Full-Length paper Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 (287-307) 287

Historical Aspects of Milk Consumption in South, Southeast, and East Asia

Rajendra Prasad

Ex-ICAR National Professor, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India (6695 Meghan Rose Way, East Amherst, NY 14051, USA (email: [email protected])

Date of acceptance: 10 June 2017

Abstract Man has been using the milk of several animals, such as goat, sheep, cow, buffalo, horse, camel and donkey in different regions of the world since times immemorial. From the South, Southeast and East Asian viewpoint, cow, buffalo and goat milk are the most important. The contents of protein, fat, lactose and minerals differ considerably in milk from different animals. The per capita consumption of milk in Southeast and East Asia is very low and one of the reasons ascribed for this is high lactose intolerance in ethnic groups present in these regions. However, there are indications that continued use of milk and living near dairy farms can lead to lower lactose tolerance. Also milk products, such as, cheese and yogurt can be taken, without concern for lactose. Low consumption of milk has been held to be partly responsible for low male heights in this region. Currently, there is considerable global interest in the use of dairy proteins as supplements to improve metabolic health in humans and this should attract the attention of the people in South, Southeast and East Asia. With the establishment of Asian Dairy Network (DAN) in 2012, a good progress has been made in increasing the consumption of milk in Southeast and East Asia but it is still very low compared to other regions of the world. India has made commendable progress in dairy development and has emerged as the world's largest producer of milk, yet the per capita milk consumption is much lower than the average of the developed countries and it exports only 4% of its total produce. Indians used to be the major milk producers in Southeast Asia during 18th and 19 th Century and it is high time that India seriously explores the ways and means of playing the key role in augmenting milk production and consumption in Southeast and East Asia. It has the advantage of being nearest to the region and of ethnic connectivity. Can India make the history repeat itself in its contribution towards milk production and consumption in Southeast and East Asia? Milk is nature's complete food, with which the infants (Ip et al., 2007; Dietrich et al., all humans start their life. Medical research 2013). No wonder, World Health has proved that mother's milk is the best for Organization (WHO, 2011) recommends 288 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 289 that children are breastfed for at least six neighboring countries, namely, largest producer of buffalo milk in the months after birth and partly breastfed up Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Milk is nature's complete food, world. According to FAO Statistics, in to 2 years, supplemented with external Pakistan, and United Arab Republic. with which all humans start their 2013, 102 million metric tons (MMT) of milk and other soft foods. Thus milk from life. Medical research has proved buffalo milk was produced in the world, of different animals has a major role in the Domestication of animals that mother's milk is the best for which India produced the most 70 MMT bringing up of young toddlers and their producing milk the infants. No wonder, WHO [68.6% of world production (WP) i.e. future health. Each 100g of cow's milk It is well known that to begin with man was (2011) recommends that children about two-thirds] and was followed by contains about 3-4g high quality protein, 4- a hunter and gatherer (McDougall, 2005). are breastfed for at least six Pakistan (24.1 MMT; 25.2% WP), China 5g sugar and 3-5g of fat including 0.1g of In his hunting trips, the early man months after birth and partly (3.0 MMT; 3% WP) Nepal (1.2 MMT; discovered that some animals, such as Omega-3 fats. About 20-28 % of the breastfed up to 2 years, 1.2%WP), Myanmar (0.2 MMT; 0.2%WP) sheep, goats, cattle etc. moved in herds and protein requirement of humans in the supplemented with external milk and Vietnam (0.03 MMT; 0.03%WP) western countries is met by milk and dairy were easy to chase, hunt and raise. He (FAO, 2013). started domesticating and raising them as a and other soft foods. Thus milk products (Smit et al, 1999; Vissers et al., Sheep (Ovis aries) . The sheep was pastoral society for meat and skin from different animals has a 2011). Milk also supplies vitamins domesticated in Mesopotamia (present (Hayden, 2009; Prasad et al., 2016a). Since major role in the bringing up of B1(Thiamin) and B2 (Riboavin) and is a Iraq and neighbouring countries) during all such animal females produced milk for young toddlers and their future rich source of calcium, which is 15,000 to 13,000 BC (Ensminger and their newborns, men also started exploiting health. essentialfor the formation of bones (Hess Parker, 1986) for meat, skin and milk. them for milk for their own use. Humans and Slavin, 2016). Milk has been an Wooly sheep were evolved in Iran about have used and are using the milk of cows, important component of Indian diet since 10,000 BC (Weaver, 2005). Sheep milk is buffaloes (generally referred to as water largest producer of cow milk, producing Vedic period (1500-500 BC; AAHF-C mostly produced in Europe and nearby buffaloes), goats, sheep, camels, horses, 91.27 million metric tons (MMT), 8000 BC), since the Indo-Aryans were a Mediterranean countries. In 2012, 10.1 donkeys, camels, and yaks, depending followed by India producing 60.6 MMT pastoral society (O'Conner, 1993; Basham, million metric tons of sheep milk was upon the region, where they were/are (FAO, 2013). 2008; Anthony, 2010). produced, which was only 1.3 % of the abundant. Susruta, the ancient Indian Thanks to the sincere and devoted efforts of Buffalo or Water buffalo (Bubalis spp). total milk production in the world physician, mentioned the use of cow, World Food Prize Laureate Dr Verghese There are two extant types, namely, 'River (Sheep101.info via internet) buffalo, goat, and sheep milk in India Kurien, which led to the 'White Revolution' bu ffa l o ' ( Bubalus arnee bublis ) (Sarkar et al., 2015). A brief description of domesticated in India about 5,000 - 3,000 Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus). The goat in India and made it the largest producer of was domesticated in Iran about 12,000 BC th domestication of milk producing animals the milk in the world by the end of the 20 BC and 'Swamp buffalo' (Bubalis arnee in different regions follows. carabenesis) domesticated in China about (Maisels, 1999; Naderi et al., 2008) for Century; surpassing even USA (Kurien, meat, milk and skin. In 2013, 17.8 MMT of Cattle (Bos taurus). Cattle were 4,000-2,000 BC (Cockrill, 1974; Kumar et 2005). The milk production in India goat milk was produced, which was 2.4% increased from a mere 17 million metric domesticated in Turkey about 12,500 BC al., 2007; Yang et al., 2008). River tons (MMT) in 1950-51 (GOI, 2002) to (Wilson and Reeder, 2005; Bollongino et buffaloes prefer deep waters, while swamp 146 MMT [equivalent to 490,000 metric al., 2012). From there they spread buffaloes prefer to wallow in mudholes, Milk has been an important tons (MT) of NFDM (non- fat dry milk)] in westward to other European countries and which they make by their horns. Buffalo component of Indian diet since 2014-15 (USDA, 2016). However, bulk of eastward to the Indian sub-continent. Why has been used in paddy cultivation and for Vedic period (1500-500 BC; India's milk produce is consumed within they did not spread further to Southeast and transporting farm produce in Southeast AAHF-C 8000 BC), since the Asian countries since long; why it was not the country and only 20,000 MT of NFDM East Asia is not clearly understood. Cows Indo-Aryans were a pastoral used much for producing milk in those ( a mere 4% of the total production) was contribute more than 80% of the total milk society. exported during 2015-16, mostly to produced in the world and USA is the countries is not understood. India is the 288 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 289 that children are breastfed for at least six neighboring countries, namely, largest producer of buffalo milk in the months after birth and partly breastfed up Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Milk is nature's complete food, world. According to FAO Statistics, in to 2 years, supplemented with external Pakistan, and United Arab Republic. with which all humans start their 2013, 102 million metric tons (MMT) of milk and other soft foods. Thus milk from life. Medical research has proved buffalo milk was produced in the world, of different animals has a major role in the Domestication of animals that mother's milk is the best for which India produced the most 70 MMT bringing up of young toddlers and their producing milk the infants. No wonder, WHO [68.6% of world production (WP) i.e. future health. Each 100g of cow's milk It is well known that to begin with man was (2011) recommends that children about two-thirds] and was followed by contains about 3-4g high quality protein, 4- a hunter and gatherer (McDougall, 2005). are breastfed for at least six Pakistan (24.1 MMT; 25.2% WP), China 5g sugar and 3-5g of fat including 0.1g of In his hunting trips, the early man months after birth and partly (3.0 MMT; 3% WP) Nepal (1.2 MMT; discovered that some animals, such as Omega-3 fats. About 20-28 % of the breastfed up to 2 years, 1.2%WP), Myanmar (0.2 MMT; 0.2%WP) sheep, goats, cattle etc. moved in herds and protein requirement of humans in the supplemented with external milk and Vietnam (0.03 MMT; 0.03%WP) western countries is met by milk and dairy were easy to chase, hunt and raise. He (FAO, 2013). started domesticating and raising them as a and other soft foods. Thus milk products (Smit et al, 1999; Vissers et al., Sheep (Ovis aries) . The sheep was pastoral society for meat and skin from different animals has a 2011). Milk also supplies vitamins domesticated in Mesopotamia (present (Hayden, 2009; Prasad et al., 2016a). Since major role in the bringing up of B1(Thiamin) and B2 (Riboavin) and is a Iraq and neighbouring countries) during all such animal females produced milk for young toddlers and their future rich source of calcium, which is 15,000 to 13,000 BC (Ensminger and their newborns, men also started exploiting health. essentialfor the formation of bones (Hess Parker, 1986) for meat, skin and milk. them for milk for their own use. Humans and Slavin, 2016). Milk has been an Wooly sheep were evolved in Iran about have used and are using the milk of cows, important component of Indian diet since 10,000 BC (Weaver, 2005). Sheep milk is buffaloes (generally referred to as water largest producer of cow milk, producing Vedic period (1500-500 BC; AAHF-C mostly produced in Europe and nearby buffaloes), goats, sheep, camels, horses, 91.27 million metric tons (MMT), 8000 BC), since the Indo-Aryans were a Mediterranean countries. In 2012, 10.1 donkeys, camels, and yaks, depending followed by India producing 60.6 MMT pastoral society (O'Conner, 1993; Basham, million metric tons of sheep milk was upon the region, where they were/are (FAO, 2013). 2008; Anthony, 2010). produced, which was only 1.3 % of the abundant. Susruta, the ancient Indian Thanks to the sincere and devoted efforts of Buffalo or Water buffalo (Bubalis spp). total milk production in the world physician, mentioned the use of cow, World Food Prize Laureate Dr Verghese There are two extant types, namely, 'River (Sheep101.info via internet) buffalo, goat, and sheep milk in India Kurien, which led to the 'White Revolution' bu ffa l o ' ( Bubalus arnee bublis ) (Sarkar et al., 2015). A brief description of domesticated in India about 5,000 - 3,000 Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus). The goat in India and made it the largest producer of was domesticated in Iran about 12,000 BC th domestication of milk producing animals the milk in the world by the end of the 20 BC and 'Swamp buffalo' (Bubalis arnee in different regions follows. carabenesis) domesticated in China about (Maisels, 1999; Naderi et al., 2008) for Century; surpassing even USA (Kurien, meat, milk and skin. In 2013, 17.8 MMT of Cattle (Bos taurus). Cattle were 4,000-2,000 BC (Cockrill, 1974; Kumar et 2005). The milk production in India goat milk was produced, which was 2.4% increased from a mere 17 million metric domesticated in Turkey about 12,500 BC al., 2007; Yang et al., 2008). River tons (MMT) in 1950-51 (GOI, 2002) to (Wilson and Reeder, 2005; Bollongino et buffaloes prefer deep waters, while swamp 146 MMT [equivalent to 490,000 metric al., 2012). From there they spread buffaloes prefer to wallow in mudholes, Milk has been an important tons (MT) of NFDM (non- fat dry milk)] in westward to other European countries and which they make by their horns. Buffalo component of Indian diet since 2014-15 (USDA, 2016). However, bulk of eastward to the Indian sub-continent. Why has been used in paddy cultivation and for Vedic period (1500-500 BC; India's milk produce is consumed within they did not spread further to Southeast and transporting farm produce in Southeast AAHF-C 8000 BC), since the Asian countries since long; why it was not the country and only 20,000 MT of NFDM East Asia is not clearly understood. Cows Indo-Aryans were a pastoral used much for producing milk in those ( a mere 4% of the total production) was contribute more than 80% of the total milk society. exported during 2015-16, mostly to produced in the world and USA is the countries is not understood. India is the 290 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 291 of the total world milk production. India is Africa started about 3,000 BC and later it Lactose content is fairly high in human Goat milk has the lowest lactose content the largest producer of goat milk; roughly shifted to Mesopotamia in 1800 BC milk, which is mainly responsible for and is fairly rich in protein and has been about 22% of the world production (Aziz, (Rossel et al., 2008). Donkeys were priced problems such as boating, nausea, and traditionally used as the rst milk during 2010). Goat hide has been used since possession in Egypt during 2,675-2,565 cramps in the stomach in persons not weaning period of children. Goat milk is ancient time for transporting water and BC. China has probably the largest number producing enough lactase. Donkey and claimed to have anti-inammatory and wine. Persons carrying water in goat hides of donkeys (Kugler et al., 2008). horse (mare) milks have also high lactose metabolism and immune boosting are known as 'bhistis' in India. Horse (Equus feruscaballus or E. content. This could be one reason, why properties. Nevertheless, a number of Camel (Camelu spp). There are two kinds cabalus). The horse was domesticated in horse milk is consumed generally after reports have described a host of of camel. The 'Dromedary camel' (the Kazakhstan about 6,000 BC (Outram et al., fermentation, and the drink is called morbidities associated with the use of goat single hump camel of Arabia) (Camelus 2009). Russian and many nomads in the 'Kumis' (Zedar, 2006). milk for young children, including severe dromedarius) was domesticated in European steppes use horse milk. Dry In general, buffalo and sheep milk are electrolyte abnormalities, metabolic Somalia and Southern Arabia around 3,000 powdered horse milk is available from richest in fat, ash, total dry matter and acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, allergic BC (Bulliet, 1990; Scarre, 1993), while Germany, France, and Italy (Park and energy. In India, the general fat content in reactions including life-threatening 'Bactrian camel' (the two hump camel of Haenlein, 2008). buffalo milk is 6.17 -7.43 % (Misra et al., anaphylactic shock, hemolytic uremic Central Asia Camelus bacteranus) was 2008) as compared to 3.6-5.5% in cow syndrome, and infections (Basnet et al., Yak (Bos grunniers). The yak is of cattle 2010). domesticated in Central Asia around 2,500 family (Bos) and is found throughout the milk (Abraham and Gayathri, 2015). The BC (Mukasa-Mugerwa,1981). Camel milk Himalayan region of South-central Asia, protein content in buffalo milk could be Horse milk is rich in whey proteins, poly- is a staple food for desert nomadic tribes. In the Tibetan Plateau and as far north as 3.87-4.03 % as compared to 3.1-3.3 % in unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C (Park 2013, 2.8 MMT of camel milk was Mongolia and Russia. The major yak belt is cow milk. Thus in general buffalo milk has and Haenlein, 2008). Donkey milk (also produced in the world. Ethiopia is the fairly high in altitude and is referred to as more nutrients than cow milk. The fat in known as equid or jenny milk) has been largest producer of camel milk at 1.1 MMT 'Roof of the World'. Yak is reported to have buffalo milk has, however, slightly higher used for overcoming some of the children's (39.3 % of WP), followed by Kenya at 0.94 been domesticated by Qiang people, who levels of saturated fatty acids, but the ailments and for skin care and making the MMT (33.6 % of WP) (FAO, 2013). India lived as early as 30,000 years ago in the casein in it has larger micelles and is richer cosmetics (Salimei and Fantz, 2012; has just made a beginning and the rst Qunghai-Tibetan Plateau region. However, in minerals (Abd El-Salam and El-Shibiny, Cosentino et al., 2013, 2015). Also in many micro camel milk dairy 'Kumbhalgarh most domestication and use of yak milk 2011). African countries donkey's milk is the only Camel Dairy' was established near began 2,800-2,300 BC (Phillips et al., Ranakpur in Pali district of Rajasthan in 1946; Yanwen, 1979). Table 1. Organic constituents (mg/100g) and energy (kJ/100g) of different milks. 2015 (via internet). Recently 'Gujarat Co- operative Milk Marketing Federation Organic constituents of milk Species TDM Fat Protein Lactose Ash Energy 1 (GCMMF) has obtained permission of the from different animals vis-à-vis Human 10-13 2.1-4.0 0.9-1.9 6.3-7.0 0.2-0.3 270-209 1 Food Safety & Standards Authority of human milk Horse 9-12 0.4-7.2 1.3-2.0 6.0-7.2 0.3-0.5 109-210 Donkey1 8-12 0.3-1.8 1.4-2.0 5.8-7.4 0.3-0.5 160-180 India (FSSAI) for collecting camel milk in The major organic components (protein, Buffalo1 16-17 5.3-15.0 2.7-4.7 3.2-4.9 0.8-0.9 420-480 Kutch area of Gujarat and marketing it. fat, sugar) of milk from different animals Cow1 12-13 3.3-6.4 3.0-4.0 4.4-5.6 0.7-0.8 270-280 Donkey (Equus africansasium). The vary considerably depending upon breed, Goat1 12-16 3.0-7.2 3.0-5.2 3.2-4.5 0.7-0.9 280-290 donkey was domesticated in Nubia and region and feeds and forages. Some data Sheep1 18-20 4.9-9.0 4.5-7.0 4.1-5.9 0.8-1.0 410-440 Somalia probably much before the including human milk are provided in Camel2 11-14 3.6-4.9 3.0-3.7 4.4-5.1 0.7-0.8 na domestication of cattle (Kimura et al., table1. The comments made here are of a Yak 3 17.8 4.3 3.4 4.7 0.8 na 2011) although their organized breeding in very general nature. Sources : 1. Gantner et al (2015); 2, Sawaya et al (1984); Indra (1997); na = not available 290 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 291 of the total world milk production. India is Africa started about 3,000 BC and later it Lactose content is fairly high in human Goat milk has the lowest lactose content the largest producer of goat milk; roughly shifted to Mesopotamia in 1800 BC milk, which is mainly responsible for and is fairly rich in protein and has been about 22% of the world production (Aziz, (Rossel et al., 2008). Donkeys were priced problems such as boating, nausea, and traditionally used as the rst milk during 2010). Goat hide has been used since possession in Egypt during 2,675-2,565 cramps in the stomach in persons not weaning period of children. Goat milk is ancient time for transporting water and BC. China has probably the largest number producing enough lactase. Donkey and claimed to have anti-inammatory and wine. Persons carrying water in goat hides of donkeys (Kugler et al., 2008). horse (mare) milks have also high lactose metabolism and immune boosting are known as 'bhistis' in India. Horse (Equus feruscaballus or E. content. This could be one reason, why properties. Nevertheless, a number of Camel (Camelu spp). There are two kinds cabalus). The horse was domesticated in horse milk is consumed generally after reports have described a host of of camel. The 'Dromedary camel' (the Kazakhstan about 6,000 BC (Outram et al., fermentation, and the drink is called morbidities associated with the use of goat single hump camel of Arabia) (Camelus 2009). Russian and many nomads in the 'Kumis' (Zedar, 2006). milk for young children, including severe dromedarius) was domesticated in European steppes use horse milk. Dry In general, buffalo and sheep milk are electrolyte abnormalities, metabolic Somalia and Southern Arabia around 3,000 powdered horse milk is available from richest in fat, ash, total dry matter and acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, allergic BC (Bulliet, 1990; Scarre, 1993), while Germany, France, and Italy (Park and energy. In India, the general fat content in reactions including life-threatening 'Bactrian camel' (the two hump camel of Haenlein, 2008). buffalo milk is 6.17 -7.43 % (Misra et al., anaphylactic shock, hemolytic uremic Central Asia Camelus bacteranus) was 2008) as compared to 3.6-5.5% in cow syndrome, and infections (Basnet et al., Yak (Bos grunniers). The yak is of cattle 2010). domesticated in Central Asia around 2,500 family (Bos) and is found throughout the milk (Abraham and Gayathri, 2015). The BC (Mukasa-Mugerwa,1981). Camel milk Himalayan region of South-central Asia, protein content in buffalo milk could be Horse milk is rich in whey proteins, poly- is a staple food for desert nomadic tribes. In the Tibetan Plateau and as far north as 3.87-4.03 % as compared to 3.1-3.3 % in unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C (Park 2013, 2.8 MMT of camel milk was Mongolia and Russia. The major yak belt is cow milk. Thus in general buffalo milk has and Haenlein, 2008). Donkey milk (also produced in the world. Ethiopia is the fairly high in altitude and is referred to as more nutrients than cow milk. The fat in known as equid or jenny milk) has been largest producer of camel milk at 1.1 MMT 'Roof of the World'. Yak is reported to have buffalo milk has, however, slightly higher used for overcoming some of the children's (39.3 % of WP), followed by Kenya at 0.94 been domesticated by Qiang people, who levels of saturated fatty acids, but the ailments and for skin care and making the MMT (33.6 % of WP) (FAO, 2013). India lived as early as 30,000 years ago in the casein in it has larger micelles and is richer cosmetics (Salimei and Fantz, 2012; has just made a beginning and the rst Qunghai-Tibetan Plateau region. However, in minerals (Abd El-Salam and El-Shibiny, Cosentino et al., 2013, 2015). Also in many micro camel milk dairy 'Kumbhalgarh most domestication and use of yak milk 2011). African countries donkey's milk is the only Camel Dairy' was established near began 2,800-2,300 BC (Phillips et al., Ranakpur in Pali district of Rajasthan in 1946; Yanwen, 1979). Table 1. Organic constituents (mg/100g) and energy (kJ/100g) of different milks. 2015 (via internet). Recently 'Gujarat Co- operative Milk Marketing Federation Organic constituents of milk Species TDM Fat Protein Lactose Ash Energy 1 (GCMMF) has obtained permission of the from different animals vis-à-vis Human 10-13 2.1-4.0 0.9-1.9 6.3-7.0 0.2-0.3 270-209 1 Food Safety & Standards Authority of human milk Horse 9-12 0.4-7.2 1.3-2.0 6.0-7.2 0.3-0.5 109-210 Donkey1 8-12 0.3-1.8 1.4-2.0 5.8-7.4 0.3-0.5 160-180 India (FSSAI) for collecting camel milk in The major organic components (protein, Buffalo1 16-17 5.3-15.0 2.7-4.7 3.2-4.9 0.8-0.9 420-480 Kutch area of Gujarat and marketing it. fat, sugar) of milk from different animals Cow1 12-13 3.3-6.4 3.0-4.0 4.4-5.6 0.7-0.8 270-280 Donkey (Equus africansasium). The vary considerably depending upon breed, Goat1 12-16 3.0-7.2 3.0-5.2 3.2-4.5 0.7-0.9 280-290 donkey was domesticated in Nubia and region and feeds and forages. Some data Sheep1 18-20 4.9-9.0 4.5-7.0 4.1-5.9 0.8-1.0 410-440 Somalia probably much before the including human milk are provided in Camel2 11-14 3.6-4.9 3.0-3.7 4.4-5.1 0.7-0.8 na domestication of cattle (Kimura et al., table1. The comments made here are of a Yak 3 17.8 4.3 3.4 4.7 0.8 na 2011) although their organized breeding in very general nature. Sources : 1. Gantner et al (2015); 2, Sawaya et al (1984); Indra (1997); na = not available 292 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 293

