Filed: New York County Clerk 11/13/2020 11:36 Pm Index No

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Filed: New York County Clerk 11/13/2020 11:36 Pm Index No FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 11/13/2020 11:36 PM INDEX NO. 158550/2020 NYSCEF DOC. NO. 201 RECEIVED NYSCEF: 11/13/2020 SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF NEW YORK --------------------------------------------------------------x In the Matter of the Application of, Index No. 0158550/2020 DOWNTOWN NEW YORKERS INC.; CHRISTOPHER BROWN; MEGAN KESSLER; and DAEMON O’NEIL, Petitioners, AFFIDAVIT OF PUBLIC ADVOCATE For Judgment Pursuant to CPLR Article 78 JUMAANE D. WILLIAMS -against- THE CITY OF NEW YORK; BILL DE BLASIO, in his official capacity as Mayor of the City of New York; THE NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF HOMELESS SERVICES; and STEVEN BANKS, in his official capacity as Commissioner of the New York City Department of Homeless Services, Respondents, --------------------------------------------------------------x RAMONE BUFORD, LARRY THOMAS, and TRAVIS TRAMMELL, Intervenors/Petitioners. --------------------------------------------------------------x State of New York ) :.ss: County of New York ) JUMAANE D. WILLIAMS, having been duly sworn, deposes and says: 1. I am the Public Advocate of the City of New York. I submit this Affidavit in support of the Petition submitted by Ramone Buford, Larry Thomas, and Travis Trammell, as well as the other homeless residents of the Lucerne Shelter Hotel (the “Lucerne Petitioners”), seeking an order to prevent the City of New York from forcibly relocating them to the Hotel 1 of 4 FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 11/13/2020 11:36 PM INDEX NO. 158550/2020 NYSCEF DOC. NO. 201 RECEIVED NYSCEF: 11/13/2020 Radisson (“Radisson”) in the Financial District of Downtown Manhattan (“Forced Relocation”). For the reasons recited below, I submit this Affidavit in support of the petition by the Lucerne Petitioners and their request for a preliminary injunction because: (i) the City’s decision-making concerning the Forced Relocation appears to have been arbitrary and capricious; and (ii) the Forced Relocation would expose the Lucerne Petitioners to serious and potentially irreversible harm – a consequence that would be completely incompatible with the City’s declared policy of compassionate and humanitarian treatment of homeless individuals. My Background 2. I am a graduate of Brooklyn College, where I earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science and a Master’s Degree in Urban Policy and Administration. I was elected to the New York City Council, representing the City’s 45th District, in 2009 and was re-elected in 2013 and 2017. As a member of the City Council, I focused my efforts on, among other policy areas, housing and social justice. Among the legislation I co-sponsored, is a law designed to regulate tenant relocation specialists, who are typically employed by landlords to buy-out tenants, often coercively. Needless to say, I am deeply concerned about the homelessness crisis in New York City and its profound effect on our most vulnerable population. The Lucerne 3. I became aware of the situation at the Lucerne Shelter Hotel (the “Lucerne”) after Mayor de Blasio, responding to political pressure from a minority of Upper West Side residents, attempted to forcibly relocate the Lucerne Petitioners from the Lucerne to the Harmonia Shelter – a shelter already occupied by homeless families and disabled individuals, who themselves would have been ousted and relocated if the City had followed through with its initial plan (the “Harmonia Plan”). However, after public backlash, the de Blasio Administration abandoned the 2 2 of 4 FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 11/13/2020 11:36 PM INDEX NO. 158550/2020 NYSCEF DOC. NO. 201 RECEIVED NYSCEF: 11/13/2020 Harmonia Plan, citing an alleged “communication error.” Thereafter, without any explanation, the de Blasio Administration announced its intention to forcibly relocate the Lucerne Petitioners to the Radisson. 