for what purpose is the Sign of Emphasis used? Can you write its name and form? Art. 43. The Italic Line is drawn where? How is the un­ derlined part printed? 24 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION,

OBSERVATION ON THE USE OE THE ITALIC LINE AS A GRAMMATICAL SJPGN. The Italic Line as a Grammatical Sign, is drawn under a part in manuscript, (which part imprinted in Italics) simply to ^veit a distin­ guishing appearance ; as, " The letter w is not used m the French language;' where, in manuscript, a line i^ drawn under the w.

CLASS 5. OE THE SIGNS OE INFLECTION. ART. 44. The Signs of Inflection indicate a bending or sliding of the voice upward or downward. They are the Interrogation Point and Exclamation Point.

1. OF THE INTERROGATION POINT [?]• ART. 45. The Interrogation Point is inserted when a question is asked; as, " Can a miser be rich?"

2. OF THE EXCLAMATION POINT [ ! ]. ART. 46. The Exclamation Point is inserted after an exclamation expressing emotion; as, '^ This conduct amazes me!" The character is sometimes repeated to indicate that the exclamation has different degrees of intensity; as, ''Fire! fire !! FIRE !!!"

GENERAL OBSERVATIO:N^S ON THE SIGNS OF INFLECTIOIS Obs. 1. In indicating a bending or sliding of the voice, the Signs* of Inflection do not themselves determine whether it is to be upward or downward: that is indicated by the sense alone. Obs. 2. The Signs of Inflection have a grammatical office in ad­ dition to their uses m indicating a bending or sliding of the voice, be­ ing employed as substitutes for the Comma, Semicolon, Colon, or Period; that is to say, they fill the place of that particular Gram- Art. 44. The Signs of Inflection indicate what? Can you name them? Art. 45. The Interrogation Point is inserted when? Can you write an example? Art. 46. The Exclamation Point is .inserted after wha^.? Write an example. The character is sometimes repeat^^d for wh^^ pur­ pose? Can you write an example. BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION, 25

matical Point which would be inserted if the part preceding it were made declarative and the Interrogation Point or Exclamation Point omitted. Take the following sentences: 1. " Is he honest? Is he faithful?^' 2. "He is dishonest! He is unfaithful!" In these examples, the Interrogation Points and Exclamation Points not only indicate inflections of the voice, but are substitutes for^ Periods, as will be seen by making the sentences declarative, thus: 1. " He is honest. He is faithful." 2. "He is dishonest. He is unfaithful."

CLASS 6. OF THE SIGN OF MODULATION. ART. 47. The Sign of Modulation is a character used to indicate a variation of the voice. It is THE PARENTHESIS [ () ]. ART. 48. The Parenthesis incloses an explanatory part which is incidental to the main part; as, *' To others do ifhe law is not severe) What to thyseK thou wishest to be done." Art. 47. The Sign of Modulation indicates what? Can you write its name and form? Art, 48. What does the Parenthesis inclose? Write an ex­ ample.

QUESTIONS FOR A SECOND OR ADVANCED COURSE.

LESSOK IV. ART. 24 What does Rhetorical Punctuation teach ? ART. 25 What are Rhetorical characters ? Can you name them? ART. 26. How may Rhetorical characters be classified ? ART. 27. The Rhetorical Mark is inserted to indicate what? Can you write its name and form ? ART, 28. Where is the Dash inserted ? Can you write exam­ ples and apply the Dash according to Art. 28 ? ART. 29. Rhetorical Signs are characters used to indicate what? ART. 30. How may Rhetorical Signs be classified? ART. 31. The Signs of Articulation are used to indicate what? Can you name them ? ART. 32. Over what is the Macron placed?—To indicate whatr Can you write an example? 26 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION.

ART. 33. The Breve is placed where?—To indicate what? Can you write an example of the proper use of the Breve ? ART. 34. Where is the Cedilla placed? — To indicate what? Write an example, ART. 35. The Signs of Pronunciation are used to indicate what? Can you name them? ART. 36. Where is the Dieresis placed?—To indicate what? Can you write an example? ART. 37. Where is the Apostrophe used?—Can you write exam­ ples of the various uses of the Apostrophe? Obs. When is the Apostrophe used as a Grammatical .Sign? Write examples. ART. 38. Where is the Hyphen inserted? Can you write exam­ ples of its various uses ? ART. 39. Where is the Tilde placed?—To indicate what? Write an example.