Camel milk is the only milk As per the data in table 2, human milk has In general, buffalo and sheep milk Despite being the largest milk available in desert countries and is the lowest amounts of minerals. Buffalo are richest in fat, ash, total dry milk has the highest Ca and P content, producer, the per capita the staple. In India, camel milk is matter and energy. In India, the much higher than cow's milk. Thus for consumption of milk in India in considered good for autistic and general fat content in buffalo milk growing children buffalo milk is better 2000 AD was only 79kg/year as diabetic persons and Adik Foods is is 6.17 -7.43 % as compared to 3.6- than cow's milk from the viewpoint of bone compared to the European Union marketing it. 5.5% in cow milk. health and development. Muelhoff et al average of 496 kg/year and United (2013) reported following values for Ca States of America's average of low bone density. Osteoporosis increases (mg/100g) for different milks: buffalo 147- 287kg/year. milk available for human consumption and the chances of hip fracture, especially in 220 (average 191), sheep 170-207 (average is considered good and safe (Ianco et al., post-menopausal women (Alami et al., 190), goat 100-134 (average 118), and cow 91-120 (average 112), indicating the 1992; Guo et al., 2007). 2016). Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are of 496 kg/year and United States of involved in the body's electrolyte superiority of buffalo milk in supplying America's average of 287kg/year (Box 6) Camel milk is the only milk available in + functions. K is the principal cation inside Ca. Goat's milk has the highest K. Calcium (Table 3). In Asia, Pakistan had the largest desert countries and is the staple. In India, + the cell, while Na is the principal ion in the content in the goat milk is higher than the per capita milk consumption of camel milk is considered good for autistic + extra-cellular uid. K concentration inside cow milk. Camel milk has the highest Na, 180kg/year, while Vietnam had the lowest and diabetic persons and Adik Foods is + the cell is about 30 times higher, while Na Fe and Zn content. consumption of 8kg/year; up to 1990 milk marketing it (via internet). concentration is about 10 times lower than Milk consumption in South, consumption in Vietnam was dismal at Yak milk is the only milk available in the outside the cell. These concentration Southeast and East Asia 1kg/year. Even China was not good at 11 mountain regions of Tibet and Central differences create membrane potential, kg/year. In general, the milk consumption Despite being the largest milk producer, Asia, while camel milk is the staple in which is maintained by Na and K-ATPase in developing countries of the world in the per capita consumption of milk in India desert areas (Sawaya et al., 1984). pumps and is important for nerve pulse 2000 was only 23.8% of that in developing in 2000 AD was only 79kg/year as transmission, muscle contraction, and countries. compared to the European Union average Mineral composition of milk from cardiac function (Hall and Guyton, 2006). different animals vis-à-vis Potassium also helps in maintaining a Table 2. Mineral content (mg/100g) in milk from different species. human milk healthy blood pressure (Sacks et al., 1998). Species Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Magnesium Iron Zinc Minerals are generally reported as ash in Magnesium helps in regulating K+ uxes and (Samples) milk. The ash content in milk varies only is also involved in Ca metabolism (Al- Human (70) 32.4 14.0 16.0 51.8 3.4 0.05 0.16 from 0.2 to 0.8%, but is an important Ghamdi et al., 1994). Iron's role as a Buffalo (40) 163.2 111.4 51.6 167.2 29.6 0.13 0.24 component from the viewpoint of human component of hemoglobin in transferring nutrition and health. It has not received the oxygen from lungs to all other parts of Cow (44) 119.9 95.0 49.7 147.0 13.4 0.07 0.38 attention it deserves, because bulk of the human body is well known and iron Goat (40) 130.3 110.2 50.3 201.4 13.9 0.06 0.32 attention is focused on protein, fat and deciency anemia is rampant in Asia Camel (108) 111.4 81.2 57.8 156.3 6.7 0.23 0.51 sugar content as discussed earlier. Data on including India (Clark, 2009; Rangrajan and Source: Soliman (2005). the content of seven, most important D'Souza, 2007; Prasad et al., 2014). Zinc minerals, from the human nutrition and deciency leads to dwarsm in humans and Thus for growing children buffalo In general, the milk consumption health viewpoint are presented in table 2 it is also rampant in Asia (Prasad et al., milk is better than cow's milk from in developing countries of the (Soliman, 2005). Calcium (Ca) and 2014). For more information on the role of the viewpoint of bone health and world in 2000 was only 23.8% of phosphorus (P) are involved in the bone minerals in human nutrition reference may development. that in developing countries. formation. Low intake of calcium leads to be made to Prasad et al (2016b). osteoporosis, which is characterized by 292 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 293