4. Despite what the City of New York Respondents may claim, it is clear to me that neither the Harmonia Plan nor the Forced Relocation were planned to achieve density reduction during the COVID-19 crisis. In fact, according to the record in this case, the positive COVID-19 testing rate among the Lucerne Petitioners is less than one percent – better than the positivity rate Citywide. Meanwhile, the Radisson, to which the Lucerne Petitioners would be forcibly relocated (if their request for relief were to be denied), was previously used as a quarantine space to shelter patients stricken with COVID-19. Thus, the City’s explanation does not make any sense. Why forcibly relocate the Lucerne Residents, whose COVID-19 positivity rate is substantially lower than the citywide average, to a location that has housed quarantined COVID- 19 patients? The City’s purported rationale for the Forcible Relocation is itself irrational. 5. Furthermore, if the City of New York had been truly concerned about de- densifying homeless shelters due to the the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still thousands of homeless people living in congregate shelters who have not been moved. It is irrational to forcibly relocate the Lucerne Petitioners, who occupy single or double rooms and whose positivity rate is substantially below the Citywide average, while refusing to relocate those currently living in congregate shelters, where dozens of homeless individuals are forced to sleep in close proximity to each other in barracks-like conditions. 6. While it is important for the City to respond to constituent complaints, this cannot and should not be exploited to advantage wealthy neighborhoods against the marginalized. Evicting homeless populations from homeless shelters in wealthier neighborhoods would 3 3 of 4 FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 11/13/2020 11:36 PM INDEX NO. 158550/2020 NYSCEF DOC. NO. 201 RECEIVED NYSCEF: 11/13/2020 inevitably lead to the relocation of all shelters to the poorest of neighborhoods, further exacerbating the devastation of the City's most vulacrable popula6on. Respectfully, the Court should not set this dangerous precedent. 7. such as the In addidon, community organizations, West Side Community cite Organization, Im:ated on the Upper West Side, historically to increased crime levels, drug use, lewd acts, etc. as justification to evict occupants of homeless shelters. Given that the majority of Lucerne Residents are African American men, this knee-jerk reaction of associating homelessness and their presence with crime is akin to closeted, de facto discrimination based on race. In short, the decision to forcibly relocate the Lucerne Residents constitutes an irrational determination by the Respcadents, apparcatly based upon the Mayor's political motivations rather than sound humanitarian housing policy. Such relocation would result in severe and irremediable harm to a vulnerable population of homeless men of color. Petitioners' 8. For these reasons, I respectfully urge the Court to grant the Lucerne petition and, during the interim, continue the temporary restraining order that has, thus far, maintained the status quo. Without the gmut of a preliminary injunction, the Lucerne Petitioners would be subjected to serious and possibly irreparable harm, resulting in the mooting of their meritorious claims and denying them their day in Court. Jumaane D. Williams Public Advocate for the City of New York Sworn before me this /2 day of November, 2020 PAUL KAMPFER Notary Public, State of New York W N Ai7->-A pursue d No. 02KA6142705 Qualified in Westchester County Commission Notary Expires March 20, 2021,, 4 4 of 4.