LESSON V. ART. 40. The Sign of Accent is a character used to indicate what? Can you write its name and form? ART. 41. The Mark of Accent is placed over what?—For what purpose? Obs. When is it used as a Sign of Pronunciation? Write an ex­ ample. ART. 42. Where and for what purpose is the Sign of Emphasis used? Can you write its name and form? ART. 43. The Italic Line is drawn where? How is the under­ lined part printed? _ Obs. For what purpose is the Italic Line used as a Grammatical Sign? Write an example. ART. 44, The Signs of Inflection indicate what? Can you name them? ART. 45. The Interrogation Point is inserted when ? Can you write an example ? ART. 46. The Exclamation Point is inserted after what? Write an example. When is the character repeated? Give an example. GEN. OBS.—Obs. 1. What determines the upward or down­ ward shde of the voice? Obs. 2. Have the Signs of Inflection a grammatical office? They are used as substitutes for what characters ? Can you explain this farther? ART. 47. The Sign of Modulation indicates what? Can you write its name and form? ART, 48, What does the Parenthesis inclose ? Write an ex­ ample. PART 11.

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE CHARACTERS OF PUNCTUATION.

1. Hope the balm of life soothes ns nnder every misfortune 2. Companion of my toils let ns hope to the end 3. Our fathers where are they 4. The time of youth being precious we should devote it to purposes of improvement 5. He that was conqueror he also fell 6. He having arrived they all started on their jour ney 7. How dearly it remembered the parent island i& told by the English names of its towns 8. Entreaty persuasion were employed by them 9. They seeing no chance desisted from their un dertaking 10. The mother happy in attending to her chil dren desired no change 11. However providence saw fit to cross our de signs 12. For in such retirement the soul is strengthened 13. Lo earth receives him from the bending skies 14. They are gone but the remembrance of them, is sweet 15. Modesty is one of the chief ornaments of youth and it has ever been esteemed a presage of rising merit 28 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION.

16. The scriptures give us an amiable representa tion of Diety in these words God is love 17. Let your words be ingenuous Sincerity pos messes the most powerful charm 18. One virtuous disposition of soul is preferable to the greatest accomplishments and abilities and of more value than all the treasures of the world 19. The letter was received on the twenty fourth day of Nov It was written on the 12th of Jan y A D 1829 20. Death is swallowed up in victory 0 Death where is thy sting 0 Grave where is thy victory 21. Contrasted faults through all his manners reign Though poor luxurious though submissive vain Though grave yet trifling zealous yet untrue And e en in penance planning sins anew 22. 0 liberty 0 sound once delightful to every Eoman ear 0 sacred privilege of Roman citizenship once sacred now trampled upon Cicero 23. The muses fair-these peaceful shades among With skillful fingers sweep the trembling strings 24. He that chastiseth the heathen shall not He correct He that teacheth man knowledge shall noi He know 25. 0 let me gaze Of gazing there is no end 0 let me think Thought too is wildered here 26. Wealth brings ease ease indulgence indulgence disease 27. Friendship is not a source of pleasure only it is also a source of duty and of the responsibility it imposes we should never be unmindful 28. The first sentence with which he broke the awful silence was a quotation from Rosseau Socrates died like a philosopher but Jesus Christ like a God 29. Art thou poor show thyself active and in BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION, 29- dustrious peaceable and contented Art thou wealthy show thyself beneficent and charitable condescending and humane 30. Between the two propositions that the gospel is true and that it is false what a fearful chasm The- unsettled reason hovers over it in dismay 31. Who does the best his circumstance allows Does well acts nobly angels could no more 32. And there will I nourish thee for yet there are five years of famine lest thee and thy household and all that thou hast come to poverty 33. But thou 0 Hope with eyes so fair What was thy delighted measure 34. Frankness suavity tenderness and benevo­ lence were his prominent characteristics 35. Behold what fire is in his eye what fervor on his cheek 36. One may have a considerable degree of taste in poetry eloquence or any of the fine arts who has lit or no genius for composition or execution in any of these arts but genius cannot be found without in eluding taste also 37. Truth is the basis of every virtue and its pre cepts should be religiously obeyed 38. We read in the Hist of Eng that Charles I was the son of James I 39. He suffered but his pangs are o er Enjoyed but his delights are fled Had friends his friends are now no more And foes his foes are dead 40. In Numbers it is predicted that Israel shall wander in the wilderness forty years 41. Monk s hood is a familiar plant but a monk s hood is the head covering of a monk 42. The king gave me a generous reward for com 30 BUTTERFIELD'S PUNCTUATION. mitting that barbarous act but alas I fear the conse quences. 43. Does nature bear a tyrant s breast Is she the friend of stern control 44. But on other occasions this were improper for what is the use of melody or for what end has the poet composed in verse if in reading his lines we suppress his numbers and degrade them by our pro nunciation into mere verse 45. With heads declined ye cedars homage pay Be smooth ye rocks ye rapid floods give way 46. In short my genius which is a short word now a days for what a great man am I was absolutely stifled with its own riches 47. But the harmony What could it less when spirits immortal sing Suspended hell 48. Industry good sense and virtue are as a gen eral thing essential to health wealth and happiness 49. The letter o when an interjection is made a capital 0 50. Tho the heavens and the earth pass away truth shall live forever 51. Yes he certainly is a very learned man 52. Why For me your watery haunt forsake 53. Have you read the last speech of H Clay sei? ator from Kentucky 54. The letter reed the 2nd ult was dated Aug IAD 1830 55. Green river flows through a deep canon 56. Ill live to morrow will a wise man say 57. The aeronaut ascended above the clouds TYPOGRAPHICAL MARKS