Camel milk is the only milk As per the data in table 2, human milk has In general, buffalo and sheep milk Despite being the largest milk available in desert countries and is the lowest amounts of minerals. Buffalo are richest in fat, ash, total dry milk has the highest Ca and P content, producer, the per capita the staple. In India, camel milk is matter and energy. In India, the much higher than cow's milk. Thus for consumption of milk in India in considered good for autistic and general fat content in buffalo milk growing children buffalo milk is better 2000 AD was only 79kg/year as diabetic persons and Adik Foods is is 6.17 -7.43 % as compared to 3.6- than cow's milk from the viewpoint of bone compared to the European Union marketing it. 5.5% in cow milk. health and development. Muelhoff et al average of 496 kg/year and United (2013) reported following values for Ca States of America's average of low bone density. Osteoporosis increases (mg/100g) for different milks: buffalo 147- 287kg/year. milk available for human consumption and the chances of hip fracture, especially in 220 (average 191), sheep 170-207 (average is considered good and safe (Ianco et al., post-menopausal women (Alami et al., 190), goat 100-134 (average 118), and cow 91-120 (average 112), indicating the 1992; Guo et al., 2007). 2016). Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are of 496 kg/year and United States of involved in the body's electrolyte superiority of buffalo milk in supplying America's average of 287kg/year (Box 6) Camel milk is the only milk available in + functions. K is the principal cation inside Ca. Goat's milk has the highest K. Calcium (Table 3). In Asia, Pakistan had the largest desert countries and is the staple. In India, + the cell, while Na is the principal ion in the content in the goat milk is higher than the per capita milk consumption of camel milk is considered good for autistic + extra-cellular uid. K concentration inside cow milk. Camel milk has the highest Na, 180kg/year, while Vietnam had the lowest and diabetic persons and Adik Foods is + the cell is about 30 times higher, while Na Fe and Zn content. consumption of 8kg/year; up to 1990 milk marketing it (via internet). concentration is about 10 times lower than Milk consumption in South, consumption in Vietnam was dismal at Yak milk is the only milk available in the outside the cell. These concentration Southeast and East Asia 1kg/year. Even China was not good at 11 mountain regions of Tibet and Central differences create membrane potential, kg/year. In general, the milk consumption Despite being the largest milk producer, Asia, while camel milk is the staple in which is maintained by Na and K-ATPase in developing countries of the world in the per capita consumption of milk in India desert areas (Sawaya et al., 1984). pumps and is important for nerve pulse 2000 was only 23.8% of that in developing in 2000 AD was only 79kg/year as transmission, muscle contraction, and countries. compared to the European Union average Mineral composition of milk from cardiac function (Hall and Guyton, 2006). different animals vis-à-vis Potassium also helps in maintaining a Table 2. Mineral content (mg/100g) in milk from different species. human milk healthy blood pressure (Sacks et al., 1998). Species Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium Magnesium Iron Zinc Minerals are generally reported as ash in Magnesium helps in regulating K+ uxes and (Samples) milk. The ash content in milk varies only is also involved in Ca metabolism (Al- Human (70) 32.4 14.0 16.0 51.8 3.4 0.05 0.16 from 0.2 to 0.8%, but is an important Ghamdi et al., 1994). Iron's role as a Buffalo (40) 163.2 111.4 51.6 167.2 29.6 0.13 0.24 component from the viewpoint of human component of hemoglobin in transferring nutrition and health. It has not received the oxygen from lungs to all other parts of Cow (44) 119.9 95.0 49.7 147.0 13.4 0.07 0.38 attention it deserves, because bulk of the human body is well known and iron Goat (40) 130.3 110.2 50.3 201.4 13.9 0.06 0.32 attention is focused on protein, fat and deciency anemia is rampant in Asia Camel (108) 111.4 81.2 57.8 156.3 6.7 0.23 0.51 sugar content as discussed earlier. Data on including India (Clark, 2009; Rangrajan and Source: Soliman (2005). the content of seven, most important D'Souza, 2007; Prasad et al., 2014). Zinc minerals, from the human nutrition and deciency leads to dwarsm in humans and Thus for growing children buffalo In general, the milk consumption health viewpoint are presented in table 2 it is also rampant in Asia (Prasad et al., milk is better than cow's milk from in developing countries of the (Soliman, 2005). Calcium (Ca) and 2014). For more information on the role of the viewpoint of bone health and world in 2000 was only 23.8% of phosphorus (P) are involved in the bone minerals in human nutrition reference may development. that in developing countries. formation. Low intake of calcium leads to be made to Prasad et al (2016b). osteoporosis, which is characterized by 294 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 3, 2017 295

Table 3. Per capita milk (milk equivalents) consumption (kg) in South, Southeast and ofcials viewed it as an alien and East Asian Countries vis-à-vis USA and European Union (EU). potentially damaging intrusion; and iii. When Myanmar (Burma) was a Material obstacles in the introduction of part of the British Empire, the Region/country 1981 1990 2000 large-scale dairy production. As a colonial ofcers had difculty in getting good quality milk even in Asia 33 39 50 consequence milk production in Myanmar China 3 6 11 never caught up. Even today, in Myanmar, Yangon (formerly Rangoon), the

Mongolia 141 144 176 milk is mainly used in the form of hot tea capital of Myanmar and the SE Asia 6 10 16 with condensed or evaporated milk, while Indian dairymen were among the Thailand 8 14 26 consumption of fresh milk for drinking rst and most active suppliers of Philippines 14 19 22 purposes is limited to infants and elderly milk in the region, especially in Malaysia 48 41 52 persons (Hinrichs, 2014). the urban areas. Milk Viet Nam 1 1 8 As regards the then French Indochina (now consumption by locals was nil to South Asia 543 66 84 independent countries of Cambodia, Laos, very low. India 50 63 79 Vietnam), from the mid-nineteenth Pakistan 113 134 180 century, the listing for 'merchants of milk' Southeast and East Asian countries, such Bangladesh 16 17 18 consisted entirely of Tamil names as, Myanmar, Vietnam etc. (FAO Regional Sri Lanka 24 28 33 (Pairaudau, 2015). By the turn of the Ofce for Asia and the Pacic, via Nepal 49 50 50 century, some thirty Tamil businesses internet). A similar report is available from World 86 80 104 supplied milk to the Saigon (Ho Chi Min Malaysia (Chen, 1989). It is hoped that Developed 222 180 235 City) and neighborhood. Yet in 1913, the over years, such programmes will increase scores of Indian milkmen listed in the Developing 35 40 56 the component of milk in Southeast and colonial commercial pages abruptly USA 271 274 287 East Asian diet and will improve the health disappeared, replaced by a single listing: EU na 363 496 of the people. From children's viewpoint 'Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Source: FAO (2008). the availability of chocolate or other Co'. The rise and subsequent decline of avored milks are a big attraction, Causes for low milk Yangon (Rangoon formerly), the capital of Indochina's Indian dairymen traces a although these are a little costlier. consumption in Southeast and Myanmar and the Indian dairymen were pattern which repeated itself across East Asia among the rst and most active suppliers of Southeast Asia and as a consequence milk Furthermore, recently with the Historical. Presence or absence of milk as milk in the region, especially in the urban consumption in Southeast Asia remained establishment of Asian Dairy Network a dietary constituent separates South Asia, areas. Milk consumption by locals was nil very low in the 20th Century. Nevertheless, (DAN) in 2012 by the Animal Products and especially the Indian sub-continent (India, to very low. According to Saha (2006), as the success in Thailand of FAO's school Pakistan, and Bangladesh) from Southeast per the then Imperial imagination,there milk program, wherein each child is given Even today, in Myanmar, milk is and East Asia. The historical 'milk line' were three factors responsible for nil to low 200 ml of milk everyday free of cost, has mainly used in the form of hot tea roughly runs between the geopolitical consumption of milk in Myanmar: i. improved the overall wellbeing of the with condensed or evaporated borders of Bangladesh, Northeast India, Characteristic customs and conventions of children and its linkage to the smallholder milk, while consumption of fresh Burmese people; ii. Introduction of Indian and Myanmar (Simoons, 1970). When dairy development has led to the increased milk for drinking purposes is dairy animals was considered to be Myanmar (Burma) was a part of the British livelihood of the farmers and increased limited to infants and elderly associated with the encroachment of Empire, the colonial ofcers had difculty production of milk in the country. This persons. in getting good quality milk even in Indians into Burmese life and colonial model is now being copied in other 294 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 3, 2017 295

Table 3. Per capita milk (milk equivalents) consumption (kg) in South, Southeast and ofcials viewed it as an alien and East Asian Countries vis-à-vis USA and European Union (EU). potentially damaging intrusion; and iii. When Myanmar (Burma) was a Material obstacles in the introduction of part of the British Empire, the Region/country 1981 1990 2000 large-scale dairy production. As a colonial ofcers had difculty in getting good quality milk even in Asia 33 39 50 consequence milk production in Myanmar China 3 6 11 never caught up. Even today, in Myanmar, Yangon (formerly Rangoon), the

Mongolia 141 144 176 milk is mainly used in the form of hot tea capital of Myanmar and the SE Asia 6 10 16 with condensed or evaporated milk, while Indian dairymen were among the Thailand 8 14 26 consumption of fresh milk for drinking rst and most active suppliers of Philippines 14 19 22 purposes is limited to infants and elderly milk in the region, especially in Malaysia 48 41 52 persons (Hinrichs, 2014). the urban areas. Milk Viet Nam 1 1 8 As regards the then French Indochina (now consumption by locals was nil to South Asia 543 66 84 independent countries of Cambodia, Laos, very low. India 50 63 79 Vietnam), from the mid-nineteenth Pakistan 113 134 180 century, the listing for 'merchants of milk' Southeast and East Asian countries, such Bangladesh 16 17 18 consisted entirely of Tamil names as, Myanmar, Vietnam etc. (FAO Regional Sri Lanka 24 28 33 (Pairaudau, 2015). By the turn of the Ofce for Asia and the Pacic, via Nepal 49 50 50 century, some thirty Tamil businesses internet). A similar report is available from World 86 80 104 supplied milk to the Saigon (Ho Chi Min Malaysia (Chen, 1989). It is hoped that Developed 222 180 235 City) and neighborhood. Yet in 1913, the over years, such programmes will increase scores of Indian milkmen listed in the Developing 35 40 56 the component of milk in Southeast and colonial commercial pages abruptly USA 271 274 287 East Asian diet and will improve the health disappeared, replaced by a single listing: EU na 363 496 of the people. From children's viewpoint 'Nestlé and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Source: FAO (2008). the availability of chocolate or other Co'. The rise and subsequent decline of avored milks are a big attraction, Causes for low milk Yangon (Rangoon formerly), the capital of Indochina's Indian dairymen traces a although these are a little costlier. consumption in Southeast and Myanmar and the Indian dairymen were pattern which repeated itself across East Asia among the rst and most active suppliers of Southeast Asia and as a consequence milk Furthermore, recently with the Historical. Presence or absence of milk as milk in the region, especially in the urban consumption in Southeast Asia remained establishment of Asian Dairy Network a dietary constituent separates South Asia, areas. Milk consumption by locals was nil very low in the 20th Century. Nevertheless, (DAN) in 2012 by the Animal Products and especially the Indian sub-continent (India, to very low. According to Saha (2006), as the success in Thailand of FAO's school Pakistan, and Bangladesh) from Southeast per the then Imperial imagination,there milk program, wherein each child is given Even today, in Myanmar, milk is and East Asia. The historical 'milk line' were three factors responsible for nil to low 200 ml of milk everyday free of cost, has mainly used in the form of hot tea roughly runs between the geopolitical consumption of milk in Myanmar: i. improved the overall wellbeing of the with condensed or evaporated borders of Bangladesh, Northeast India, Characteristic customs and conventions of children and its linkage to the smallholder milk, while consumption of fresh Burmese people; ii. Introduction of Indian and Myanmar (Simoons, 1970). When dairy development has led to the increased milk for drinking purposes is dairy animals was considered to be Myanmar (Burma) was a part of the British livelihood of the farmers and increased limited to infants and elderly associated with the encroachment of Empire, the colonial ofcers had difculty production of milk in the country. This persons. in getting good quality milk even in Indians into Burmese life and colonial model is now being copied in other 296 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 297