Recommended publications
  • Mayor's Office for People with Disabilities Language Access Implementation Plan 2018
    Mayor’s Office for People with Disabilities Language Access Implementation Plan 2018 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................... 3 1. Agency Mission and Background ......................................................... 3 2. Agency Language Access Policy and Goals ........................................... 4 3. Limited-English Proficient Population Assessment .................................. 5 4. Provision of Language Access Services ................................................ 8 5. Training ........................................................................................... 9 6. Record Keeping and Evaluation ......................................................... 10 7. Resource Analysis and Planning ........................................................ 10 8. Outreach and Public Awareness of Language Access Services ............... 11 9. Language Access Complaints ............................................................ 11 10. Implementation Plan Logistics ........................................................ 12 Introduction This Language Access Plan for the Mayor’s Office for People with Disabilities (MOPD) has been prepared in accordance with Local Law 30 of 2017 and outlines MOPD’s current and planned actions to improve access to programs and services by limited-English proficient (LEP) individuals. The plan is being developed by MOPD along with the Mayor’s Office of Operations and Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs to ensure information
    [Show full text]
  • 19-1189 BP PLC V. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
    (Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2020 1 Syllabus NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Syllabus BP P. L. C. ET AL. v. MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 19–1189. Argued January 19, 2021—Decided May 17, 2021 Baltimore’s Mayor and City Council (collectively City) sued various en- ergy companies in Maryland state court alleging that the companies concealed the environmental impacts of the fossil fuels they promoted. The defendant companies removed the case to federal court invoking a number of grounds for federal jurisdiction, including the federal officer removal statute, 28 U. S. C. §1442. The City argued that none of the defendants’ various grounds for removal justified retaining federal ju- risdiction, and the district court agreed, issuing an order remanding the case back to state court. Although an order remanding a case to state court is ordinarily unreviewable on appeal, Congress has deter- mined that appellate review is available for those orders “remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed pursuant to section 1442 or 1443 of [Title 28].” §1447(d). The Fourth Circuit read this provision to authorize appellate review only for the part of a remand order deciding the §1442 or §1443 removal ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Mayors of Holland Oral History Interviews
    Hope College Digital Commons @ Hope College Former Mayors of Holland Oral History Interviews 1984 Bosman, Nelson W Oral History Interview: Former Mayors of Holland Hope College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.hope.edu/holland_mayors Part of the Archival Science Commons, and the Oral History Commons Recommended Citation Repository citation: Hope College, "Bosman, Nelson W Oral History Interview: Former Mayors of Holland" (1984). Former Mayors of Holland. Paper 1. http://digitalcommons.hope.edu/holland_mayors/1 Published in: 1984 - Former Mayors of Holland (H88-0234) - Hope College Living Heritage Oral History Project, January 1, 1984. Copyright © 1984 Hope College, Holland, MI. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Oral History Interviews at Digital Commons @ Hope College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Former Mayors of Holland by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Hope College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTRODUCTION Mr. Bosman was one of the formet mayor-s which I k.new before this ptoject was initia:ted. We WIt' both serving on the Board of Trustees for the Netherlands Museum. That board is onl! of the ftw which 1 hay' nt on, but it lS but one of m..ny which Mr. Bosman has served. As can be seen on his h.ct sheet, MI'. Bosm,a,n hilS given his time and talents to many organha:tions throughout the YUts. Mr-. Bosman also served fOt a dE'cade as mayol' of Holland {and also had served as a council member- prior to thatl. During his long tenure as top elected official in the city, Holland underwent many changes which directly sh..ped it into what it has become today.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayor: Fernando Medina City: Lisbon (Portugal) on Behalf of the Mayor of Lisbon, Mr. Fernando Medina, I Hereby Would Like To