^^ I THOUGH severe^l differing opinions exist as to / / 2 o) the individual by wj(om the art of printing was / first discovered; yet all authorities concur in admitting Peter SchoefFer to be the persons q^ who invented cast metal types, having learned ^ ^ the art -ef- of cutting the letters from the Gut- ^'1 enbergsj he is also supposed to have been 6^ the first whoengraved on copper plates, TheY-/ following testimony is preseved in the family, ^ / 9^^ by^^^Jo.^^Fred. Faustus,^j3f^^^Ascheffenburg: n^^|~~ \^] >*hi Petes master SchoefFerr Faust,s designof Gernsheim, and bein, gperceivin himselfg tS^ ^a^64, ^2^^^ rdesirous\ardentiY) to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting (incidendi) the characters ^/^^, in a matrix, that the letters might easily be ^// singly cast I instead of bieng cut He pri-^^^^'/ ^^1 vately cut matrices] for the whole alphabet: A 15 Faust was so pleased with the contrivanp^ /that he promised Teeter to give him hi^^nly Uf/. le /(Xr^nghter Christina in marriage, aXpromise 3 r^ y^ /^^ich he soon after performed^A^ . jg ' ^^ / (TBut there were many dij^fculties at first na \ •with these letters, 'as th^ had been before with wooden ones, t; metal being too soft ^ ^^^/^ ' + t+o support the fop<^ of the inTpression: but 9 '"^ / this defect wsts soon remedied, by mixing 3 Xi 1 Yi a substanp^with the metal which sufficiently ^, *o hardeji^ it/ (cmcC ^(/ne7^ ne d-nomea ncd- madlet ^ne

tellezd cadi ffiam Ine^e TyzuhcceA. EXEMPL IFIED.

THOUGH several differing opinions exist as to the individual by whom the art of printing was first discovered; yet all authorities concur in admitting PETER SCHOEFFER to be the person who invented cast metal types, having learned the art of cutting the letters from the Gutenbergs: he is also supposed to have been the first who engraved on copper-plates. The following testimony is preserved in the family, by Jo. Fred. Faustus, of AschefFenburg: ' PETER SCHOEFFER, of Gernsheim, perceiv­ ing his master Faustus design, and being him­ self ardently desirous to improve the art, found out (by the good providence of God) the method of cutting [incidendi) the characters in a matrix, that the letters might easily be singly cast, instead of being cut. He privately cut matrices for the whole alphabet: and when he showed his master the letters cast from these matrices, Faust was so pleased with the con­ trivance, that he promised Peter to give him his only daughter Christina in marriage, a promise which he soon after performed. But there were as many difficulties at first with these letters, as there had been before with wooden ones, the metal being too soft to sup­ port the force of the impression: but this defect was soon remedied, by mixing the metal with a substance which sufficiently hardened it.' [CONTINUED FROM SECOND PAGE OF COVER.] Hosea Barns's Class Cards, - - - each, 1 ct. The best plan for those who use daily markings. ig®="Samples free; per hundred, 75 cents. Pres. A. Salisbury's Orthoepy and Phonolog'y, 50 cts. An excellent little text-book. Dr. Charles H. Richards' Catechism for little Children, - - - - per hundred, -.00. Used extensively for infant classes, in Sunday Schools. Very plain and simple. Practical rather than doctrinal. Sample sent free on application, A. 0. Wrig-ht's American Constitutions, $1.00. Rev. Charles Caverno on Divorce, - - - $1.00. Midland School Dialog^ues, - - per dozen, 25 cts. No. I. Tied to Mother's Apron Strings. No. 2. The Gold Pen. Memory Gems, ------50 cts. A very fine arrangement for general exercises in liter­ ature. ^^^'Samples sent to teachers for examination for 40 cents. Bishop Fallows' Synonyms and Antonyms, - l.OO. This is a very complete dictionary of this subject. Scarcely anj^ books give the antonyms, or words of op­ posite meaning, while many, including the dictionaries, give the synonyms, or words of similar meaning. This book also contains a dictionarj' of Americanisms and Briticisms, of colloquial phrases, of foreign phrases, of Homonyms and homophonous words, ot classical quo­ tations, etc. Much of the matter contained in this book is not found in the great dictionaries. It is indispensa- able as a book of reference. Walker's Physiology, - 1.50. The best text-book of Physiology for high schools published. For scientific accuracy it is far su­ perior to most similar works. 4®*We are Western agents for the book, and will send e copy by mail for examination to any high schoolteacher for SI. Civil fiovernment in the United States.

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