Nutritional. Human milk is fairly high in 250ml of cow milk, that will also supply As regards the then French lactose content and although infants in all Animal Products and Health 300mg of calcium, which is 30% of the Indochina (now independent ethnic groups have lactase production Commission for Asia and the recommended calcium intake for adults) countries of Cambodia, Laos, capacity and thus can tolerate high lactose Pacic (APHCA) as a part of the without suffering gastrointestinal Vietnam), from the mid-nineteenth content in mother's milk, this capability Smallholder Dairy Development symptoms; symptoms become prominent century, the listing for 'merchants tends to decrease by the time the infants are Program support of the Food and at doses above 12g and are appreciable of milk' consisted entirely of Tamil weaned from the mothers. This is true for Agriculture Organization of the above 24g of lactose (Savaiano et al., 2006; most mammals, who tend to cease to names. By the turn of the century, United Nations (FAO) and the Wilt et al., 2010). Thus people in Southeast produce lactose after weaning and tend to some thirty Tamil businesses Common Fund Committee (CFC), and East Asia can easily consume at least develop lactose intolerance (Swallow, good progress has been made in small quantities milk and milk products supplied milk to the Saigon (Ho 2003). the development of dairy industry without any health problem (McBean and Chi Min City) and neighborhood. Lactose intolerance (LI) is ascribed as one in Southeast Asia and milk Miller, 1998). For those, who still have of the reasons for low milk consumption in consumption has gradually problems with the direct consumption of Asia. It is generally viewed that LI is milk, lactase pills/tablets are available and Health Commission for Asia and the increased. primarily due to genetic factors (Simoons, can be used, preferably under medical Pacic (APHCA) as a part of the 1969; Flatz and Rothauwe , 1971). Yuval et advice. Smallholder Dairy Development Program al (2010) reported that LI was the most in support of the Food and Agriculture East Asians (90-100%), followed by region might prove inedible to people from Milk Consumption and Human Organization of the United Nations (FAO) th Central Asians (80%) and was the least (5- another region and later (13 Century Health and the Common Fund Committee (CFC), 15%) in British (UK); the LI values for onwards), they specied that dairy Human body has two main components, good progress has been made in the some other ethnic and geographic regions products suited northern steppe nomads namely, the muscles and bones. Muscles development of dairy industry in Southeast were: North Indians (30%), South Indians with pastoral agriculture and hardy are made up of proteins, while bones are Asia (Hinrichs, 2014) and milk (70%), Germans (15%), French from constitutions, but were not suitable to most mostly hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ]. consumption has gradually increased. This Northern France (17%), French from Chinese in other regions. This agrees to the Milk supplies proteins for the formation of has received further llip due to the Southern France (65%), Anglo-Americans European experience, such as in Britain, body muscles, and Ca and P for the interests of the international dairy industry (21%), Latin-Hispanic Americans (51%), where dairying has been an important formation of bones. In addition, it also (Duteurtre, 2015). Bulk of the milk and African Americans (75%). Some of the component of country's agriculture. Deng supplies fat and sugar to provide the energy consumed in Southeast Asia at present is low LI values in European countries could et al (2015) opined that LI can be reduced if for the functioning of human body. This is imported from abroad. Vietnam has made be due to the fact that a large part of milk is the persons continue to drink milk and live why milk is considered a complete food. serious attempts, including importing consumed as dairy products, such as, in the vicinity of dairy farms. As already Milk has two kinds of proteins, namely, Murrah buffaloes (some from India), for cheese and yogurt, which have no lactose. pointed out that some of the milk products, caseins and whey proteins. In cow milk, increasing milk production (Su et al., approximately 82% of milk protein is In China, the concept of LI was recognized such as, curd or yogurt can be easily taken 1989). No wonder that 'Vina Milk' an casein and the remaining 18% is serum or quite early and led to their departure from without any adverse effects, because they Vietnamese dairy producer is setting up a whey protein. The casein family of protein classical health benets about the do not contain lactose, which is changed to milk processing plant in Cambodia and consists of several types of caseins ( -s1, importance of milk and dairy products lactic acid by Lacto bacillus during α Cambodia's own Angkor Dairy Products is -s2, , and ) and each has its own amino (Smith, 2015). As early as the 1st Century fermentation. α β κ going to set up a large-scale dairy farm to acid composition, genetic variations, and BC, Chinese medical writers pronounced Most individuals with lactose intolerance supply adequate milk for processing at the functional properties (Kunz and that foods appropriate for people from one can tolerate up to 12g of lactose (about Vietnamese processing plant ( Igor, 2015). Lonnerdal,1990). The major whey proteins 296 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 297

Nutritional. Human milk is fairly high in 250ml of cow milk, that will also supply As regards the then French lactose content and although infants in all Animal Products and Health 300mg of calcium, which is 30% of the Indochina (now independent ethnic groups have lactase production Commission for Asia and the recommended calcium intake for adults) countries of Cambodia, Laos, capacity and thus can tolerate high lactose Pacic (APHCA) as a part of the without suffering gastrointestinal Vietnam), from the mid-nineteenth content in mother's milk, this capability Smallholder Dairy Development symptoms; symptoms become prominent century, the listing for 'merchants tends to decrease by the time the infants are Program support of the Food and at doses above 12g and are appreciable of milk' consisted entirely of Tamil weaned from the mothers. This is true for Agriculture Organization of the above 24g of lactose (Savaiano et al., 2006; most mammals, who tend to cease to names. By the turn of the century, United Nations (FAO) and the Wilt et al., 2010). Thus people in Southeast produce lactose after weaning and tend to some thirty Tamil businesses Common Fund Committee (CFC), and East Asia can easily consume at least develop lactose intolerance (Swallow, good progress has been made in small quantities milk and milk products supplied milk to the Saigon (Ho 2003). the development of dairy industry without any health problem (McBean and Chi Min City) and neighborhood. Lactose intolerance (LI) is ascribed as one in Southeast Asia and milk Miller, 1998). For those, who still have of the reasons for low milk consumption in consumption has gradually problems with the direct consumption of Asia. It is generally viewed that LI is milk, lactase pills/tablets are available and Health Commission for Asia and the increased. primarily due to genetic factors (Simoons, can be used, preferably under medical Pacic (APHCA) as a part of the 1969; Flatz and Rothauwe , 1971). Yuval et advice. Smallholder Dairy Development Program al (2010) reported that LI was the most in support of the Food and Agriculture East Asians (90-100%), followed by region might prove inedible to people from Milk Consumption and Human Organization of the United Nations (FAO) th Central Asians (80%) and was the least (5- another region and later (13 Century Health and the Common Fund Committee (CFC), 15%) in British (UK); the LI values for onwards), they specied that dairy Human body has two main components, good progress has been made in the some other ethnic and geographic regions products suited northern steppe nomads namely, the muscles and bones. Muscles development of dairy industry in Southeast were: North Indians (30%), South Indians with pastoral agriculture and hardy are made up of proteins, while bones are Asia (Hinrichs, 2014) and milk (70%), Germans (15%), French from constitutions, but were not suitable to most mostly hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ]. consumption has gradually increased. This Northern France (17%), French from Chinese in other regions. This agrees to the Milk supplies proteins for the formation of has received further llip due to the Southern France (65%), Anglo-Americans European experience, such as in Britain, body muscles, and Ca and P for the interests of the international dairy industry (21%), Latin-Hispanic Americans (51%), where dairying has been an important formation of bones. In addition, it also (Duteurtre, 2015). Bulk of the milk and African Americans (75%). Some of the component of country's agriculture. Deng supplies fat and sugar to provide the energy consumed in Southeast Asia at present is low LI values in European countries could et al (2015) opined that LI can be reduced if for the functioning of human body. This is imported from abroad. Vietnam has made be due to the fact that a large part of milk is the persons continue to drink milk and live why milk is considered a complete food. serious attempts, including importing consumed as dairy products, such as, in the vicinity of dairy farms. As already Milk has two kinds of proteins, namely, Murrah buffaloes (some from India), for cheese and yogurt, which have no lactose. pointed out that some of the milk products, caseins and whey proteins. In cow milk, increasing milk production (Su et al., approximately 82% of milk protein is In China, the concept of LI was recognized such as, curd or yogurt can be easily taken 1989). No wonder that 'Vina Milk' an casein and the remaining 18% is serum or quite early and led to their departure from without any adverse effects, because they Vietnamese dairy producer is setting up a whey protein. The casein family of protein classical health benets about the do not contain lactose, which is changed to milk processing plant in Cambodia and consists of several types of caseins ( -s1, importance of milk and dairy products lactic acid by Lacto bacillus during α Cambodia's own Angkor Dairy Products is -s2, , and ) and each has its own amino (Smith, 2015). As early as the 1st Century fermentation. α β κ going to set up a large-scale dairy farm to acid composition, genetic variations, and BC, Chinese medical writers pronounced Most individuals with lactose intolerance supply adequate milk for processing at the functional properties (Kunz and that foods appropriate for people from one can tolerate up to 12g of lactose (about Vietnamese processing plant ( Igor, 2015). Lonnerdal,1990). The major whey proteins 298 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 3, 2017 299