    Mayor: Fernando Medina City: Lisbon (Portugal) On behalf of the Mayor of Lisbon, Mr. Fernando Medina, I hereby would like to convey the measures that the City of Lisbon has been implemented at this present moment to fight this major outbreak: • School-based meals - Students from public schools in Lisbon, in levels A, B and SEN - special education needs / school social action, will continue to receive meals for breakfast, lunch and snacks, during the entire suspension of school activities. • Elderly - Assuring hot meals, personal hygiene and medicines to the four thousand people already supported by the municipality of Lisbon. Delivering support also to those who quarantine. Social support for people in isolation with dedicated telephone contact lines and take advantage of whatsapp to link young people to elderly. Delivering support also to those who were in Day Centers, that have been closed due to this outbreak, as well as all of those people without autonomy to prepare their own meals. • Homelessness – The City has opened two new facilities with all the conditions for applying the quarantine. All the foster centers has contingency plans duly approved, reinforced hygiene measures and isolation places for suspected cases. • Support to professionals from essential services – Together with the Ministry of Education, nine schools in the city are open to welcome the children of professionals in essential services, health, security forces and fire-fighters. • Support and articulation with Lisbon’s Parish Councils – Support to the needy ones, in regard to the purchase of essential goods (Pharmacy and Supermarket), either because they are over 65 years, or just for the reason that they’re chronically ill and/or people in • Solidarity Network - Identification and organization of people available to carry out solidarity tasks with the most vulnerable sectors of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report for 2018
    P a g e | 1 ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2018 Lord Mayor of Cork, Councillor Tony Fitzgerald, and Director of the CLRG, Dr Aodh Quinlivan, present a copy of The Freedom of Cork to the Mayor of San Francisco, Mark Farrell, in April 2018. P a g e | 2 CONTENTS Page 1 Cover Page – CLRG Annual Report for 2018 Page 2 Contents Page 3 Director’s Report Page 4 CLRG Advisory Boards and Affiliations Page 5 Guest Lecture by Danny O’Connor Page 6 Cork Business Association Annual Awards Page 7 Launch of Tip O’Neill Annual Lecture Series in Cork and Boston Page 8 Third Annual CLRG Public Lecture Series Page 9 Third Annual CLRG Public Lecture Series Page 10 Third Annual CLRG Public Lecture Series Page 11 RTÉ Brainstorm on Directly Elected Mayors Page 12 Visits to Cork City Hall Page 13 Visits to Cork City Hall Page 14 Cork Delegation to Sister City, San Francisco Page 15 Evening Echo Lord Mayor Special Page 16 Forthcoming Publications – Vindicating Dublin Page 17 Directly Elected Mayors Page 18 ISS21 Seminar on Local Participation Page 19 Council of Europe Appointment Page 20 Atlantic Social Lab International Project The 20th Philip Monahan Memorial Lecture, sponsored by the CLRG, was delivered by Professor Fiona Mackay from the University of Edinburgh. P a g e | 3 DIRECTOR’S REPORT I am delighted to report that 2018 was another fantastic year for UCC’s Centre for Local and Regional Governance. In this 20-page annual report, I hope that you get a sense of the activities of the CLRG and the research in which we are engaged.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayor / Council
    PART 1 The Mayor-Council Act Editorial Note: This part codifies the provisions of the Mayor-Council Act of 1955, adopted by the legislature of Alabama on September 9, 1955, as Act No. 452. The following sections codify Act No. 452 as amended. Article I Adoption of Mayor-Council Form of Government; Election and Term of Council Article II Legal Status; Form of Government; Powers Article III The Council Article IV Mayor Article V Budget Article VI Department of Finance Article VII Succession in Government Article VIII General Provisions Article IX Abandonment of Mayor-Council Form of Government Article X General Statutory Provisions ARTICLE I Adoption of Mayor-Council Form of Government; Election and Term of Council Sec. 1.01 Cities to which act applies. Any city in the State of Alabama, which has a population of more than 300,000, according to the last federal census, or which may hereafter have such population according to any federal or municipal census that may be taken hereafter, may adopt the mayor-council form of government by proceeding in the manner hereinafter in this act provided. (Act No. 452, 9/9/55, amended by Act No. 131, 7/7/65, Sec. 1) Sec. 1.02 Petition for election. The filing of a petition signed by 10 percent or more of the qualified electors of such city, asking that the proposition of the adoption of the mayor-council form of government for such city be submitted to the qualified voters thereof, with the judge of probate of the county in which such city is located, shall mandatorily require an election to be held as herein provided.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.02 Mayor 2.04 Town Council 2.06 Town Administrator 2.07 Town Attorney 2.08 Cler
    Title 2 ADMINISTRATION AND PERSONNEL Chapters: 2.02 Mayor 2.04 Town Council 2.06 Town Administrator 2.07 Town Attorney 2.08 Clerk-Treasurer 2.12 Planning Commission 2.14 Steilacoom Historic District—Historical Preservation and Review Board 2.16 Municipal Court 2.18 Public Safety Department 2.20 Emergency Management 2.28 Personnel Regulations 2.44 Facilities Policies 2.48 Public Access to Records 2.50 Transcript of Hearings 2.52 Identification Cards 2.60 Auditing and Payment of Demands for Expenditures 2.68 Town Meeting Expenses 2.72 Small Works Roster Chapter 2.02 MAYOR Sections: 2.02.010 Compensation 2.02.010 Compensation. The annual compensation of the Mayor of the Town is set at nine thousand dollars ($9,000.00) per year effective January 1, 2005. (Ord. 1372 §1, 2004: Ord. 1160 §1, 1994: Ord. 890 §1, 1983). Chapter 2.04 TOWN COUNCIL Sections: 2.04.010 Meetings. 2.04.020 Compensation. 2.04.010 Meetings. The regular meeting nights of the Town Council will be the first and third Tuesdays of each month at six-thirty (6:30) p.m. (Ord. 1311 §1, 2002: Ord. 1080 §1, 1991: Ord. 1075 §1, 1991: Ord. 285 §1, 1955). 2 - 1 2.04.020 Compensation. The salary of each member of the Town Council whose term of office commences on or after December 31, 2005, is fixed in the amount of three hundred dollars per month. (Ord. 1398 §1, 2005: Ord. 992 §1, 1987: Ord. 889 §1, 1983). Chapter 2.06 TOWN ADMINISTRATOR Sections: 2.06.010 Position created.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Titles and Forms of Address for Dignitaries
    OFFICIAL A GUIDE TO TITLES AND FORMS OF ADDRESS FOR DIGNITARIES How referred to in Title Address block in correspondence Salutation person Governor-General His Excellency General the Honourable David Hurley AC DSC (Retd) Your Excellency or Initially ‘Your Excellency’ Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia Dear Governor-General thereafter ‘Sir’ Contact: Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia Governor His Excellency The Honourable Hieu Van Le AC Your Excellency At first meeting ‘Your Governor of South Australia Excellency’ thereafter Contact: Governor of South Australia ‘Sir’ Premier The Honourable Steven Marshall MP Dear Premier Premier Premier of South Australia Contact: Premier of South Australia Prime Minister The Honourable Scott Morrison MP Dear Prime Minister Prime Minister or Prime Minister of Australia Mr Morrison Contact: Prime Minister of Australia Lieutenant Governor Professor Brenda Wilson AM Dear Professor Wilson Professor Wilson Lieutenant Governor of South Australia Contact: Lieutenant Governor of South Australia Chief Justice The Honourable Chief Justice Chris Kourakis Dear Chief Justice Chief Justice Chief Justice of South Australia Contact: Chief Justice of South Australia Government Ministers The Honourable (Dr if required) (first name) (surname) MP or MLC Dear Minister Minister or Minister Minister for xxx (surname) Contact: State Cabinet Ministers If addressing a Minister in their electorate office Dear Minister Minister or Minister The Honourable (Dr if required) (first name) (surname) MP or
    [Show full text]
  • Spring-2018-Manuscript-2.Pdf
    SPRING 2018 | VOL. 7 | NO. 1 SYRACUSE ManuscriptSYRACUSE UNIVERSITY’S AFRICAN AMERICAN AND LATINO ALUMNI MAGAZINE REMEMBERING MLK YEARS 50AFTER HIS ASSASSINATION CONTENTS Brandyn Munford ’18 and Anjana Pati ’18 presented Angela Rye with a ceramic platter created by Professor Emeritus David MacDonald at SU’s 2018 MLK Celebration. CONTENTS Contents From the ’Cuse ..........................................................................2 Remembering MLK ................................................................3 Stith Leads Norfolk State ....................................................6 Fuller Creates Endowment .................................................7 Vincent H. Cohen Sr. Honored with Named Scholarship ................................................................8 Paris Noir Endowment ..........................................................9 Student Spotlight ............................................................10 OTHC Scholarship Donor List .....................................12 6 Campus News ..................................................................14 3 Alumni News .....................................................................18 CBT Martha’s Vineyard..................................................26 Alumni Milestones ................................................................ 26 In Memoriam .......................................................................... 27 19 7 22 8 15 16 18 10 11 ON THE COVER: Martin Luther Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C. RACHEL VASSEL ’91, Assistant
    [Show full text]