in cow milk are β-lactoglobulin and α- McGregor and Poppitt, 2013; Qin et al., these included protein nutrition (FAO content (mg/1000g) in cow milk and its lactalbumin. Milk proteins are high quality 2015; Rosenberg et al., 2016). Sodhi et al Stat), GDP [Gross Development Product products is reported to be: milk (3.7% fat) proteins and are easily absorbed and (2012) reported that populations that determined by Purchasing Power Parity 119, skimmed milk 122, yogurt (plain low consume high levels of -casein A variant (PPP) in US $], level of heath expectancy fat) 183, cheddar cheese 721, cottage utilized. The protein ranking standard β 2 PDCAAS (Protein digestibility Corrected have lower incidence of cardiovascular as affected by PPP, children mortality cheese 86, and ice cream (vanilla) 128 Amino Acid Score) value for milk proteins disease and Type1 diabetes. Milk whey under 5 years and total fertility (World (USDA, 2013). Calcium content (both casein and whey) is 1.0 as against, protein are especially reported to lessen Bank data), Gini index of social inequality (mg/100g) in milk from other animals is as 0.91 for soybean, 0.7 for pea and 0.5 for several risk factors for metabolic diseases (CIA World Facebook data), and HDI follows: goat 100, sheep 170, and buffalo rice (Schaafsma, 2000). Thus rice (Graf et al., 2011; Pal and Radavelli- (Human Development Index) of UN. Their 195 (USDA, 2011). Ca content (mg/100g) consumers in Southeast Asia are at Bagatini, 2013; Sousa et al., 2012; study showed that HDI and protein in some green vegetables is: kale 72, disadvantage and this could be a factor for Jakubowicz and Froy, 2013). Milk whey nutrition had more bearing on male human broccoli 49, spinach 135, red beans 24, and their lower male height. Evidence from proteins are also reported to promote bone height than other factors. The intake of rhubarb 145 (Weaver et al., 1999). As a epidemiological studies suggest that formation (Aoe et al., 2001). protein from milk and milk products contrast grains, such as, rice, wheat, pigeon greater consumption of dairy products is One valuable index of the human health of emerged as the most signicant factor pea, and soybean, supply only 1, 3, 13 and associated with lower risk of metabolic a country is its male height. Male height is affecting male human height (r=0.79, 28 mg Ca/100g, respectively. Thus in health disorders, including hyperglycemia preferred, because the males are p<0.001); this was most signicant for addition to being a poor supplier of (high blood sugar or glucose), considered to stick to their ethnic groups. India. In India, milk consumption as well complete proteins, rice is also the poorest dyslipidemia (elevation of plasma Male height is considered to be affected by as the male height was most in the supplier of calcium. This could further be cholesterol, triglycerides or both), a number of factors including, genetic, Northwest and the lowest in Northeast. responsible for the lowest human height in abdominal obesity, hypertension and overall prosperity, general health and Available data indicate that as the milk Southeast Asia, where rice is the staple cardiovascular diseases ( CVD) (Rice et nutrition. Robinson et al (2015) from a consumption decreased from 1032g/day in food. As already pointed out calcium al., 2011; Crichtonet al., 2011; Ralston et European study covering 14 countries Punjab to 219g/day in Bihar, the male deciency can lead to osteoporosis, while al., 2012; Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2012; suggested that genetic factors explained human height decreased from 168.6cm in calcium and vitamin D supplements can about 24% variation in male height. Punjab to 163.8 cm in Bihar (Manidi et al, prevent osteoporosis (Tang et al., 2007; 2011). Grasburger et al (2016) also pointed Nowson, 2010). Adequate intake of milk Human body has two main However, Grasburger et al (2016) based on out that male human height correlated most and milk products can be of great help in components, namely, the muscles a global study covering 105 countries suggested a much larger contribution of negatively with the consumption of rice preventing osteoporosis. and bones. Muscles are made up proteins (r= -0.74, P<0.001). In addition to of proteins, while bones are mostly genetic factors in determining the Epilogue difference in male height; in their study a the proteins, milk is also a rich source of hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO 4)( 6OH) 2 ]. Famines and food shortages frequently correlation efcient value of r=0.75 calcium, which is the key element in the Milk supplies proteins for the occurred in India in the 18th and 19 th ( P<0.001) was obtained. Male height was formation of bones, which are chemically formation of body muscles, and Ca Century (Prasad, 2013) and even in the 20th the highest (> 175 cm ) in Europe, followed hydroxyapatite. A number of researchers Century, the 1942-43 Bengal famine and P for the formation of bones. by highly developed countries in Asia have reported the importance of increased provided the backdrop to India's In addition, it also supplies fat and (Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan), calcium intake through milk in increasing Independence. After gaining the freedom sugar to provide the energy for the China and North African countries ( 170- human height (Takahashi, 1984; Black et from the British Empire in 1947, the functioning of human body. This 175 cm) and was the lowest in the South al, 2002; Okada, 2004). Up to about two- Government of India's rst priority was to is why milk is considered a and Southeast Asia (<170 cm). Grasburger thirds of Ca intake in humans in western provide enough food grains for its people. complete food. et al (2016) also studied the effect of a countries is from milk and milk products During 1960s, India depended heavily on number of other factors on male height; (Gueguen and Pointillart, 2000). Calcium 298 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 3, 2017 299

in cow milk are β-lactoglobulin and α- McGregor and Poppitt, 2013; Qin et al., these included protein nutrition (FAO content (mg/1000g) in cow milk and its lactalbumin. Milk proteins are high quality 2015; Rosenberg et al., 2016). Sodhi et al Stat), GDP [Gross Development Product products is reported to be: milk (3.7% fat) proteins and are easily absorbed and (2012) reported that populations that determined by Purchasing Power Parity 119, skimmed milk 122, yogurt (plain low consume high levels of -casein A variant (PPP) in US $], level of heath expectancy fat) 183, cheddar cheese 721, cottage utilized. The protein ranking standard β 2 PDCAAS (Protein digestibility Corrected have lower incidence of cardiovascular as affected by PPP, children mortality cheese 86, and ice cream (vanilla) 128 Amino Acid Score) value for milk proteins disease and Type1 diabetes. Milk whey under 5 years and total fertility (World (USDA, 2013). Calcium content (both casein and whey) is 1.0 as against, protein are especially reported to lessen Bank data), Gini index of social inequality (mg/100g) in milk from other animals is as 0.91 for soybean, 0.7 for pea and 0.5 for several risk factors for metabolic diseases (CIA World Facebook data), and HDI follows: goat 100, sheep 170, and buffalo rice (Schaafsma, 2000). Thus rice (Graf et al., 2011; Pal and Radavelli- (Human Development Index) of UN. Their 195 (USDA, 2011). Ca content (mg/100g) consumers in Southeast Asia are at Bagatini, 2013; Sousa et al., 2012; study showed that HDI and protein in some green vegetables is: kale 72, disadvantage and this could be a factor for Jakubowicz and Froy, 2013). Milk whey nutrition had more bearing on male human broccoli 49, spinach 135, red beans 24, and their lower male height. Evidence from proteins are also reported to promote bone height than other factors. The intake of rhubarb 145 (Weaver et al., 1999). As a epidemiological studies suggest that formation (Aoe et al., 2001). protein from milk and milk products contrast grains, such as, rice, wheat, pigeon greater consumption of dairy products is One valuable index of the human health of emerged as the most signicant factor pea, and soybean, supply only 1, 3, 13 and associated with lower risk of metabolic a country is its male height. Male height is affecting male human height (r=0.79, 28 mg Ca/100g, respectively. Thus in health disorders, including hyperglycemia preferred, because the males are p<0.001); this was most signicant for addition to being a poor supplier of (high blood sugar or glucose), considered to stick to their ethnic groups. India. In India, milk consumption as well complete proteins, rice is also the poorest dyslipidemia (elevation of plasma Male height is considered to be affected by as the male height was most in the supplier of calcium. This could further be cholesterol, triglycerides or both), a number of factors including, genetic, Northwest and the lowest in Northeast. responsible for the lowest human height in abdominal obesity, hypertension and overall prosperity, general health and Available data indicate that as the milk Southeast Asia, where rice is the staple cardiovascular diseases ( CVD) (Rice et nutrition. Robinson et al (2015) from a consumption decreased from 1032g/day in food. As already pointed out calcium al., 2011; Crichtonet al., 2011; Ralston et European study covering 14 countries Punjab to 219g/day in Bihar, the male deciency can lead to osteoporosis, while al., 2012; Soedamah-Muthu et al., 2012; suggested that genetic factors explained human height decreased from 168.6cm in calcium and vitamin D supplements can about 24% variation in male height. Punjab to 163.8 cm in Bihar (Manidi et al, prevent osteoporosis (Tang et al., 2007; 2011). Grasburger et al (2016) also pointed Nowson, 2010). Adequate intake of milk Human body has two main However, Grasburger et al (2016) based on out that male human height correlated most and milk products can be of great help in components, namely, the muscles a global study covering 105 countries suggested a much larger contribution of negatively with the consumption of rice preventing osteoporosis. and bones. Muscles are made up proteins (r= -0.74, P<0.001). In addition to of proteins, while bones are mostly genetic factors in determining the Epilogue difference in male height; in their study a the proteins, milk is also a rich source of hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO 4)( 6OH) 2 ]. Famines and food shortages frequently correlation efcient value of r=0.75 calcium, which is the key element in the Milk supplies proteins for the occurred in India in the 18th and 19 th ( P<0.001) was obtained. Male height was formation of bones, which are chemically formation of body muscles, and Ca Century (Prasad, 2013) and even in the 20th the highest (> 175 cm ) in Europe, followed hydroxyapatite. A number of researchers Century, the 1942-43 Bengal famine and P for the formation of bones. by highly developed countries in Asia have reported the importance of increased provided the backdrop to India's In addition, it also supplies fat and (Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan), calcium intake through milk in increasing Independence. After gaining the freedom sugar to provide the energy for the China and North African countries ( 170- human height (Takahashi, 1984; Black et from the British Empire in 1947, the functioning of human body. This 175 cm) and was the lowest in the South al, 2002; Okada, 2004). Up to about two- Government of India's rst priority was to is why milk is considered a and Southeast Asia (<170 cm). Grasburger thirds of Ca intake in humans in western provide enough food grains for its people. complete food. et al (2016) also studied the effect of a countries is from milk and milk products During 1960s, India depended heavily on number of other factors on male height; (Gueguen and Pointillart, 2000). Calcium 300 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 301

wheat imports from USA under Public 2001; Cheng and Meade, 2003; Processing and Development of Agro- Alami, S, Hervouet L, Poiraudeau S, Briot, Law 480, which was well known as 'Ship to Kallenbach et al., 2006) in place of processing Clusters) by Shri Narendra K, and Roux, C. 2016. Barriers to Effective Mouth' situation in the country. This traditional crop husbandry resulting in Modi Ji, Honourable Prime Minister of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Treatment: A encouraged Paddock and Paddock (1967) frequent crop failures. India (Times of India.Com 26 May, 2017, Qualitative Study of Patients' and Practitioners' Views. . 2016;11(6): e0158365. [doi: to prophesize a food famine in India in via internet) look seriously into this matter, PLoS One Being the largest producer of milk in the 10.1371/journal.pone.0158365.] 1975. However, the Indian Agricultural especially because presently dairy industry world should not lead us to the Al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, and Sutton Scientists with the technical guidance and in India is on the top of the world in milk complacency, although the latest gures RA . 1994. Magnesium deciency: support of the Nobel Laureate Norman E. production. Also there is an urgent need of indicate that per capita milk availability in pathophysiological and clinincal review. Borlaug from CYMMIT, Mexico, 2015-16 was 123kg in India as compared food quality testing laboratories, because American Journal of Kidney Disease developed dwarf high yielding wheat to world average of 83.6kg (Business for international marketing, each package 24:737754. varieties that led to 'Wheat Revolution' in th Standard 13 January, 2017), however, it is must specify the nutritional components Aoe S, Toba Y, Yamamura J, Kawakami H, 1967-68 (Swaminathan, 2013) that still only 43.3% of the value of 284kg in and stand guarantee for it. Indian dairy Yahiro M, Kumegawa M, Itabashi A, and falsied the prophecy of Paddock brothers. USA. So to catch up with the developed industry itself will have to keep this in Takada Y. 2001. Controlled trial of the effects India's agricultural research has always world, India has a long way to go. Further, mind, while establishing milk processing of milk basic protein (MBP) supplementation focused on crop husbandry and grain we are way back in producing and product manufacturing plants. on bone metabolism in healthy adult women. production although a large number of internationally marketable milk products, Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry 65(4):913918. farmers always depended on small scale such as, different kinds of cheese It is hoped that the authorities of Anthony DW. 2010. The Horse, the Wheel and milk production for supplementing their (Mozzarella, Cheddar etc.), the market for recently announced Government Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the income. However, the 'White revolution' scheme 'SAMPDA' (Scheme for which is increasing in the metros of India Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. has now drawn the attention of the and big cities of other countries due to agro-Marine Processing and Princeton University Press, NJ, USA. 553pp. Government of India and serious efforts increasing popularity of fast foods, such as, Development of Agro-processing Aziz MA. 2010. Present status of the world goat are underway to develop dairy industry in pizzas, burgers, and sandwiches among the Clusters) by Prime Minister of populations and their productivity. Lohmann India. Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and young ones. India does not have adequate India look seriously into this Information 45(2):42 (October 2010). Rajasthan have already taken a lead in this know how and experience in making these matter, especially because Basham AL. 2008. A Cultural History of India. direction. Eternal drought prone areas, products and need to learn these real fast, if presently dairy industry in India is Oxford University Press, New Delhi.606pp. such as Bundelkhand region of Uttar they have to internationally compete in on the top of the world in milk Basnet S, Schneider M, Gazit A, Mander G, Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and similar dairy industry. In the India, the milk production. and Doctor A. 2010. First goat's milk for regions in other states should seriously products made are curd, country cheese infants: myths and realities-A review. consider developing dairy farming. In (paneer or chhena), khoya or mawa (a pan Pediatrics 125(4) e973977. these regions, there is an urgent need for evaporated semi-dry product used for References Black RE, William SM, Jones IE, and developing the silvopastoral and making Indian sweets), butter, ice cream Abd El-Salam MH, and El-Shibiny S. 2011. Goulding A. 2002. Children who avoid agroforestry systems (Rai,1999; Saha, and ghee (claried butter). But for the A comprehensive review of consumption and drinking milk have low dietary calcium intakes butter and ice cream there is no preparation of buffalo milk. Dairy Science & and poor bone health. American Journal of Technology 91:663669. Clinical Nutrition 76:675680. The latest gures indicate that per international market for other Indian milk Abraham ML and Gayathri SL. 2015. Milk Bollingino R, Burger J, Ponell A, Mashkour capita milk availability in 2015-16 products even in the Southeast and East consumption of crossbred and desi cattle M, Vigne JD, and Thomas MG. 2012. Modern was 123kg in India as compared to Asia. It is hoped that the authorities of recently announced Government scheme maintained in the sub-tropical high ranges of taurine cattle from small number of Near-East world average of 83.6kg. Kerala. Indian Journal of Veterinary & Animal founders. Molecular Biology and Evolution 'SAMPDA' (Scheme for agro-Marine Science Research 44(1):5355. 29(9): 21012104. 300 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 301