  • The OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth Initiative
    The OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative Inclusive Growth at the OECD As a response to the growing gap between the rich and the poor, the OECD launched the Inclusive Growth Initiative in 2012, with support from the Ford Foundation. This initiative has been helping governments analyse rising inequalities, monitor material living standards and broader well-being, and design policy packages that promote equity and growth. It is driven by a multidimensional approach to Inclusive Growth, going beyond income to see how people are faring in other areas of life, like jobs and health. The Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth Initiative Building on this foundation, the OECD launched the Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth Initiative in March 2016, with support from the Ford Foundation and in partnership with a range of Supporting Institutions, including the Brookings Institution, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, Cities Alliance, ICLEI, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, National League of Cities, UCLG and United Way Worldwide. The initiative aims to provide mayors with a unique platform in the debate on inequality, elevating their voices in national debates and global agendas; and to facilitate exchanges among city leaders, sharing concrete solutions to address inequality. A global coalition of local leaders to fight inequalities Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth form a coalition of willing leaders who have committed to tackling inequalities and promoting more inclusive economic growth in cities. Champion Mayors are invited
    [Show full text]
  • Devolution: a Mayor for Greater Manchester. What Does It Mean?
    DEVOLUTION: A MAYOR FOR GREATER MANCHESTER. WHAT DOES IT MEAN? BOLTON | BURY | MANCHESTER | OLDHAM | ROCHDALE | SALFORD | STOCKPORT | TAMESIDE | TRAFFORD | WIGAN Devolution: A mayor for Greater Manchester. What does it mean? CONTENTS Introduction 3 How is the combined authority run? 4 What powers will the mayor and combined authority have? 6 What budgets will the mayor and combined authority have? 16 Annex A: Relevant legislation 27 Annex B: Useful words and phrases 29 2 Devolution: A mayor for Greater Manchester. What does it mean? INTRODUCTION In May 2017, there will be a major shift in the way we run our country. Powers, budgets and responsibilities will be passed down from central government to new directly-elected mayors in six regions across England, including in Greater Manchester. On Thursday 4 May, the residents of Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, and Wigan will elect the first ever Mayor for Greater Manchester. The Mayor will represent Greater Manchester across the country and around the world. They will work with leaders of councils and businesses to create jobs, improve skills, build homes and make it easier to travel. The Mayor and the Greater Manchester Combined Authority will be able to: • invest in local priorities to improve Greater Manchester through an Investment Fund worth £900 million over 30 years; • keep more of the business rates that the councils collect from local businesses, to pay for local services; • set the rules for local bus services, including the routes,
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Night Mayors As a New Form of Urban Governance After Dark
    Governing the night-time city: The rise of night mayors as a new form of urban governance after dark The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Seijas, Andreina, and Mirik Gelders. 2019. Governing the night-time city: The rise of night mayors as a new form of urban governance after dark. Urban Studies, forthcoming. Published Version 10.1177/0042098019895224 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41940997 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, WARNING: No applicable access license found. Page 1 of 30 Urban Studies 1 2 3 4 5 Governing the night-time city: The rise of night mayors as a new form of urban governance 6 7 after dark 8 9 10 Abstract 11 12 The urban night has traditionally been a regimented space characterized by strict policing and 13 14 surveillance. Early research on the night-time economy documented the expansion of nightlife 15 from a centrepiece of culture-led redevelopment strategies in post-industrial cities, to the 16 17 introduction of a broad governance apparatus to manage the agglomeration of night-time activity. 18 19 Over the past two decades, a new actor has emerged: more than 40 cities have appointed night 20 21 mayors or individuals responsible for maintaining nocturnal vibrancy, while mediating between 22 those who wish to work, party or sleep. This article summarizes the results of a qualitative study 23 24 that gathered information on the origins, propagation and geographic variations in the role to 25 26 provide a first comprehensive look at this position.
    [Show full text]