wheat imports from USA under Public 2001; Cheng and Meade, 2003; Processing and Development of Agro- Alami, S, Hervouet L, Poiraudeau S, Briot, Law 480, which was well known as 'Ship to Kallenbach et al., 2006) in place of processing Clusters) by Shri Narendra K, and Roux, C. 2016. Barriers to Effective Mouth' situation in the country. This traditional crop husbandry resulting in Modi Ji, Honourable Prime Minister of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Treatment: A encouraged Paddock and Paddock (1967) frequent crop failures. India (Times of India.Com 26 May, 2017, Qualitative Study of Patients' and Practitioners' Views. . 2016;11(6): e0158365. [doi: to prophesize a food famine in India in via internet) look seriously into this matter, PLoS One Being the largest producer of milk in the 10.1371/journal.pone.0158365.] 1975. However, the Indian Agricultural especially because presently dairy industry world should not lead us to the Al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, and Sutton Scientists with the technical guidance and in India is on the top of the world in milk complacency, although the latest gures RA . 1994. Magnesium deciency: support of the Nobel Laureate Norman E. production. Also there is an urgent need of indicate that per capita milk availability in pathophysiological and clinincal review. Borlaug from CYMMIT, Mexico, 2015-16 was 123kg in India as compared food quality testing laboratories, because American Journal of Kidney Disease developed dwarf high yielding wheat to world average of 83.6kg (Business for international marketing, each package 24:737754. varieties that led to 'Wheat Revolution' in th Standard 13 January, 2017), however, it is must specify the nutritional components Aoe S, Toba Y, Yamamura J, Kawakami H, 1967-68 (Swaminathan, 2013) that still only 43.3% of the value of 284kg in and stand guarantee for it. Indian dairy Yahiro M, Kumegawa M, Itabashi A, and falsied the prophecy of Paddock brothers. USA. So to catch up with the developed industry itself will have to keep this in Takada Y. 2001. Controlled trial of the effects India's agricultural research has always world, India has a long way to go. Further, mind, while establishing milk processing of milk basic protein (MBP) supplementation focused on crop husbandry and grain we are way back in producing and product manufacturing plants. on bone metabolism in healthy adult women. production although a large number of internationally marketable milk products, Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry 65(4):913918. farmers always depended on small scale such as, different kinds of cheese It is hoped that the authorities of Anthony DW. 2010. The Horse, the Wheel and milk production for supplementing their (Mozzarella, Cheddar etc.), the market for recently announced Government Language. How Bronze-Age Riders from the income. However, the 'White revolution' scheme 'SAMPDA' (Scheme for which is increasing in the metros of India Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. has now drawn the attention of the and big cities of other countries due to agro-Marine Processing and Princeton University Press, NJ, USA. 553pp. Government of India and serious efforts increasing popularity of fast foods, such as, Development of Agro-processing Aziz MA. 2010. Present status of the world goat are underway to develop dairy industry in pizzas, burgers, and sandwiches among the Clusters) by Prime Minister of populations and their productivity. Lohmann India. Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and young ones. India does not have adequate India look seriously into this Information 45(2):42 (October 2010). Rajasthan have already taken a lead in this know how and experience in making these matter, especially because Basham AL. 2008. A Cultural History of India. direction. Eternal drought prone areas, products and need to learn these real fast, if presently dairy industry in India is Oxford University Press, New Delhi.606pp. such as Bundelkhand region of Uttar they have to internationally compete in on the top of the world in milk Basnet S, Schneider M, Gazit A, Mander G, Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and similar dairy industry. In the India, the milk production. and Doctor A. 2010. First goat's milk for regions in other states should seriously products made are curd, country cheese infants: myths and realities-A review. consider developing dairy farming. In (paneer or chhena), khoya or mawa (a pan Pediatrics 125(4) e973977. these regions, there is an urgent need for evaporated semi-dry product used for References Black RE, William SM, Jones IE, and developing the silvopastoral and making Indian sweets), butter, ice cream Abd El-Salam MH, and El-Shibiny S. 2011. Goulding A. 2002. Children who avoid agroforestry systems (Rai,1999; Saha, and ghee (claried butter). But for the A comprehensive review of consumption and drinking milk have low dietary calcium intakes butter and ice cream there is no preparation of buffalo milk. Dairy Science & and poor bone health. American Journal of Technology 91:663669. Clinical Nutrition 76:675680. The latest gures indicate that per international market for other Indian milk Abraham ML and Gayathri SL. 2015. Milk Bollingino R, Burger J, Ponell A, Mashkour capita milk availability in 2015-16 products even in the Southeast and East consumption of crossbred and desi cattle M, Vigne JD, and Thomas MG. 2012. Modern was 123kg in India as compared to Asia. It is hoped that the authorities of recently announced Government scheme maintained in the sub-tropical high ranges of taurine cattle from small number of Near-East world average of 83.6kg. Kerala. Indian Journal of Veterinary & Animal founders. Molecular Biology and Evolution 'SAMPDA' (Scheme for agro-Marine Science Research 44(1):5355. 29(9): 21012104. 302 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 303

Bulliet R. 1990. The Camel and the Wheel. Duteurtre G. 2015. On the origins of dairy Composition, physiochemical properties, annual ryegrass and cereal rye in a pine-walnut Morningside Book Series, Columbia farming in North Vietnam. Food, Feeding, and nitrogen fraction distribution, and amino acid silvopasture. Agroforestry Sytems 66:43-53. University Press, USA, 183pp. Eating in and out of Asia, 7th International ADI prole of donkey milk. Journal of Dairy Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom Chen ST.1989. Impact of school milk Conference 24-26 June 2015, University of Science 90 (4):163543. S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, programme on the nutrient status of school Copenhagen, Denmark. Hall JE and Guyton AC. 2006. Text book of Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H, Kebede F, children. Asia Pacic Journal of Public Health Ensminger ME and Parker RO. 1986. Sheep medical physiology. Elsevier Saunders St. Teclai R, Beja-Pereira A, and Mulligan CJ. 3(1): 1925. and Goat Science. 5th Ed. Interstate Printers Louis, Mo, USA. 2011. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali Cheng S and Meade D. 2003. Growth of and Publishers, Danville, IL, USA. Hayden B. 2009. The proof is in the pudding: wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) as FAO. 2008. Smallholder dairy development - feasting and the origin of domestication. and domestication.Proceedings Biological inuenced by understory species in a Lessons learned in Asia. Corporate Document Current Anthropology 50950:591595. S c i e n c e . 278(1702): 5057. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0708. Epub 2010 Jul 28.) silvopastoral systems in Newzealand. Repository, FAO, Rome Italy. Hess J and Slavin J. 2016. Dening 'protein Agroforestry Systems 59: 4351. FAO. 2013. Milk, whole fresh cow producers. foods' foods. Nutrition Today 51(3):117120. Kugler W, Grunenfelder HP, and Broxham E. 2008. Clark SF. 2009. Iron deciency anemia: FAO, Rome Italy. Hinrichs J. 2014. Dairy Value Chain Donkey Breeds in Europe: Inventory, diagnosis and management. Current Opinion in Flatz G and Rothauwe HW. 1971. Evidence Assessment for Yangoon and Mandalay Description, Need for Action, Conservation; . Monitoring Institute for Gastroenterology 25:122126. against nutritional adaptation of intolerance of Region, Myanmar. Asian Dairy Network Report 2007/2008 Rare Breeds and Seeds in Europe. St. Gallen, Cockrill WR (ed.). 1974. The Husbandry and lactose. Humangenetik 13 (2):118125. (AND) Working Paper No. 1, FAO Regional Switzerland. Health of Domestic Buffalo. FAO, Rome, Italy. Gantner V, Mijic P, Barbab M, Skirtic Z, and Ofce for the Asia and the Pacic (FAORAP), Kumar S, Nagarajan M, Sandhu JS, Kumar Cosentino C, Freschi P, Paolino R, and Turalija A. 2015. The overall ft composition of Bangkok, Thailand. N, and Behl V. 2007. Phylography and Valentini V. 2013. Market sustainability of milk of various species. Mijekarstvo 64 Ianco G, Garroccio A, Cavatio F, Montaldo domestication of Indian River buffalo. BMC jenny milk cosmetics. Emirates Journal of (4):223231. G, and Balsno V. 1992. Use of ass's milk in Evolutionary Biology 7:186 (doi:10. Food & Agriculture 25(8): 635640. multiple food allergy. Journal of Pediatric GOI. 2002. Basic Dairy Husbandry Statistics. 1186/1471-2148-7-186). Cosentino C, Paolino R, Musto R, and Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy, Gastroenetorology and Nutrition 14:177181. Kunz C, and Lonnerdal B.1990. Freschi P. 2015. Innovative use of jenny milk Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Indra R. 1997. Milk and Milk Products. State Human-milk for sustainable rearing. In: Sustainability of New Delhi. University of Agriculture, Ulaanbaatar, proteins: analysis of casein and casein subunits by anion-exchange chromatography, gel Agro-Food and National Resource Systems in Graf S, Egert S, and Heer M. 2011. Effects of Mongolia. electrophoresis, and specific staining methods. the Mediterranean Basin (Vastola A ed.), whey protein supplements on metabolism: Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51(1): Springer International Publishers. pp.113132. evidence from human intervention studies. N, CeVine D, Trikalinos T, and Lau L. 2007. 3746. Crichton GE, Bryan J, Buckley J, and Current Opinion in Clinical and Nutrition Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health Kurien V. 2005. I too had a dream. Roli Books Murphy KJ. 2011. Dairy consumption and Metabolism Care 14(6): 569580. outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Pvt Ltd., India.250pp. metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of Grasburger P, Sebera M, Hirazdira E, Report/Technical Assessment 153:1186. Maisels C K. 1999. The Near East: ndings and methodological issues. Obesity Cacek J, and Kalina T. 2016. Major correlates Igor K. 2015. Fresh hopes for local dairy Archaeology in the Cradle of Civilization. Review 12(5):e190e201. of male height: A study of 105 countries. producers. Khmer Times, 31 March, 2015. Routledge, London, UK. Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, and Fox M. Economics & Human Biology 21:172195. Jakubowicz D and Froy O. 2013. Biochemical Manidi RS, Kulkarni B, and Singh A. 2011. 2015. Lactose intolerance in adults: biological Gueguen L and Pointillart A. 2000. The and metabolic mechanisms by which dietary Secular trends in height in different states of mechanisms and dietary management. bioavailability of dietary calcium. Journal of whey protein may combat obesity and Type 2 India in relation to socio-economic Nutrients (Review) 7(9):80208035. American College of Nutrition 19(2 diabetes. Journal of Nutrition and characteristics and dietary intakes. Food & Dietrich CM, Felice JP, O'Sullivan E, and Suppl):119S136S. (doi: Biochemistry 24(1):15. Nutrition Bulletin 32 (1): 2334. Rasmussen KM. 2013. Breast feeding and 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718083)1 Kallenbach R, Kerley M, and Bishop-Hurley McBean LD and Miller GD. 1998. Allaying health outcome for the mother-infant dyad. Guo HY, Pang K, Zhang XY, Zhao L, Chen G. 2006. Cumulative forage production, forage fears and fallacies about lactose intolerance. Pediatric Clinics of North America SW, Dong ML, and Ren FZ. 2007. quality and livestock performance from an 60(1):3148. Journal of American Diet Association 302 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 303

Bulliet R. 1990. The Camel and the Wheel. Duteurtre G. 2015. On the origins of dairy Composition, physiochemical properties, annual ryegrass and cereal rye in a pine-walnut Morningside Book Series, Columbia farming in North Vietnam. Food, Feeding, and nitrogen fraction distribution, and amino acid silvopasture. Agroforestry Sytems 66:43-53. University Press, USA, 183pp. Eating in and out of Asia, 7th International ADI prole of donkey milk. Journal of Dairy Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom Chen ST.1989. Impact of school milk Conference 24-26 June 2015, University of Science 90 (4):163543. S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, programme on the nutrient status of school Copenhagen, Denmark. Hall JE and Guyton AC. 2006. Text book of Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H, Kebede F, children. Asia Pacic Journal of Public Health Ensminger ME and Parker RO. 1986. Sheep medical physiology. Elsevier Saunders St. Teclai R, Beja-Pereira A, and Mulligan CJ. 3(1): 1925. and Goat Science. 5th Ed. Interstate Printers Louis, Mo, USA. 2011. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali Cheng S and Meade D. 2003. Growth of and Publishers, Danville, IL, USA. Hayden B. 2009. The proof is in the pudding: wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) as FAO. 2008. Smallholder dairy development - feasting and the origin of domestication. and domestication.Proceedings Biological inuenced by understory species in a Lessons learned in Asia. Corporate Document Current Anthropology 50950:591595. S c i e n c e . 278(1702): 5057. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0708. Epub 2010 Jul 28.) silvopastoral systems in Newzealand. Repository, FAO, Rome Italy. Hess J and Slavin J. 2016. Dening 'protein Agroforestry Systems 59: 4351. FAO. 2013. Milk, whole fresh cow producers. foods' foods. Nutrition Today 51(3):117120. Kugler W, Grunenfelder HP, and Broxham E. 2008. Clark SF. 2009. Iron deciency anemia: FAO, Rome Italy. Hinrichs J. 2014. Dairy Value Chain Donkey Breeds in Europe: Inventory, diagnosis and management. Current Opinion in Flatz G and Rothauwe HW. 1971. Evidence Assessment for Yangoon and Mandalay Description, Need for Action, Conservation; . Monitoring Institute for Gastroenterology 25:122126. against nutritional adaptation of intolerance of Region, Myanmar. Asian Dairy Network Report 2007/2008 Rare Breeds and Seeds in Europe. St. Gallen, Cockrill WR (ed.). 1974. The Husbandry and lactose. Humangenetik 13 (2):118125. (AND) Working Paper No. 1, FAO Regional Switzerland. Health of Domestic Buffalo. FAO, Rome, Italy. Gantner V, Mijic P, Barbab M, Skirtic Z, and Ofce for the Asia and the Pacic (FAORAP), Kumar S, Nagarajan M, Sandhu JS, Kumar Cosentino C, Freschi P, Paolino R, and Turalija A. 2015. The overall ft composition of Bangkok, Thailand. N, and Behl V. 2007. Phylography and Valentini V. 2013. Market sustainability of milk of various species. Mijekarstvo 64 Ianco G, Garroccio A, Cavatio F, Montaldo domestication of Indian River buffalo. BMC jenny milk cosmetics. Emirates Journal of (4):223231. G, and Balsno V. 1992. Use of ass's milk in Evolutionary Biology 7:186 (doi:10. Food & Agriculture 25(8): 635640. multiple food allergy. Journal of Pediatric GOI. 2002. Basic Dairy Husbandry Statistics. 1186/1471-2148-7-186). Cosentino C, Paolino R, Musto R, and Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy, Gastroenetorology and Nutrition 14:177181. Kunz C, and Lonnerdal B.1990. Freschi P. 2015. Innovative use of jenny milk Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, Indra R. 1997. Milk and Milk Products. State Human-milk for sustainable rearing. In: Sustainability of New Delhi. University of Agriculture, Ulaanbaatar, proteins: analysis of casein and casein subunits by anion-exchange chromatography, gel Agro-Food and National Resource Systems in Graf S, Egert S, and Heer M. 2011. Effects of Mongolia. electrophoresis, and specific staining methods. the Mediterranean Basin (Vastola A ed.), whey protein supplements on metabolism: Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51(1): Springer International Publishers. pp.113132. evidence from human intervention studies. N, CeVine D, Trikalinos T, and Lau L. 2007. 3746. Crichton GE, Bryan J, Buckley J, and Current Opinion in Clinical and Nutrition Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health Kurien V. 2005. I too had a dream. Roli Books Murphy KJ. 2011. Dairy consumption and Metabolism Care 14(6): 569580. outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Pvt Ltd., India.250pp. metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of Grasburger P, Sebera M, Hirazdira E, Report/Technical Assessment 153:1186. Maisels C K. 1999. The Near East: ndings and methodological issues. Obesity Cacek J, and Kalina T. 2016. Major correlates Igor K. 2015. Fresh hopes for local dairy Archaeology in the Cradle of Civilization. Review 12(5):e190e201. of male height: A study of 105 countries. producers. Khmer Times, 31 March, 2015. Routledge, London, UK. Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, and Fox M. Economics & Human Biology 21:172195. Jakubowicz D and Froy O. 2013. Biochemical Manidi RS, Kulkarni B, and Singh A. 2011. 2015. Lactose intolerance in adults: biological Gueguen L and Pointillart A. 2000. The and metabolic mechanisms by which dietary Secular trends in height in different states of mechanisms and dietary management. bioavailability of dietary calcium. Journal of whey protein may combat obesity and Type 2 India in relation to socio-economic Nutrients (Review) 7(9):80208035. American College of Nutrition 19(2 diabetes. Journal of Nutrition and characteristics and dietary intakes. Food & Dietrich CM, Felice JP, O'Sullivan E, and Suppl):119S136S. (doi: Biochemistry 24(1):15. Nutrition Bulletin 32 (1): 2334. Rasmussen KM. 2013. Breast feeding and 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718083)1 Kallenbach R, Kerley M, and Bishop-Hurley McBean LD and Miller GD. 1998. Allaying health outcome for the mother-infant dyad. Guo HY, Pang K, Zhang XY, Zhao L, Chen G. 2006. Cumulative forage production, forage fears and fallacies about lactose intolerance. Pediatric Clinics of North America SW, Dong ML, and Ren FZ. 2007. quality and livestock performance from an 60(1):3148. Journal of American Diet Association 304 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 305

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Effect of blood protein for improved metabolic health: a review 1975! America's Decision: Who Will Survive? under natural grassland in medium black soils pressure on potassium, calcium and of the evidence. Nutrition & Metabolism Little Brown & Co., Boston, MA, USA. in the semi-arid conditions of Jhansi. Range magnesium with low habitual intake. . 10: 46-52. (doi: Management & Agroforestry 20 (1):9497. Hypertension 31:131138. (Lond) 10.1186/1743-7075- Pairaudeau NL. 2015. Coming with the milk: ) 10-46 Indian migrant dairymen in colonial Southeast Ralston RA, Lee JH, Truby H, Palermo CE, Saha J. 2006. Milk to Mandalay: Dairy Misra SS, Sharma A, Bhattacharya TK, Asia. Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of and Walker KZ. 2012. A systematic review consumption, animal history and the political Kumar P, and Sahu RS. 2008. Assessment of Asia,7th International ADI Conference 24-26 and meta-analysis of elevated blood pressure geography of colonial Burma. Journal of breed and polymorphism of α-s1 and α-s2 June 2015, University of Copenhagen, and consumption of dairy foods. Journal of Historical Geography 54:112. (doi: casein genes with milk quality and dairy milk Denmark. Human Hypertension 26(1):313. (doi: 10.1016/j.jhg.2016.05.016). and constituent yield traits of buffalo (Bubalus 10.1038/jhh.2011.3.) Pal S and Radavelli-Bagatini S. 2013. The Saha S. 2001. Vegetative composition and bubali). Buffalo Bulletin 27:294 301. effects of whey protein on cardiometabolic risk Rangarajan S and D'Souza GA. 2007. structure of Tectonagrandis (Teak, Family Muelhoff E, Bennett A, and McMohan D factors. Obesity Review 14(4): 324 343. Restless syndrome in Indian patients having Verbanaceae) plantation and dry deciduous (Tech Ed). 2013. Milk and Dairy Products in iron deciency anemia in a tertiary care forests in Central India. Forest Ecology & Park YW and Haenlein GFW (eds). 2008. Human Nutrition. Food & Agriculture hospital. Sleep Medicine 8:247251. Management 148:159 167. Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Organization of UN, Rome, Italy. 376pp. John Wiley. 293p. Rice BH, Cifelli CJ, Pikosky MA, and Miller Salimei E and Fantz F. 2012. Equid milk for Musaka-Mugerwa F. 1981. The Camel GD. 2011. Dairy components and risk factors human consumption. International Dairy Phillips RW, Tolstoy LA, and Johnson RG. (Camelus domedarius) - A biographical for cardiometabolic syndrome: recent evidence Journal 24:130142. Review. International Livestick Centre for 1946. Yaks and yak-cattle hybrids. Journal of and opportunities for future research. Advances Sarkar P, Lolith Kumar DH, Dhumal C, Africa, Ethiopia. Monograph. 5. Heredity 37: 163-170 & 207-215. in Nutrion 2(5):396407. Panigrihi S, and Choudhary R. 2015. Prasad R. 2013. Population growth, food Naderi S, Hamid-Reza R, Francois P, et al. Robinson MR, Hemani G, Medina Gomez Traditional and ayurvedic foods of Indian shortages and ways to alleviate hunger. Current 2008. The goat domestication process inferred C, Mezavilla M et al (more than 40 authors). origin. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2(3): 97109. from large scale mitochondrial DNA analysis Science 105 (1):3236. 2015. Population genetic differentiation of Savaiano DA, Boushey CJ, and McCabe GP. of wild and domestic individuals. Proceedings Prasad R, Shivay YS, and Kumar D. 2014, length and body mass index across Europe. 2006. Lactose intolerance symptoms assessed National Academy of Sciences, U S A, Agronomic biofortication of cereal grains Nature Genetics 47:13571362. by meta-analysis: a grain of truth that leads to 105(46):17659 17644. with iron and zinc. Advances in Agronomy Rozenberg S, Body JJ, Bruyère O, exaggeration. Journal of Nutrition 136 . 2010. Prevention of fractures in 125:5591. Nowson CA Bergmann P, Brandi ML, Cooper C, (4):11071113. older people with calcium and vitamin Prasad R, Shivay YS, and Nene, YL. 2016a. Devogelaer JP, Gielen E, Goemaere S, Sawaya WN, Khalil JK, Al-Shalhat A, and D.Nutrients 2 (9):975-84. (doi: Asia's contribution to the evolution of Kaufman JM, Rizzoli R, and Reginster JY. Al-Mohammed H . 1 9 8 4 . C h e m i c a l 10.3390/nu2090975. Epub 2010 Sep 16) agriculture: creativity, history, and mythology. 2016. Effects of dairy products consumption on composition and nutrional quality of camel O'Conner VCS.1993. The Silken East: A Asian Agri-History 20 (4):233250. health: benets and beliefsA commentary milk. Food Science 49(3):744747. Record of Life and Travel in Burma (1904). Prasad R, Majumdar K, Shivay YS, and from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Scarre C. 1993. Smithsonian Timelines of the Gartimore, Stirling, UK. Kapil U. 2016b. Minerals in Plant and Human Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Ancient World. D. Kinderseler, London.176pp. Okada T. 2004. Effect of cow milk Nutrition and Health. International Plant Osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International consumption on longitudinal height gain in Nutrition Institute, Georgia, USA. 80pp. 98: 117.(doi: 10.1007/s00223-015-0062-x) Schaafsma G. 2000. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score. Journal of children. American Journal of Clinical Qin LQ, Xu JY, Han SF, Zhang ZL, Zhao Rossel S, Marshall F, Peters J, Pilgram T, Nutrition 130:1865S1867S. 304 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 305

98(6):671676 (doi: 10.1016/S0002- Nutrition 80 (4): 1088 1089. YY, and Szeto IM. 2015. Dairy consumption Adams MD, and O'conner D. 2008. 8223(98)00152-7.) Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, and risk of cardiovascular disease: an updated Domestication of the donkey: Timing, McDougall I, Brown FH, and Fleagle JG. Kasprov A, Zabert V, Thorpe N, and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. processes and indicators. Proceedings National 2005. Strategic placement and age of modern Evershed RP. 2009. The earliest horse Asia Pacic Journal of Clinical Nutrition Academy of Sciences, USA, 105 humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature harnessing and milking. Science 233:1332 24(1):90100. (10):37153720. 433(7027):733736. 1335. Rai P.1999. Comparative growth and biomass Sacks FM, Willet WC, Smith A, Brown LE, McGregor RA and Poppitt SD. 2013. Milk Paddock W and Paddock P.1967. Famine production of MpTS at 8 years of establishment Rosser B, and Moore TJ. 1998. Effect of blood protein for improved metabolic health: a review 1975! America's Decision: Who Will Survive? under natural grassland in medium black soils pressure on potassium, calcium and of the evidence. Nutrition & Metabolism Little Brown & Co., Boston, MA, USA. in the semi-arid conditions of Jhansi. Range magnesium with low habitual intake. . 10: 46-52. (doi: Management & Agroforestry 20 (1):9497. Hypertension 31:131138. (Lond) 10.1186/1743-7075- Pairaudeau NL. 2015. Coming with the milk: ) 10-46 Indian migrant dairymen in colonial Southeast Ralston RA, Lee JH, Truby H, Palermo CE, Saha J. 2006. Milk to Mandalay: Dairy Misra SS, Sharma A, Bhattacharya TK, Asia. Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of and Walker KZ. 2012. A systematic review consumption, animal history and the political Kumar P, and Sahu RS. 2008. Assessment of Asia,7th International ADI Conference 24-26 and meta-analysis of elevated blood pressure geography of colonial Burma. Journal of breed and polymorphism of α-s1 and α-s2 June 2015, University of Copenhagen, and consumption of dairy foods. Journal of Historical Geography 54:112. (doi: casein genes with milk quality and dairy milk Denmark. Human Hypertension 26(1):313. (doi: 10.1016/j.jhg.2016.05.016). and constituent yield traits of buffalo (Bubalus 10.1038/jhh.2011.3.) Pal S and Radavelli-Bagatini S. 2013. The Saha S. 2001. Vegetative composition and bubali). Buffalo Bulletin 27:294 301. effects of whey protein on cardiometabolic risk Rangarajan S and D'Souza GA. 2007. structure of Tectonagrandis (Teak, Family Muelhoff E, Bennett A, and McMohan D factors. Obesity Review 14(4): 324 343. Restless syndrome in Indian patients having Verbanaceae) plantation and dry deciduous (Tech Ed). 2013. Milk and Dairy Products in iron deciency anemia in a tertiary care forests in Central India. Forest Ecology & Park YW and Haenlein GFW (eds). 2008. Human Nutrition. Food & Agriculture hospital. Sleep Medicine 8:247251. Management 148:159 167. Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Organization of UN, Rome, Italy. 376pp. John Wiley. 293p. Rice BH, Cifelli CJ, Pikosky MA, and Miller Salimei E and Fantz F. 2012. Equid milk for Musaka-Mugerwa F. 1981. The Camel GD. 2011. Dairy components and risk factors human consumption. International Dairy Phillips RW, Tolstoy LA, and Johnson RG. (Camelus domedarius) - A biographical for cardiometabolic syndrome: recent evidence Journal 24:130142. Review. International Livestick Centre for 1946. Yaks and yak-cattle hybrids. Journal of and opportunities for future research. Advances Sarkar P, Lolith Kumar DH, Dhumal C, Africa, Ethiopia. Monograph. 5. Heredity 37: 163-170 & 207-215. in Nutrion 2(5):396407. Panigrihi S, and Choudhary R. 2015. Prasad R. 2013. Population growth, food Naderi S, Hamid-Reza R, Francois P, et al. Robinson MR, Hemani G, Medina Gomez Traditional and ayurvedic foods of Indian shortages and ways to alleviate hunger. Current 2008. The goat domestication process inferred C, Mezavilla M et al (more than 40 authors). origin. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2(3): 97109. from large scale mitochondrial DNA analysis Science 105 (1):3236. 2015. Population genetic differentiation of Savaiano DA, Boushey CJ, and McCabe GP. of wild and domestic individuals. Proceedings Prasad R, Shivay YS, and Kumar D. 2014, length and body mass index across Europe. 2006. Lactose intolerance symptoms assessed National Academy of Sciences, U S A, Agronomic biofortication of cereal grains Nature Genetics 47:13571362. by meta-analysis: a grain of truth that leads to 105(46):17659 17644. with iron and zinc. Advances in Agronomy Rozenberg S, Body JJ, Bruyère O, exaggeration. Journal of Nutrition 136 . 2010. Prevention of fractures in 125:5591. Nowson CA Bergmann P, Brandi ML, Cooper C, (4):11071113. older people with calcium and vitamin Prasad R, Shivay YS, and Nene, YL. 2016a. Devogelaer JP, Gielen E, Goemaere S, Sawaya WN, Khalil JK, Al-Shalhat A, and D.Nutrients 2 (9):975-84. (doi: Asia's contribution to the evolution of Kaufman JM, Rizzoli R, and Reginster JY. Al-Mohammed H . 1 9 8 4 . C h e m i c a l 10.3390/nu2090975. Epub 2010 Sep 16) agriculture: creativity, history, and mythology. 2016. Effects of dairy products consumption on composition and nutrional quality of camel O'Conner VCS.1993. The Silken East: A Asian Agri-History 20 (4):233250. health: benets and beliefsA commentary milk. Food Science 49(3):744747. Record of Life and Travel in Burma (1904). Prasad R, Majumdar K, Shivay YS, and from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Scarre C. 1993. Smithsonian Timelines of the Gartimore, Stirling, UK. Kapil U. 2016b. Minerals in Plant and Human Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Ancient World. D. Kinderseler, London.176pp. Okada T. 2004. Effect of cow milk Nutrition and Health. International Plant Osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International consumption on longitudinal height gain in Nutrition Institute, Georgia, USA. 80pp. 98: 117.(doi: 10.1007/s00223-015-0062-x) Schaafsma G. 2000. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score. Journal of children. American Journal of Clinical Qin LQ, Xu JY, Han SF, Zhang ZL, Zhao Rossel S, Marshall F, Peters J, Pilgram T, Nutrition 130:1865S1867S. 306 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 307

Simoons FJ. 1969. Primary adult lactose Su VV, Dinh KV, Mac BH, and Dai L. 1989. Weaver S. 2005. Sheep: Small Scale Sheep Yang DY, Liu L, Chen X, and Speller CF. intolerance and the milking habit- problems in Milk production from Murrah buffalo (1978- Keeping for Pleasure and Prot, Hobby Farm 2008. Wild domesticated: DNA analysis of biological and cultural interaction.1. Review of 1989), Buffalo and Grass Research Centre, Press, Irvine, CA, USA. ancient buffalo remains from China. Journal of the medical research. American Journal of Vietnam. Wilson DE and Reeder DM (eds). 2005. Archeological Science 35:2778-2785.. Digestive Diseases 14 (12):819836. Swallow DM. 2003. Genetics of lactose Bostaurus. Mammal Species of the World: A Yanwen Q. 1979. The Origin of Domestic Simoons FJ. 1970.The initial limits of milking persistence and lactose intolerance. Annual Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Animals. China Science Press. Beijing. and milk use in South Asia. Anthropos Review of Genetics 37:197219. Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Yual I, Jones BL, Ingram CJE, Swallow DM, 65:547593. Swaminathan MS. 2013. Genesis and growth Baltimore, MD, USA. and Thomas MG. 2010. A worldwide Smit E, Nieto FJ, Crespo CJ, and Mitchell P. of the yield revolution in wheat in India: lessons Wilt TJ, Shaukat A, Shamliyan T, Taylor correlation of lactose persistence phenotypes 1999. Estimates of animal and plant protein for shaping our agricultural destiny. BC, MacDonald R, Tacklind J, Rutks I, and genotypes. BMC Evolutionary Biology intake in US adults: results from the Third Agricultural Research 2 (3):183188. Schwarzenberg SJ, Kane RL, and Levitt M. 10:36. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-36] National Health and Nutrition Examination Tsakahashi E. 1984. Secular trend in milk 2010. Lactose intolerance and health. Evidence Zedar MA (ed). 2006. Documenting Survey, 19881991. Journal of the American consumption and growth in Japan. Human Report/Technology Assessment 192:1410. Domestication: New Genetic and Dietetic Association99 (7):813820. (doi: Biology 56:427437. WHO. 2011. Global Strategy on Infant and Archaeological Paradigms. University of 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00193-5.) Tang BMP, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Young Child Feeding. World Health CaliforniaPress, USA. 264pp. Smith HA. 2015. Becoming intolerant: how and Bensoussan A. 2007. Use of calcium or Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. the rise of milk culture made china sick. Asia. calcium in combination with vitamin D Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of Asia, supplementation to prevent fractures and bone 7th International ADI Conference 24-26 June loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta- 2015, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. analysis. Lancet 370(9588):657666. (doi: Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Kataria RS, Mishra 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7) BP, and Joshi BK. 2012. Milk proteins and USDA. 2011. National Database for Selected human health: A1/A2 milk hypothesis. Indian References. US Department of Agriculture, Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 16 Maryland. (5): 856. (doi : ) 10.4103/2230-8210.100685 USDA. 2013. National Nutrient Datbase for Soedamah-Muthu SS, Verberne LD, Ding Standard Reference. Release 26. EL, Engberink MF, and Geleijnse JM. 2012. (http.//www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl) Dairy consumption and incidence of USDA. 2016. India-Dairy and Products Annual hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of 2016. Foreign Agricultural Statistics-Gain prospective cohort studies. Hypertension Report IN6126, September 26, 2016, US 60(5):1131-1137. (doi:10.1161/ Department of Agriculture, USA. HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195206). Vissers PA, Streppel MT, Feskens EJ, and de Soliman GZA. 2005. Comparison of chemical Groot LC. 2011. The contribution of dairy and mineral content of milk from human, cow, products to micronutrient intake in the buffalo, camel and goat in Egypt. The Egyptian Netherlands. Journal of American College of Journal of Hospital Medicine 21:116130. Nutrition 30(5 Suppl 1): 415S421S.(doi: Sousa GT, Lira FS, Rosa JC, de Oliveira EP, 10.1080/07315724.2011.10719985) , , and . Oyama LM Santos RV Pimentel GD Weaver CM, Proulx WR, and Heaney R. 2012. Dietary whey protein lessens several risk 1999. Choices for achieving adequate dietary factors for metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids calcium with a vegetarian diet. American Health Disease11:6773. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:543S548S. 306 Historical aspects of milk consumption Asian Agri-History Vol. 21, No. 4, 2017 307

Simoons FJ. 1969. Primary adult lactose Su VV, Dinh KV, Mac BH, and Dai L. 1989. Weaver S. 2005. Sheep: Small Scale Sheep Yang DY, Liu L, Chen X, and Speller CF. intolerance and the milking habit- problems in Milk production from Murrah buffalo (1978- Keeping for Pleasure and Prot, Hobby Farm 2008. Wild domesticated: DNA analysis of biological and cultural interaction.1. Review of 1989), Buffalo and Grass Research Centre, Press, Irvine, CA, USA. ancient buffalo remains from China. Journal of the medical research. American Journal of Vietnam. Wilson DE and Reeder DM (eds). 2005. Archeological Science 35:2778-2785.. Digestive Diseases 14 (12):819836. Swallow DM. 2003. Genetics of lactose Bostaurus. Mammal Species of the World: A Yanwen Q. 1979. The Origin of Domestic Simoons FJ. 1970.The initial limits of milking persistence and lactose intolerance. Annual Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Animals. China Science Press. Beijing. and milk use in South Asia. Anthropos Review of Genetics 37:197219. Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Yual I, Jones BL, Ingram CJE, Swallow DM, 65:547593. Swaminathan MS. 2013. Genesis and growth Baltimore, MD, USA. and Thomas MG. 2010. A worldwide Smit E, Nieto FJ, Crespo CJ, and Mitchell P. of the yield revolution in wheat in India: lessons Wilt TJ, Shaukat A, Shamliyan T, Taylor correlation of lactose persistence phenotypes 1999. Estimates of animal and plant protein for shaping our agricultural destiny. BC, MacDonald R, Tacklind J, Rutks I, and genotypes. BMC Evolutionary Biology intake in US adults: results from the Third Agricultural Research 2 (3):183188. Schwarzenberg SJ, Kane RL, and Levitt M. 10:36. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-36] National Health and Nutrition Examination Tsakahashi E. 1984. Secular trend in milk 2010. Lactose intolerance and health. Evidence Zedar MA (ed). 2006. Documenting Survey, 19881991. Journal of the American consumption and growth in Japan. Human Report/Technology Assessment 192:1410. Domestication: New Genetic and Dietetic Association99 (7):813820. (doi: Biology 56:427437. WHO. 2011. Global Strategy on Infant and Archaeological Paradigms. University of 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00193-5.) Tang BMP, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Young Child Feeding. World Health CaliforniaPress, USA. 264pp. Smith HA. 2015. Becoming intolerant: how and Bensoussan A. 2007. Use of calcium or Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. the rise of milk culture made china sick. Asia. calcium in combination with vitamin D Food, Feeding, and Eating in and out of Asia, supplementation to prevent fractures and bone 7th International ADI Conference 24-26 June loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta- 2015, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. analysis. Lancet 370(9588):657666. (doi: Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Kataria RS, Mishra 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7) BP, and Joshi BK. 2012. Milk proteins and USDA. 2011. National Database for Selected human health: A1/A2 milk hypothesis. Indian References. US Department of Agriculture, Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 16 Maryland. (5): 856. (doi : ) 10.4103/2230-8210.100685 USDA. 2013. National Nutrient Datbase for Soedamah-Muthu SS, Verberne LD, Ding Standard Reference. Release 26. EL, Engberink MF, and Geleijnse JM. 2012. (http.//www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl) Dairy consumption and incidence of USDA. 2016. India-Dairy and Products Annual hypertension: a dose-response meta-analysis of 2016. Foreign Agricultural Statistics-Gain prospective cohort studies. Hypertension Report IN6126, September 26, 2016, US 60(5):1131-1137. (doi:10.1161/ Department of Agriculture, USA. HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195206). Vissers PA, Streppel MT, Feskens EJ, and de Soliman GZA. 2005. Comparison of chemical Groot LC. 2011. The contribution of dairy and mineral content of milk from human, cow, products to micronutrient intake in the buffalo, camel and goat in Egypt. The Egyptian Netherlands. Journal of American College of Journal of Hospital Medicine 21:116130. Nutrition 30(5 Suppl 1): 415S421S.(doi: Sousa GT, Lira FS, Rosa JC, de Oliveira EP, 10.1080/07315724.2011.10719985) , , and . Oyama LM Santos RV Pimentel GD Weaver CM, Proulx WR, and Heaney R. 2012. Dietary whey protein lessens several risk 1999. Choices for achieving adequate dietary factors for metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids calcium with a vegetarian diet. American Health Disease11:6773. Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:543S548S.